This work attempts to show that the Scottish common sense philosophers Thomas Reid, James Oswald and James Beattie, had a substantial influence upon the development of German thought during the period of the late enlightenment. Their works were thoroughly reviewed in German philosophical journals and translated into German soon after they had appeared in English. Whether it was Mendelssohn, a rationalist, Lossius, a materialist, Feder, a sensationalist, Tetens, a critical empiricist, or Hamann and Jacobi, irrationalist philosophers of faith, important philosophers (...) read the Scots and found them relevant for the solution of their problems. The Scots were seen as not just opposing Hume's skepticism, but also as complementing his more positive tenets. The most important chapter of this work shows that even Kant, who in this regard is known only for his devastating criticism of the Scots, learned much from them. It is argued that the Scottish influence opens a new perspective for the understanding of the German enlightenment, revealing how central were the twin problems of idealism versus realism, on the one hand, and of philosophical justification versus mere descriptive metaphysics, on the other. (shrink)

Even though it is not very often admitted, partial functions do play a significant role in many practical applications of deduction systems. Kleene has already given a semantic account of partial functions using three-valued logic decades ago, but there has not been a satisfactory mechanization. Recent years have seen a thorough investigation of the framework of many-valued truth-functional logics. However, strong Kleene logic, where quantification is restricted and therefore not truthfunctional, does not fit the framework directly. We solve this problem (...) by applying recent methods from sorted logics. This paper presents a resolution calculus that combines the proper treatment of partial functions with the efficiency of sorted calculi. (shrink)

Examining the nature of Václav Havel's 'postmodernism,' we suggest that his use of this ambiguous label can be best understood if interpreted outside the conventional binary framework of modern/postmodern philosophy, which does not sufficiently answer to the lingering crisis of foundational certainty in political theory. In our view, the Czech playwright-turned-politician offers not merely a less confining sense of what it means to be 'postmodern,' but his commitment to moral political action also lends itself to overcoming some of the limitations (...) of contemporary postmodern theorizing by reentering the depreciated terrain of ontology. Specifically, we argue that an assessment of Havel's brand of postmodernism yields a rich interpretive harvest when read through ontological lenses. Indeed, Havel's theoretical posture serves as an instructive example of what political theorist Stephen K. White has called a 'felicitous weak ontology.'. (shrink)

The article first shows how Kant's universal law of Right can be derived from the supreme principle of the doctrine of morals . Furthermore, the relationship between the supreme principle of the doctrine of virtue and the supreme principle of the doctrine of morals is shown to be one of specification. Establishing particular duties of virtue on the basis of the supreme principle of the doctrine of virtue consists of the a priori determination of ends, the adoption of which is (...) a duty for human beings in relation to others and to themselves. This determination is accomplished by connecting the formal principle of the moral possibility of maxims with the prohibition against indifference toward humanity as the capacity to set ends. The supreme principle of all duties of virtue therefore can be seen as an additional, substantive moral principle. In the second part of the article, the derivation of a specific duty of virtue, namely the duty of beneficence toward those in need of help, as a duty of love, provides an example. The third and final part deals with Henry Allison's criticisms of Kant's arguments in support of obligatory ends. Die Abhandlung zeigt zunächst, wie Kants allgemeines Rechtsgesetz aus dem obersten Moralprinzip hergeleitet werden kann. Ebenso wird das Verhältnis des obersten Prinzips der Tugendlehre zum obersten Prinzip der Sittenlehre als das einer Spezifikation bestimmt. Die Begründung besonderer Tugendpflichten aus dem Prinzip der Tugendlehre besteht nun in der apriorischen Bestimmung von Zwecken, die zu haben für den Menschen im Verhältnis zu sich und anderen Pflicht ist, aus der Verbindung des formalen Prinzips der moralischen Möglichkeit von Maximen mit dem Indifferenzverbot gegenüber der Menschheit als Vermögen der Zwecksetzung überhaupt. Das oberste Prinzip aller Tugendpflichten kann also als ein zusätzliches, materiales Moralprinzip angesehen werden. Im zweiten Teil wird eine bestimmte Tugendpflicht, die Liebespflicht der Wohltätigkeit gegenüber Hilfsbedürftigen, beispielhaft abgeleitet. Der abschließende dritte Teil setzt sich mit Henry Allisons Einwänden gegen Kants Begründung obligatorischer Zwecke auseinander. (shrink)

to appear in Lisa Matthewson (ed.), Cross-linguistic perspectives on the semantics of quantification, Elsevier.

Markus Werning attempts to refute Quine’s thesis that meaning is indeterminate. To this purpose he employs Hodges’ theorem about extensions of cofinal meaning functions. But the theorem does neither suffice to solve Quine’s problem nor the problem Werning mistakenly identifies with Quine’s. Nevertheless it makes sense to employ the methods used in Werning’s paper with regard to Quine’s thesis, only that they tell in favour of the thesis instead of against it.

This paper is devoted to the search for an argument for the existence of a posteriori identities. I will try to improve on existing predecessors and defend the result against Scott Soames' critique in his recent book "Beyond Rigidity". First I will inspect Kripke's original argument as well as Soames' reconstruction. This reconstruction, while closely related, is shown to differ from Kripke's original in important respects. I will then ask whether either the original or Soames reconstruction may be considered as (...) satisfactory arguments for the existence of aposteriori identities. I will show that this is not the case. These arguments use objectionable notions of apriority, but this problem can be remedied. The result will still be open to Soames main criticism against Kripkean arguments, namely that they are committed to principles of disquotation, principles of a kind that Kripke himself has later shown to be objectionable. Therefore, I will also sketch a defense of principles of disquotation. (shrink)

Se aborda la idea de razón pública, atendiendo en particular a su concomitante ideal de razonabilidad. Se expone la continuidad de esta noción desde John Locke a John Rawls, destacando su vínculo con la religiosidad doctrinalmente minimalista de la tradición erasmista. Se cuestiona que, dado tal vínculo, esta ida pueda servir de criterio para evaluar la presencia de otras voces religiosas en la vida pública. The article addresses the idea of public reason, treating in particular its concomitant ideal of reasonableness. (...) It exposes the continuity of this notion from John Locke to John Rawls, highlighting its connection to the minimalist doctrinal religiosity of the Erasmist tradition. It questions if this idea can serve as criteria to evaluate the presence of other religious voices in public life, given this connection. (shrink)

Dieser Beitrag behandelt das analytische und hermeneutische Problem, das der europäische Wissenschaftsbegriff, seine Freilegung in der Antike und seine Geschichte in Mittelalter und Neuzeit, für das gegenwärtige Konzept der "wissenschaftlichen Revolution" des 17. Jahrhunderts darstellt. Es wird zu zeigen versucht, daß sie im Kern eine Begriffsrevolution impliziert. Der Beitrag untersucht die für den Aufbau der Wissenschaft konstitutive Funktion der Begriffe "Theorie", "Lehre" und "System", denen ein je verschiedener Typus von Wissenschaftseinheiten entspricht, der geschichtlich dem klassisch-griechischen , christlich-mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichem Wissenschaftsbegriff (...) zugeordnet wird. Die Topik dieser Begriffe und ihre Verschiebungen in der Neuzeit sind der Schlüssel zu einem neuen Verständnis der Wissenschaftsgeschichte, das über die Grenzen bisheriger, an den Naturwissenschaften orientierter, Konzeptualisierungen hinausweist. (shrink)