Magdalena Krasińska A Work of Music in Roman Ingarden’s AestheticsThe theme taken in this article is an ontological concept of the musical work of Roman Ingarden developed on the basis of phenomenological aesthetics. According to the eidetic reduction Ingarden rejects any colloquial opinions about how the existence of a musical composition, so that he holds that musical work is not the same nor the mental experience, or the performance, or to the music notations. Making a critique of the idealistic, (...) psychologistic and materialistic positions to explain how the existence of the musical work, Ingarden classified it as a object of purely intentional, where the musical notation is the ontological basis. Currently notation don’t allow for consolidation of all the moments of the work, especially not sound moments, so musical composition as every being intentional, is the scheme required to complete and define more precisely where are the ontological gaps; each performance of a musical work is the complete of potential spaces, specification of works. A few comments on so constructed theory publishes musicologist Zofia Lissa. The main objection against Ingarden is the fact that his concept aspires to be universal, while he created it solely on the basis constituted in the scores ‘classical’ works of modern European music, while ignoring other musical phenomena, such as avant-garde music or folklore. Finally raised is a matter of the ontology of newest pieces of music, belonging to the so-called popular music, that do not have ontological basis in the form of musical notation, what in view of the Ingarden’s theory does problematic the issue of their identity. Keywords: ontological concept of the musical work, phenomenological aesthetics, Roman Ingarden, identity of the musical work. (shrink)

The relationship between Prospero and Miranda is fairly typical for Shakespeare’s way of portraying parental authority and filial obligation. A strong and authoritative father, an absent mother and a rebellious daughter are character types reused in many of his plays. In The Tempest, authority, power and ownership, be it political or domestic, are important themes. In criticism, Prospero is frequently discussed through the prism of his attitude to his “subordinates”—Ariel, Caliban and Miranda—and the play’s narrative is interpreted in the context (...) of the theatre of power. Parental authority, a social construct, is a dynamic thing, and the Renaissance patterns discernible in Shakespeare’s plays are refashioned and changed in contemporary adaptations and appropriations of his plays. Informed by New Historicism and Cultural Materialism in relation to gender studies, this article seeks to examine the changing dynamics of the Prospero-Miranda relationship in three films—Derek Jarman’s, Paul Mazursky’s, and Julie Taymor’s —as well as Philip Osment’s 1988 play This Island’s Mine. Focusing on the issue of authority, power and ownership, the article aims at showing how stereotypical social and gender roles resonate with various political contexts of power. (shrink)

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i analiza różnic między ustanawianymi przez miasta na prawach powiatu jednostkami pomocniczymi (osiedla, dzielnice) a podziałami przestrzeni miast stosowanymi przez uczestników rynku nieruchomości. Te różnice są bowiem dobrym wskaźnikiem odmiennych perspektyw: administracyjnej, stosowanej przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego, i perspektywy życia codziennego mieszkańców, do której blisko jest podziałom stosowanym przez rynek nieruchomości. Dobre zrozumienie tych różnic, a w konsekwencji lepsze rozumienie funkcjonalnych podziałów miasta, daje władzom lokalnym szansę na lepsze prowadzenie zadań z zakresu polityki przestrzennej, mieszkaniowej czy (...) transportowej, a także tworzenie lepszych warunków partycypacji społecznej. Badane zagadnienie wpisuje się w podejmowaną od czasów szkoły chicagowskiej tematykę morfologii miasta, a także w badania nad znaczeniem przestrzeni w tworzeniu i wykonywaniu polityk publicznych. Badanie oparto na zestawieniu podziałów administracyjnych 19 miast na prawach powiatu województwa śląskiego z używanymi na lokalnych rynkach nieruchomości nazwami poszczególnych części miasta innymi od określeń administracyjnych. Analiza tych różnic prowadzi do wskazania ich głównych przyczyn: traktowania przez mieszkańców podziału administracyjnego jako sztucznego, wyróżniania przez perspektywę rynkową najbardziej prestiżowych pod względem mieszkaniowym części miasta, ale także miejsc o obniżonej jakości zasobów mieszkaniowych, jak również podkreślania przez nią złożoności dużych jednostek osiedlowych, budowanych w różnym okresie, z mieszkaniami różnej jakości. Te rezultaty potwierdzają możliwość stosowania informacji pochodzących z rynku nieruchomości do analizy podziałów przestrzeni miasta na użytek polityk publicznych. (shrink)

En este trabajo presentamos un registro de la historia de vida de Mónica Medina, integrante de la comunidad weenhayek Quebracho, ubicada a 5 kilómetros de Tartagal, provincia de Salta. En esa memoria sobre sus ancestros desde tres generaciones previas hasta el presente, Mónica relata los recuerdos sobre el modo en que su familia vivió la Guerra del Paraguay que les obligó a desplazarse; las epidemias; el proceso de trashumancia y las distintas expulsiones a que se vieron sometidos; los modos en (...) que se fue transformando la vida a medida que se acercaban a los centros urbanos; la aproximación a la política partidaria y la formación de dirigentes; el proceso de conformación de demandas de reconocimiento de identidad étnica y las expectativas de futuro. Partimos de entender que este relato de vida, si bien es individual, se inscribe en la memoria colectiva de su familia, su comunidad y su pueblo, por cuanto resulta de experimentar, desde su trayectoria, ciertos recuerdos comunes. Este registro adquiere aquí un doble sentido epistémico: por un lado, permite conocer datos nodales sobre las trayectorias y las demandas actuales del Pueblo Weenhayek en torno a sus derechos a la identidad en Argentina, y particularmente sobre la disputa que libra por el reconocimiento estatal y social de su carácter de pueblo preexistente; pero a la vez, nos introduce en el trabajo de memoria que es central en el proceso de etnicidad que protagonizan estas comunidades weenhayek en su demanda y ejercicio de derechos actuales. (shrink)

Changes that occurred in Poland between 2015 and 2019 have not spared the civil society, here understood broadly as NGOs, activist groups, independent academic organisations and minority communities. This paper is an attempt at reconstructing key ideological arguments that took place within it during that time, as well as their significance and effects on particular organisations both internally and in relation with other participants in the civil society. Also investigated are divisions that arose and their potential consequences in the future. (...) The analysis is based on research by Magdalena Arczewska and Magdalena Dudkiewicz and published as Strategie czy przystosowanie? Sytuacja organizacji pozarządowych w Polsce po 2015 [Strategies or Adaptation? The Situation of Non-governmental Organizations in Poland after 2015]. (shrink)

Chapman et al. (2025) call for updating the Common Rule to extend individual-based research protections (especially IN data-centric genomic research) to selected social communities. They provide an...

The article entitled “Perfect Memories in Jacqueline Woodson’s Another Brooklyn” explores the fallibility of memory as presented in Another Brooklyn, a novel by an African American author Jacqueline Woodson. The text presents the idea that personal memories change due to the passage of time along with the new experiences of an individual, and relates it to the studied novel. Special attention is given to different dimensions of grief and loss presented in the analyzed story. The mourning after the loss of (...) loved ones is explored through the use of concepts such as Elizabeth Kübler-Ross’ five stages of grief, the selective amnesia and the idea of continuing bonds. The process of growing up is also briefly considered as a mourning process over losing the innocence and safety provided by childhood. Further, the article presents the hardships of growing up without a mother in an unsafe neighbourhood, the loss of vital friendships and the search of a better life - all introduced through the recollections which occurred after a significant passage of time and the accumulation of experiences which lend themselves to the change of the mindset of the main character. (shrink)

Since the mid-20th century, there has been a noticeable shift of interest in topics related to disability, illness, old age and the discourse of exclusion, both in practice and theory. Numerous artists, who often employed diverse strategies and aesthetics in their works, would confront similar themes, engaging in activities aimed at counteracting various forms and manifestations of social ostracism. This article describes and analyzes selected projects by Polish representatives of critical art and independent theatre which address these issues. The primary (...) aim of this text is not to catalogue as many artistic undertakings as possible but to highlight a certain trend and demonstrate the significance and purpose of art that boldly explores disability, illness, and deteriorating, ageing and dying bodies. Such themes are often taboo in consumer culture, while the task of art is to expose the mechanisms of exclusion and stigmatization and to draw public attention—often in a highly debatable manner—to topics that are omitted in the official discourse. The artistic projects discussed in the text demonstrate that persons with disabilities can be successful artists, dancers, performers, and actors. (shrink)

Benjamín de Tudela (en hebreo Biniamín ben rabbí Yonah mi- Tudela) es, sin duda, un navarro universal. Judío de la aljama tudelana, se ignora la fecha de su nacimiento (acaso hacia 1130). Hijo de rabino y viajero infatigable, sólo sabemos de este personaje lo poco que de él se menciona en su famoso Libro de Viajes o Séfer-masa`ot, fruto de sus vivas experiencias —las más de las veces directas— exquisitamente plasmadas en su relación de viaje, redactadas en hebreo. Conocedor del (...) romance navarro vernáculo de la época, sabía hebreo - su lengua de instrucción y cultivo literario- y árabe, entendiendo acaso el griego y el latín.…. (shrink)

Michael Haneke’s film The White Ribbon narrates violent attacks that disrupt the cyclical life of a German village in 1913–14. The narrator frames the violence as a study of the origins of fascism: the alleged perpetrators are children, who rebel against the disciplinary powers of patriarchal authority. Coming to maturity during World War I, they will have become the generation of Nazism’s followers. In contrast to psycho-historical readings of The White Ribbon as a cinematic exploration of the causal relationship between (...) the authoritarian formation of the juvenile subject and her susceptibility to fascism’s redemptive illusions, I propose an anti-psychological interpretation of the film. This reading seeks to understand The White Ribbon in terms of Haneke’s aesthetic and formal choices, which underpin his notion of “ethical spectatorship.” I argue that the film offers a dual metaphorical construction of the nexus between memory and the cinematic image, and of the mnemonic and affective aspects of the history of violence. Haneke forges a link between the European attitude to its history of fascism and its ongoing politics of exclusion, arising from its covert fascist desire for the unified self. The significance of The White Ribbon in the ongoing debate on history/memory thus lies in its critique of Europe’s current self-understanding as having outgrown its violent past. (shrink)

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i analiza różnic między ustanawianymi przez miasta na prawach powiatu jednostkami pomocniczymi (osiedla, dzielnice) a podziałami przestrzeni miast stosowanymi przez uczestników rynku nieruchomości. Te różnice są bowiem dobrym wskaźnikiem odmiennych perspektyw: administracyjnej, stosowanej przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego, i perspektywy życia codziennego mieszkańców, do której blisko jest podziałom stosowanym przez rynek nieruchomości. Dobre zrozumienie tych różnic, a w konsekwencji lepsze rozumienie funkcjonalnych podziałów miasta, daje władzom lokalnym szansę na lepsze prowadzenie zadań z zakresu polityki przestrzennej, mieszkaniowej czy (...) transportowej, a także tworzenie lepszych warunków partycypacji społecznej. Badane zagadnienie wpisuje się w podejmowaną od czasów szkoły chicagowskiej tematykę morfologii miasta, a także w badania nad znaczeniem przestrzeni w tworzeniu i wykonywaniu polityk publicznych. Badanie oparto na zestawieniu podziałów administracyjnych 19 miast na prawach powiatu województwa śląskiego z używanymi na lokalnych rynkach nieruchomości nazwami poszczególnych części miasta innymi od określeń administracyjnych. Analiza tych różnic prowadzi do wskazania ich głównych przyczyn: traktowania przez mieszkańców podziału administracyjnego jako sztucznego, wyróżniania przez perspektywę rynkową najbardziej prestiżowych pod względem mieszkaniowym części miasta, ale także miejsc o obniżonej jakości zasobów mieszkaniowych, jak również podkreślania przez nią złożoności dużych jednostek osiedlowych, budowanych w różnym okresie, z mieszkaniami różnej jakości. Te rezultaty potwierdzają możliwość stosowania informacji pochodzących z rynku nieruchomości do analizy podziałów przestrzeni miasta na użytek polityk publicznych. (shrink)

The development of medicine is based on reliable medical research. This is a process that must be planned in detail and performed in accordance with the accepted study protocol, as any negligence – even a small one – or deviation from the protocol may result in distorted research results and – in consequence – to false conclusions. One of the key stages of research is the selection of the appropriate methodology, particularly in terms of tests that verify the posed hypotheses. (...) Each statistical method has a set of assumptions that have to be met in order for the method to be used. This paper explains why the appropriate selection of methods, verification of the required assumptions, and correct graphical representation of the obtained results are so important from the practical perspective. (shrink)

According to Information-Motivation-Behavioural Skills model, accurate Information, strong Motivation and adequate Behavioural skills are prerequisites of treatment adherence. This model has been verified among chronically ills patients, usually suffering from one particular disorder. No studies report how the model fits data from a more diverse group. The aim of the study was to analyze adherence and its barriers in a group of three hundred patients suffering from various, common chronic disorders. They filled out IMB and Adherence Questionnaire. Information and Motivation (...) correlated moderately. Behavioural Skills was the strongest predictor of adherence. An additional relationship was found: Information and Motivation interacted and the role of either of these dimensions vanished if the indices of the other were high enough. The relationships between IMB dimensions and adherence were confirmed in a varied clinical sample. Behavioural skills must be considered when working with non-adherent patients, as they are the strongest predictor of adherence. Other interventions may be limited to either Information or Motivation only if there is a chance of raising one of them to extreme levels. This may be useful with special cases, when increasing both is problematic. (shrink)

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has upended lives and thrown the taken for granted into disarray. One of the most affected groups were teachers and students, faced with the necessity of school closures and—where logistically feasible—an urgent shift to emergency remote instruction, often with little prior notice. In this contribution, based on an online survey involving participants from 91 countries, we offer a perspective bridging the two groups, by investigating the role of teachers' demographics and professional adaptation to emergency (...) remote teaching in their perception of how their students were coping with the novel situation. The resultant model explains 51% of variance, and highlights the relative weights of the predictor variables. Given the importance of teacher perceptions in the effectiveness of their instruction, the findings may offer valuable guidelines for future training and intervention programs. (shrink)

Artykuł jest krótką prezentacją głównych założeń koncepcji fenomenologii życia współczesnej polskiej myślicielki Anny Teresy Tymienieckiej. Są to te założenia, które Tymieniecka wypunktowała w jednej ze swoich wypowiedzi zaprezentowanej na Kongresie Kultury Polskiej w Londynie w 1985 roku. Celem obrad sekcji filozoficznej było nakreślenie sytuacji filozofii polskiej oraz polskiej kultury na emigracji w kontekście kryzysu kultury europejskiej. Tymieniecka, działająca naukowo w Stanach Zjednoczonych, przedstawiła własny punkt widzenia tego kryzysu, jako mającego źródło w braku komunikacji między różnymi dziedzinami nauki, ale także między (...) nauką w ogóle a innymi formami ludzkiej działalności kulturotwórczej. Przedstawiła też własną wizję przezwyciężenia tego kryzysu w postaci fenomenologii twórczej kondycji ludzkiej jako nowej mathesis universalis. (shrink)

Artykuł omawia historyczny rozwój koncepcji radości w filozofii i teologii średniowiecznej. Koncentruje się na trzech autorach: Augustynie, Piotrze Lombardzie i Bonawenturze, i przedstawia kolejne trzy teorie radości: radość jako posiadanie pożądanego przedmiotu, radość jako oczekiwanie na pożądany przedmiot oraz radość jako dystans w stosunku do pożądanego przedmiotu. Wreszcie, artykuł argumentuje, że dzieje radości w okresie 395–druga połowa XIII wieku to dzieje coraz większego docenienia radości i dostrzeżenia jej właściwego znaczenia w życiu człowieka.

The article attempts to show how memory influenced the formation of the unique spiritual identity of Edith Stein, who was born and grew up in the religious tradition of Judaism, but as an adult became the member of the Catholic Church. What seems to be unusual in her religious self-perception is the fact that despite conversion, Edith permanently regarded herself as a Jew and firmly claimed that she constantly belonged to the Jewish community. Her mind-set was immensely influenced by the (...) image of Jesus as a devout Jew portrayed in the New Testament, zealously practicing the sacred rites of Judaism, as well as her later analysis of the Christian and Jewish ways of worship. Her study exposed a deep bond linking Christianity with Judaism and by revealing this bond Edith Stein evoked the forgotten truth about the Jewish roots of Christianity which is deeply rooted in the faith of the Old Testament and draws a lot from the richness of its tradition. Undoubtedly, this important link reminded by Edith Stein, raised and developed later by the official teaching of the Catholic Church, was possible because she remembered the religious tradition in which she grew up and which she experienced in her childhood. Memory, therefore, became the constituent that shaped her own spiritual identity, but also contributed to the reinterpretation of the identity of the Christian community. (shrink)

The national curricula of the EU member states are structured around learning outcomes, selected according to Bloom’s Taxonomy. The authors of this paper claim that using Bloom’s Taxonomy to phrase learning outcomes in medical education in terms of students’ achievements is difficult and unclear. This paper presents an efficient method of assessing course learning outcomes using Fuzzy Logic.

Are there brain differences between believers and nonbelievers? In order to investigate the effect of religious beliefs on cognitive control, Michael Inzlicht and his collaborators measured the neural correlates of performance monitoring and affective responses to errors, specifically, the error-related negativity. ERN is a neurophysiological marker occurring within 100 ms of error commission, and generated in the anterior cingulate cortex. The researchers observed that religious conviction is marked by reduced reactivity in the ACC, a cortical system that is involved in (...) the experience of anxiety and is important for self-regulation. Thus, they claimed that these results offer a mechanism for the finding that religion is linked to positive mental health and low rates of mortality. (shrink)

It was in the mid-twentieth century that the independent theatrical form based entirely on improvisation, known now as improvisational/improvised theatre, impro or improv, came into existence and took shape. Viola Spolin, the intellectual and the logician behind the improvisational movement, first used her improvised games as a WPA worker running theater classes for underprivileged youth in Chicago in 1939. But it was not until 1955 that her son, Paul Sills, together with a college theater group, the Compass Players, used Spolin’s (...) games on stage. In the 1970s Sills made the format famous with his other project, the Second City. Since the emergence of improv in the US coincides with the renaissance of improvisation in theater, in this paper, I will look back at what may have prepared and propelled the emergence of improvised theater in the United States. Hence, this article is an attempt to look at the use of improvisation in theater and performing arts in the United States in the second half of the 20th century in order to highlight the various roles and functions of improvisation in the experimental theater of the day by analyzing how some of the most influential experimental theaters used improvisation as a means of play development, a component of actor training and an important element of the rehearsal process. (shrink)

This paper presents a dialogue system called Lorenzen–Hamblin Natural Dialogue (LHND), in which participants can commit formal fallacies and have a method of both identifying and withdrawing formal fallacies. It therefore provides a tool for the dialectical evaluation of force of argument when players advance reasons which are deductively incorrect. The system is inspired by Hamblin’s formal dialectic and Lorenzen’s dialogical logic. It offers uniform protocols for Hamblin’s and Lorenzen’s dialogues and adds a protocol for embedding them. This unification required (...) a reformulation of the original description of Lorenzen’s system to distinguish “between different stances that a person might take in the discussion”, as suggested by Hodges. The LHND system is compared to Walton and Krabbe’s Complex Persuasion Dialogue using an example of a dialogue. (shrink)

In this paper we have two main aims. First, we present an account of mood-congruent delusions in depression (hereafter, depressive delusions). We propose that depressive delusions constitute acknowledgements of self-related beliefs acquired as a result of a negatively biased learning process. Second, we argue that depressive delusions have the potential for psychological and epistemic benefits despite their obvious epistemic and psychological costs. We suggest that depressive delusions play an important role in preserving a person’s overall coherence and narrative identity at (...) a critical time, and thus can be regarded as epistemically innocent. (shrink)

The goal of this paper is to examine COVID-19 potential long-run effects on income inequality, seeking answers in the wider context of inequality sources and foregoing evidence from industrialised countries. Thus, the phenomena that existed prior to the pandemic but, due to its impact, may accelerate the process of growing income inequality in the long term, must be identified. Since left unchecked, growing disparities may lead to long-lasting negative effects and forming a kind of vicious cycle, the article also seeks (...) to present general policy proposals that possibly can mitigate disparities. According to the hypothesis, the ongoing structural transformation triggered by the pandemic can act as a catalyst for the further dynamics of increasing inequality. What has been identified as the most important drivers of inequality is digital divide, as well as automation and robotization having significant impact on the world of work. (shrink)

This paper presents considerations on altruism and prosocial behaviour formulated on the basis of some experiments with the ultimatum game. In the first part it will discuss relations between expected utility theories, the characteristics of homo oeconomicus and a modern understanding of altruism. It will focus in particular on conceptual differences, indicating that we can find more than one definition of altruism in modern literature. The second part of the text will provide an overview of selected behavioural theories of prosocial (...) behaviour. It will also present the manner in which needs, social determinants, norms, and individual psychological features affect the propensity to behave in a prosocial fashion. (shrink)