La Sociedad Española de Historia Natural nació en 1871 como una asociación privada de naturalistas (geólogos y biólogos), con la pretensión de publicar una revista en la que dar a conocer sus estudios sobre la flora, gea y fauna española. En las décadas siguientes alcanzó un considerable número de socios, los Anales que publicaba adquirieron considerable prestigio y reunió una notable Biblioteca. Con el cambio del siglo la Sociedad consiguió una notable influencia en medios oficiales: se le concedió en 1903 (...) el título de Real, influyó en el diseño de los planes de estudios de la Sección de Naturales de la Facultad de Ciencias y los reglamentos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, etc. A finales de los años veinte la Sociedad publicaba tres revistas científicas (Boletín, Memorias y Conferencias y Reseñas). En los años previos a la Guerra Civil la Sociedad acogió a todos aquellos investigadores, profesores, ingenieros, médicos, etc., interesados en las Ciencias Naturales. Tras décadas de esfuerzos por mantener su actividad, la Sociedad, desde 1971, ha luchado por fortalecer su actividad científica y académica. (shrink)

La literatura latinoamericana requiere desarrollar una teoría literaria pertinente que describa su variedad y especificidad. Junto con esto, la crítica al pensamiento moderno occidental debe centrarse en el rescate del acervo cultural latinoamericano, ignorado por la modernidad occidental. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo ha sido el de develar la estructura dialógica de Yo, el supremo (1985) en contraposición a la perspectiva monológica, inherente a la cultura occidental. A partir de un análisis interpretativo de la teoría filosófica y (...) de la crítica literaria, la tesis central de este artículo elude un “universo unidimensional” para presentar un desplazamiento permanente de textos (voces) que incorpora nuevos significados al lenguaje afectado por la dinámica de la cultura occidental. La obra de Augusto Roa Bastos debe ser interpretada, más allá de sus características representativas, como parte de un proyecto universal y utópico donde la alienación del individuo moderno desparece para dar paso a un conjunto de nuevos significados. (shrink)

We examine the extent to which host country income inequality influences multinational enterprises’ (MNE) expansion strategy for foreign production investment, depending on their specific strategic objectives. Applying a transaction cost framework, we predict that national income inequality has an inverted U-shaped relationship with foreign production investment. As inequality increases, MNEs accrue lower transaction costs arising from interactions with various local actors, leading to higher probability of investment. As income inequality increases further, its effect on location attractiveness will become negative, as (...) its attraction effect is increasingly offset by additional monitoring, bargaining, and security costs owing to the more fractious nature of high inequality societies. In addition, we suggest that the impact of income inequality is contingent on investment objectives: The inverted U-shaped relationship is stronger for efficiency-seeking investment but weaker for market-seeking and competence-enhancing investments. We find substantial support for our hypotheses through an analysis of 27 years (1986-2012) of data on Japanese MNEs’ overseas production entries. (shrink)

This article examines the role of the Spanish Atomic Forum as the representative of the nuclear sector in the public arena during the golden years of the nuclear power industry from the 1960s to 1970s. It focuses on the public image concerns of the Spanish nuclear lobby and the subsequent information campaigns launched during the late 1970s to counteract demonstrations by the growing and heterogeneous anti-nuclear movement. The role of advocacy of nuclear energy by the Atomic Forum was similar to (...) that in other countries, but the situation in Spain had some distinguishing features. Anti-nuclear protest in Spain peaked in 1978 paralleling the debates of a new National Energy Plan in Congress, whose first draft had envisaged a massive nuclearization of the country. We show how the approval of the Plan in July 1979, with a significant reduction in the nuclear energy component, was influenced by the anti-nuclear protest movements in Spain. Despite the efforts of the Spanish Atomic Forum to counter its message, the anti-nuclear movement was strengthened by reactions to the Three Mile Island accident in March 1979. (shrink)

In recent years, the situation of education has changed drastically and especially at the higher and university level. This factor is a consequence of technological development, the needs of the new generations and business demands. Thus, the research question that guides this study arises: How can universities adapt to provide an education that responds to these requirements? To this end, an exploratory documentary research is developed on the future of universities, and quantitative instruments are applied to know the perception of (...) the future of universities by both teachers and students who belong to prominent universities in Ecuador. The results reflect that, in the coming decades, universities will be transformed, driven by advanced technologies, the demand for personalized and flexible education, and a greater link with the labor market and sustainability. This evolution will not only improve the quality and accessibility of higher education, but will also prepare students to meet the challenges of the future. (shrink)

This research is part of the project "Corporate Social Responsibility in Ecuadorian savings and credit cooperatives. A multi-case analysis and proposal for the development of a cooperative education program" and examines the synergy between cooperative principles, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the dimensions proposed for a Cooperative Social Responsibility (CSR) measurement model in Ecuador. It explores how these dimensions converge to promote ethical, sustainable and socially responsible practices, aligned with current regulatory compliance. CSR has become increasingly important in cooperatives, (...) becoming a fundamental practice that encompasses cooperative governance, economic, social, environmental, ethical and technological dimensions. This study describes the methodological process for the validation of a CSR instrument in cooperatives, reviewed and validated by experts from Spain, Ecuador, Guatemala, Argentina and Cuba, using the Delphi method to reach a consensus on the relevance and clarity of the questionnaire items. This process ensures that the instrument is suitable for assessing CSR practices in credit unions, providing a reliable tool for the continuous improvement of their operations. (shrink)

La locura, como recurso dramático, aparece en dos obras separadas por unas cuantas décadas: la Mederà, de Lope de Rueda, y La villana de la Sagra, de Tirso de Molina. En la primera, la presencia destructora y conflictiva de unos hermanos gemelos desencadena la locura de unos individuos, los padres de la protagonista, que alteran con sus andanzas la convivencia social del grupo a que pertenecen. La fiesta carnavalesca está también en la base misma de la construcción de los locos. (...) En la obra de Tirso, la locura del galán, de don Luis, es utilizada para detener, con su fondo libresco, el desarrollo previsible de la fábula.…. (shrink)

Estudiamos varios conceptos clave en la obra del franciscano Fray Juan de Pineda, especialmente el concepto de ‘gracia justificante’, que se opone teológicamente a las ideas luteranas pero que desarrolla un pensamiento erasmista, afín a Fray Luis de Granada, a Francisco de Osuna y a Bartolomé de Las Casas. Estudiamos también su concepto de ‘lavacro’, procedente de San Pablo y su relación con la interpretación del Padre Nuestro, lo que apunta de lleno a la polémica doctrinal entre Carranza y (...) Melchor Cano. Finalmente hacemos ver la identidad de planteamientos erasmistas con el Lazarillo de Tormes, cuya geografía (Salamanca, Escalona, Maqueda y Almorox) coincide con el área de predicación de Fray Juan de Pineda a partir de 1544. Dada la coincidencia léxica, biográfica, doctrinal y de estilo entre el Lazarillo y la obra de Fray Juan de Pineda, sostenemos que esta novela picaresca corresponde a la intención reformadora del pensamiento erasmista franciscano del siglo XVI. (shrink)

A Verdade tem sido um dos temas fundamentais da filosofia ocidental. Embora a dimensão ontológica tenha estado sempre presente, foi no contexto da reflexão epistemológica, naturalmente nunca isolada da metafísica, que o conceito de verdade como correspondência veio a adquirir preponderância. Todavia, o ataque à metafisica que, a partir de Kant, culminariaem Heidegger, tornou aquele conceito em sentido epistemológico cada vez mais problemático. As considerações heideggerianas são feitas numa perspectiva que pretende superar a metafisica tradicional, mas a indeterminação da ontologia (...) de Heidegger acabou por deixar a problematica em torno da verdade numa situacao de questao em aberto. Embora simpatizando com a superação heideggeriana da metafísica, Richard Rorty crê que a especulação heideggeriana em volta do Sernão tern qualquer interesse hoje, e conclui que uma teoria da Verdade é pura e simplesmente supérflua. Em desacordo com ele, Hilary Putnam acredita que ainda faz sentido tecer consideraçães em torno da verdade, embora apenas no contexto de um "realismo interno". /// La vérité a été un des thémes fondamentaux de la philosophie occidentale. Bien que la dimension ontologique ait toujours été présente ce fut dans le cadre de la réflexion épistémologique, certes jamais isolée de la metaphysique, que le concept de vérité comme correspondance est devenu prépondérant. Toutefois l'ataque à la métaphysique, qui, à partir de Kant, culminerait chez Heidegger, ce concept un sens épistémologique toujours plus problématique. Les considérations heideggeriennes sont proposées selon une perspective qui prétend dépasser la métaphysique traditionnelle, mais l'indétermination de l'ontologie de Heidegger a fini par laisser la problématique relative à la vérité dans la situation de "question ouverte". Bien que sympathisant avec le dépassement heideggerien de la métaphysique, Richard Rorty croit que la spéculation heideggerienne autour de l'être ne présente aucun intérêt aujourd'hui et conclut qu'une théorie de la Vérité est prement et simplement superflue. En désacord avec lui, Hilary Putnam pense qu'il y a encore un sens à présenter des considérations sur la vérité, quoique seulement dans le contexte d'un "réalisme interne". /// Truth has always been one of the main issues in western philosophy. Although its ontological dimension has never been left behind, it was within the context of epistemology (never separated from. (shrink)

ABSTRACTIt is known that throughout the seventeenth century the world system proposed by Tycho Brahe assumed a preponderant position in the Iberian cosmological debate, according to many opinions the one showing the best agreement to empirical evidence. Moreover, the Tychonian model did not present the difficulties of apparent contradiction with scriptures, as the heliocentric system of Nicolaus Copernicus did, since it kept the earth fixed at the centre of the world. However, Tycho, as a Lutheran author, was targeted by the (...) Inquisition. Passages of various works of the Danish astronomer were included in the Spanish Indices of 1632, 1640 and 1707, although the formal condemnation of the Roman Inquisition never materialized. In the network of the Society of Jesus a seemingly informal censorship also circulated, apparently based on Tridentine determinations, published in 1651 in the influential work of Giambattista Riccioli Almagestum novum. In this paper I will discuss the scope, effects and limitations of the censorship of Tycho's scientific books in Portugal and Spain, through the analysis of several annotated copies, preserved manly in Iberian libraries, with a special attention to books with a well-established provenance in past Jesuit colleges. (shrink)

***Al principio fue la poesía,Antes del caos,Antes de la palabra.Poesía de ser,Del nacer,Del compadecer.Poéticamente vive el sentidoEn el secreto del mar,En las galerías de miradas,En el asombroso afán por alcanzar al ser humano,En la certeza de no estar solos en el universo,En el coraje de confiar en el misterio.Poéticamente vive el sentidoVolando en el mensaje soñador de los pájaros,Atónito, abisal, en la llegada al otro,Atento a la lujuria del crepúsculoAbrazando sus estrellas al amanec..

El proyecto Homo sacer de Giorgio Agamben se propuso desarrollar la arqueología de la biopolítica contemporánea quedando, sin embargo, a las puertas de aquella. El reino y la gloria se detuvo en el liberalismo sin llegar a estudiar el carácter teológico del neoliberalismo. El presente artículo recupera otros análisis de Agamben y los sitúa en perspectiva con las investigaciones de Elettra Stimilli y José Luis Villacañas en torno al carácter teológico-político del neoliberalismo para, un poco más allá del proyecto (...) Homo sacer, iluminar la racionalidad apocalíptica del neoliberalismo. (shrink)

La presente nota bibliográfica recopila la ingente obra de José Aldazábal, uno de los liturgistas españoles más fecundos en publicaciones de carácter sobre todo divulgativo, que, durante más de cuarenta años y formando parte del Centro de Pastoral Litúrgica de Barcelona, ha acompañado la pastoral litúrgica especialmente en España, pero también en los paísesiberoamericanos de lengua española. Interesará a los investigadores de la historia de la renovación litúrgica y a los estudiosos de la pastoral.

This paper presents a human-robot closely collaborative solution to cooperatively perform surface treatment tasks such as polishing, grinding, finishing, deburring, etc. The proposed scheme is based on task priority and non-conventional sliding mode control. Furthermore, the proposal includes two force sensors attached to the manipulator end-effector and tool: one sensor is used to properly accomplish the surface treatment task, while the second one is used by the operator to guide the robot tool. The applicability and feasibility of the proposed collaborative (...) solution for robotic surface treatment are substantiated by experimental results using a redundant 7R manipulator: the Sawyer collaborative robot. (shrink)

La vanguardia filosófica de la “nueva generación” argentina de la década de 1920 no ha sido objeto, como tal, de investigaciones precedentes, y el artículo comienza con una discusión al respecto. Se traza luego un panorama de las disputas ideológicas de la época, especialmente en Inicial, la revista donde mejor se expresó esa vanguardia filosófica. Las restantes secciones del artículo se abocan a sus filósofos más representativos: Miguel Ángel Virasoro, Vicente Fatone, Carlos Astrada y Ángel Vassallo. Se cotejan sus conceptos (...) sobre la crisis de Occidente y la misión histórica de la nueva generación. Pero el espiritualismo y el vitalismo característicos de sus planteos se observan luego también en sus críticas al tomismo y al positivismo, así como en sus reivindicaciones sobre la integralidad del espíritu, y en otras cuestiones metafísicas y políticas. Se señalan, finalmente, las principales direcciones posibles para más amplias investigaciones. The philosophical avant-garde of the Argentinean “new generation” in the 1920s is not as such subject of preceding research, and the paper begins with a discussion on this matter. An overview of the ideological disputes at the time is then outlined, especially concerning Inicial, the journal in which that avant-garde better expressed itself. The next sections of the paper deal with its most representatives philosophers: Miguel Ángel Virasoro, Vicente Fatone, Carlos Astrada and Ángel Vassallo. Their concepts are compared with regard to the crisis of the West and the historical mission of the new generation. But their approaches’ characteristic spiritualism and vitalism can then also be noticed in their criticism of Thomism and positivism, as well as in their claims about the integrality of spirit, and in other metaphysical and political questions. Finally the main possible directions for further research are pointed out. (shrink)

The Great Palace of Constantinople has been subject to several investigations since the second half of the nineteenth century. All of them have been mostly concerned with the topographical, architectural and typological development of the imperial residence, leaving aside questions such as toponymics. This paper will deal with this issue taking into consideration the name of the complex of buildings that once was the core of the Constantinian Palace, the Daphne. Doing so, we will better understand the denomination of the (...) Palace, and shed light on the functions related to several spaces, the courtly ritual and, in short, the representation of power through architecture in an imperial context. Besides, the present enquiry will challenge some topographical assumptions on the complex. (shrink)