La literatura latinoamericana requiere desarrollar una teoría literaria pertinente que describa su variedad y especificidad. Junto con esto, la crítica al pensamiento moderno occidental debe centrarse en el rescate del acervo cultural latinoamericano, ignorado por la modernidad occidental. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo ha sido el de develar la estructura dialógica de Yo, el supremo (1985) en contraposición a la perspectiva monológica, inherente a la cultura occidental. A partir de un análisis interpretativo de la teoría filosófica y (...) de la crítica literaria, la tesis central de este artículo elude un “universo unidimensional” para presentar un desplazamiento permanente de textos (voces) que incorpora nuevos significados al lenguaje afectado por la dinámica de la cultura occidental. La obra de Augusto Roa Bastos debe ser interpretada, más allá de sus características representativas, como parte de un proyecto universal y utópico donde la alienación del individuo moderno desparece para dar paso a un conjunto de nuevos significados. (shrink)

We examine the extent to which host country income inequality influences multinational enterprises’ (MNE) expansion strategy for foreign production investment, depending on their specific strategic objectives. Applying a transaction cost framework, we predict that national income inequality has an inverted U-shaped relationship with foreign production investment. As inequality increases, MNEs accrue lower transaction costs arising from interactions with various local actors, leading to higher probability of investment. As income inequality increases further, its effect on location attractiveness will become negative, as (...) its attraction effect is increasingly offset by additional monitoring, bargaining, and security costs owing to the more fractious nature of high inequality societies. In addition, we suggest that the impact of income inequality is contingent on investment objectives: The inverted U-shaped relationship is stronger for efficiency-seeking investment but weaker for market-seeking and competence-enhancing investments. We find substantial support for our hypotheses through an analysis of 27 years (1986-2012) of data on Japanese MNEs’ overseas production entries. (shrink)

This article examines the role of the Spanish Atomic Forum as the representative of the nuclear sector in the public arena during the golden years of the nuclear power industry from the 1960s to 1970s. It focuses on the public image concerns of the Spanish nuclear lobby and the subsequent information campaigns launched during the late 1970s to counteract demonstrations by the growing and heterogeneous anti-nuclear movement. The role of advocacy of nuclear energy by the Atomic Forum was similar to (...) that in other countries, but the situation in Spain had some distinguishing features. Anti-nuclear protest in Spain peaked in 1978 paralleling the debates of a new National Energy Plan in Congress, whose first draft had envisaged a massive nuclearization of the country. We show how the approval of the Plan in July 1979, with a significant reduction in the nuclear energy component, was influenced by the anti-nuclear protest movements in Spain. Despite the efforts of the Spanish Atomic Forum to counter its message, the anti-nuclear movement was strengthened by reactions to the Three Mile Island accident in March 1979. (shrink)

In recent years, the situation of education has changed drastically and especially at the higher and university level. This factor is a consequence of technological development, the needs of the new generations and business demands. Thus, the research question that guides this study arises: How can universities adapt to provide an education that responds to these requirements? To this end, an exploratory documentary research is developed on the future of universities, and quantitative instruments are applied to know the perception of (...) the future of universities by both teachers and students who belong to prominent universities in Ecuador. The results reflect that, in the coming decades, universities will be transformed, driven by advanced technologies, the demand for personalized and flexible education, and a greater link with the labor market and sustainability. This evolution will not only improve the quality and accessibility of higher education, but will also prepare students to meet the challenges of the future. (shrink)

This research is part of the project "Corporate Social Responsibility in Ecuadorian savings and credit cooperatives. A multi-case analysis and proposal for the development of a cooperative education program" and examines the synergy between cooperative principles, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the dimensions proposed for a Cooperative Social Responsibility (CSR) measurement model in Ecuador. It explores how these dimensions converge to promote ethical, sustainable and socially responsible practices, aligned with current regulatory compliance. CSR has become increasingly important in cooperatives, (...) becoming a fundamental practice that encompasses cooperative governance, economic, social, environmental, ethical and technological dimensions. This study describes the methodological process for the validation of a CSR instrument in cooperatives, reviewed and validated by experts from Spain, Ecuador, Guatemala, Argentina and Cuba, using the Delphi method to reach a consensus on the relevance and clarity of the questionnaire items. This process ensures that the instrument is suitable for assessing CSR practices in credit unions, providing a reliable tool for the continuous improvement of their operations. (shrink)

Estudiamos varios conceptos clave en la obra del franciscano Fray Juan de Pineda, especialmente el concepto de ‘gracia justificante’, que se opone teológicamente a las ideas luteranas pero que desarrolla un pensamiento erasmista, afín a Fray Luis de Granada, a Francisco de Osuna y a Bartolomé de Las Casas. Estudiamos también su concepto de ‘lavacro’, procedente de San Pablo y su relación con la interpretación del Padre Nuestro, lo que apunta de lleno a la polémica doctrinal entre Carranza y Melchor (...) Cano. Finalmente hacemos ver la identidad de planteamientos erasmistas con el Lazarillo de Tormes, cuya geografía (Salamanca, Escalona, Maqueda y Almorox) coincide con el área de predicación de Fray Juan de Pineda a partir de 1544. Dada la coincidencia léxica, biográfica, doctrinal y de estilo entre el Lazarillo y la obra de Fray Juan de Pineda, sostenemos que esta novela picaresca corresponde a la intención reformadora del pensamiento erasmista franciscano del siglo XVI. (shrink)

A Verdade tem sido um dos temas fundamentais da filosofia ocidental. Embora a dimensão ontológica tenha estado sempre presente, foi no contexto da reflexão epistemológica, naturalmente nunca isolada da metafísica, que o conceito de verdade como correspondência veio a adquirir preponderância. Todavia, o ataque à metafisica que, a partir de Kant, culminariaem Heidegger, tornou aquele conceito em sentido epistemológico cada vez mais problemático. As considerações heideggerianas são feitas numa perspectiva que pretende superar a metafisica tradicional, mas a indeterminação da ontologia (...) de Heidegger acabou por deixar a problematica em torno da verdade numa situacao de questao em aberto. Embora simpatizando com a superação heideggeriana da metafísica, Richard Rorty crê que a especulação heideggeriana em volta do Sernão tern qualquer interesse hoje, e conclui que uma teoria da Verdade é pura e simplesmente supérflua. Em desacordo com ele, Hilary Putnam acredita que ainda faz sentido tecer consideraçães em torno da verdade, embora apenas no contexto de um "realismo interno". /// La vérité a été un des thémes fondamentaux de la philosophie occidentale. Bien que la dimension ontologique ait toujours été présente ce fut dans le cadre de la réflexion épistémologique, certes jamais isolée de la metaphysique, que le concept de vérité comme correspondance est devenu prépondérant. Toutefois l'ataque à la métaphysique, qui, à partir de Kant, culminerait chez Heidegger, ce concept un sens épistémologique toujours plus problématique. Les considérations heideggeriennes sont proposées selon une perspective qui prétend dépasser la métaphysique traditionnelle, mais l'indétermination de l'ontologie de Heidegger a fini par laisser la problématique relative à la vérité dans la situation de "question ouverte". Bien que sympathisant avec le dépassement heideggerien de la métaphysique, Richard Rorty croit que la spéculation heideggerienne autour de l'être ne présente aucun intérêt aujourd'hui et conclut qu'une théorie de la Vérité est prement et simplement superflue. En désacord avec lui, Hilary Putnam pense qu'il y a encore un sens à présenter des considérations sur la vérité, quoique seulement dans le contexte d'un "réalisme interne". /// Truth has always been one of the main issues in western philosophy. Although its ontological dimension has never been left behind, it was within the context of epistemology (never separated from. (shrink)

O objeto do presente artigo concerne ao exame do conceito de senso comum teórico dos juristas e à investigação a respeito de suas funções sob a égide da Teoria Crítica do Direito desenvolvida por Luís Alberto Warat. Estrutura-se, assim, em duas etapas: a primeira, de caráter semântico, adstrita à conceituação e significação do objeto de pesquisa; e a segunda, de jaez teleológico-funcional, atinente à identificação de regiões e de suas funções ou efeitos.

Se busca rastrear la imagen que Platón tiene de Heráclito y articularla con la estructura argumentativa del Cratilo, para comprender las necesidades textuales a las que responde la doctrina del flujo perpetuo, es decir, la discusión sobre la corrección (ὀρθότης) del nombre. Gracias a la inclusión del testimonio heraclíteo, resulta posible rastrear la presunta consolidación de la tesis sobre los nombres primarios y los secundarios como el eje de la separación entre dos planos de realidad (uno estable y uno móvil) (...) y de la teoría de las Ideas -es decir, como la base de la epistemología platónica presente en los diálogos de madurez-. The article seeks to trace the image Plato has of Heraclitus and connect it with the argumentative structure of the Cratylus in order to understand the textual needs that give rise to the doctrine of perpetual flux, that is, the discussion regarding the correctness (ὀρθότης) of names. The inclusion of Heraclitus's testimony makes it possible to trace the alleged consolidation of the thesis regarding primary and secondary names as the axis of separation between two levels of reality (one stable, the other, changing) and the theory of Ideas -that is, as the basis of Plato's epistemology as set forth in the late dialogues-. (shrink)

Comparing the relative sensitivity of direct and indirect measures of learning is proposed as the best way to provide evidence for unconscious learning when both conceptual and operative definitions of awareness are lacking. This approach was first proposed by Reingold & Merikle (1988) in the context of subliminal perception. In this paper, we apply it to a choice reaction time task in which the material is generated based on a probabilistic finite-state grammar (Cleeremans, 1993). We show (1) that participants progressively (...) learn about the statistical structure of the stimulus material over training with the choice reaction time task, and (2) that they can use some of this knowledge to predict the location of the next stimulus in a subsequent “generation” task. However, detailed partial correlational analyses of the correspondence between performance during the reaction time task and the statistical structure of the training material showed that large effects remained even when controlling for explicit knowledge as assessed by the generation task. Hence we conclude (1) that at least some of the knowledge expressed through reaction time performance can not be characterized as conscious, and (2) that even when associations are found at a global level of analysis, dissociations can still be obtained when more detailed analyses are conducted. Finally, we also show that participants are limited in the depth of the contingencies they can learn about, and that these limitations are shared by the Simple Recurrent Network model of Cleeremans & McClelland (1991). (shrink)

Ao evidenciar que as relações estabelecidas por homens e mulheres com o meio concreto engendram o real, a dialética torna exequível a revolução do status quo por possibilitar a compreensão de que o mundo é sempre resultado da práxis humana, seja ela marcada por relações de dominação que reificam e fetichizam a prática social, seja marcada por relações que operam a humanização dos homens e mulheres. Ao romper com os fetiches, ou seja, ao perceber que os objetos não devem sujeitá-los, (...) homens e mulheres avançam de encontro à reificação, alçando-se a possibilidade de revolucionar suas condições de existência. Assim, o rompimento da pseudoconcreticidade ocorre no momento em que se evidencia que a realidade social se concretiza por meio das condições de produção e reprodução da existência social das pessoas, que é em nossa sociedade marcada pela luta de classes. Este processo de rompimento exige um esforço construtor de uma interpretação do real que vá para além de uma representação caótica do todo, típico das vivências cotidianas. Este artigo postula que o método materialista histórico dialético pode auxiliar neste processo. Partindo desta constatação, elabora-se reflexão sobre este método de análise do real. By showing that the relationships established by men and women with the practical means to engender real, dialectic makes possible the revolution of the status quo by allowing the understanding that the world is always the result of human practice, it is marked by relations of domination that fetishize and reify the social practice or marked by relationships that operate at the humanization of men and women. By breaking with the fetishes, or to realize that objects should not expose them, men and women advance against reification, raising the possibility of revolutionizing his conditions of existence. Thus, disruption of pseudoconcreticity occurs at the moment is evident that social reality is concretized through the conditions of production and reproduction of social existence, which is in our society marked by class struggle. This process requires a breakout effort to construct an interpretation of reality that go beyond a representation of the whole chaotic, typical of everyday experiences. This article posits that the historical materialist dialectical method con help this process. Based on this observation, we undertake reflection on this method of analysis of the real. (shrink)

L'A. de cette étude analyse des textes inédits d'Hilaire de Poitiers où ce dernier parle de la réciprocité des relations trinitaires et de la mutuelle «interdépendance» du Père et du Fils. Il montre que l'insistance sur les relations originaires et sur les processions divines ne signifient pas nécessairement l'infériorité du Fils, et que si celui-ci n'existe qu'en totale référence au Père, de même ce dernier se réfère au Fils et ne peut exister sans lui.

In 1967 I began writing this book in New York as an analysis of what had been enunciated in the visual arts, conditioned between technology and rebellion. When I return to Buenos Aires I continued to write (until 1972) in a different context where rebellion had revolutionary cravings for the prevailing dictatorship. In the early 1970s, very tough times began in our country (Argentina) and in Latin America in general. For that reason, I didn't publish it. It is now unquestionable (...) that what this work called "militant thinking of change" begins to develop again: the creative and answering act first and foremost in action. Its development in certain fields such as the feminist revolution, ecological awareness and the assessment of free sexual choice are manifestations of a cultural revolution. For this reason, publishing [this book] today makes sense again even if it was written half a century ago. The coordinator of the Centro Cultural de la Cooperación, Juan Pablo Pérez, wrote the appendix of the book and is the result of a series of reflections that occupied Luis Felipe Noé during his stay in New York and on his return to Argentina, between 1967 and 1972. The book was written in a period of estrangement from painting, overturned to intense writing at a time of crisis, which led Noé to another type of intellectual, political and theoretical production. (shrink)

Abstracting away from its various particular versions, contemporary externalism about knowledge can be broadly characterized as the rejection of two central ideas: that knowledge is incompatible with reflective awareness of the possibility of error, and that knowledge is necessarily tied to the resources that are available from within the first-person perspective. In this brief introduction, I outline five distinctly externalist accounts of knowledge, and two distinctly externalist methodological approaches to knowledge, all fitting this general description.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o arquipélago da libertação como umas das chaves de leituras das filosofias negro africanas, neste caso específico, com o recorte da filosofia do moçambicano Severino Elias Ngoenha, desde a leitura do “Paradigma liberdade” em diálogo com a perspectiva do pensamento do arquipélago em diálogo com o martinicano Édouard Glissant. Palavras chave: Filosofias negro africanas; Arquipélago da libertação; Paradigma liberdade; Paisagem.

Este estudo é uma exploração da concepção de lógica como uma “história pragmática da alma [pragmatische Seelengeschichte]”, tal como ela é formulada pelo médico e filósofo alemão Ernst Platner. Da análise dessa fórmula, pretende-se extrair um esboço do modo como ele concebe as noções de: alma, história, lógica e filosofia. Para tanto, o argumento será estruturado como uma análise: da alma enquanto objeto de estudo da lógica; da história pragmática enquanto método de estudo da lógica; e da compreensão da relação (...) entre lógica e filosofia extraída por Platner dessa abordagem. O objetivo deste trabalho não é fazer uma avaliação crítica da teoria de Platner, mas antes fazer um esboço do horizonte de questões que se abre a partir dessa compreensão da porta de entrada da filosofia – a lógica – como uma espécie de história da alma. (shrink)

O presente trabalho trata, em linhas gerais, da filosofia do direito de Immanuel Kant (1724- 1804), discutindo seu enquadramento no jusnaturalismo ou no juspositivismo. Para tanto, analisa o contraste entre a fundamentação do direito em Kant, fortemente marcada pela ideia de liberdade como legitimadora do Estado e da ordem jurídica, e sua estrutura, caracterizada pelo formalismo, pelo rigor lógico, pela importância exagerada da coação e pela manutenção da validade da ordenamento mesmo diante de um rompimento com a ideia de justiça (...) que o sustenta (negação do direito de resistência). (shrink)