How do children acquire the meaning of words? And why are words such as know harder for learners to acquire than words such as dog or jump? We suggest that the chief limiting factor in acquiring the vocabulary of natural languages consists not in overcoming conceptual difficulties with abstract word meanings but rather in mapping these meanings onto their corresponding lexical forms. This opening premise of our position, while controversial, is shared with some prior approaches. The present discussion moves forward (...) from there to a detailed proposal for how the mapping problem for the lexicon is solved, as well as a presentation of experimental findings that support this account. We describe an overlapping series of steps through which novices move in representing the lexical forms and phrase structures of the exposure language, a probabilistic multiple-cue learning process known as syntactic bootstrapping. The machinery is set in motion by word-to-world pairing, a procedure available to novices from the.. (shrink)

Gleitman and Trueswell’s “The easy words” forms a pair with their earlier paper, “Hard words,” completing a circle in which the authors ask how “easy” words (e.g., concrete nouns) are learned. They take up the hypothesis of “cross‐situational learning,” and argue that accumulating observations actually hinders learning if the mechanism requires holding all exemplars in memory over time. They present an alternative hypothesis, “Propose but Verify,” wherein people use one‐trial learning to confirm or disconfirm their current hypothesis—a mechanism distinctly different (...) from cross‐situational learning. (shrink)

We evaluate here the performance of four models of cross-situational word learning: two global models, which extract and retain multiple referential alternatives from each word occurrence; and two local models, which extract just a single referent from each occurrence. One of these local models, dubbed Pursuit, uses an associative learning mechanism to estimate word-referent probability but pursues and tests the best referent-meaning at any given time. Pursuit is found to perform as well as global models under many conditions extracted from (...) naturalistic corpora of parent-child interactions, even though the model maintains far less information than global models. Moreover, Pursuit is found to best capture human experimental findings from several relevant cross-situational word-learning experiments, including those of Yu and Smith (), the paradigm example of a finding believed to support fully global cross-situational models. Implications and limitations of these results are discussed, most notably that the model characterizes only the earliest stages of word learning, when reliance on the co-occurring referent world is at its greatest. (shrink)

What are the landmarks of the cognitive revolution? What are the core topics of modern cognitive science? Where is cognitive science heading to? Leading cognitive scientists--Chomsky, Pylyshyn, Gallistel, and others--examine their own work in relation to one of cognitive science's most influential and polemical figures: Jerry Fodor.

Landau introduces the volume with a selective review of Lila R. Gleitman’s intellectual history, emphasizing the theoretical roots of her research. These include influences of Zellig Harris and Noam Chomsky, her creation of “The Great Verb Game” (which paved the way for the theory of syntactic bootstrapping), the importance of natural “deprivation” experiments, and how they shed light on understanding what the data for learning really might be, and her life as an empiricist, driven by data to nativist conclusions. (...) The introduction also provides brief summaries of each contributed paper. (shrink)

E-ticaret, son yıllarda gelişen teknoloji ve tüketicilerin tercihleri sonucunda ticari hayatta gün geçtikçe daha fazla yer bulmaktadır. Bireylerin internet erişiminin kolaylaşması, interneti kullanım yoğunluğunun artması, sosyal medya erişimi ve kullanım sürelerinin artışı gibi dijitalleşmenin yaşanması e-ticaretin bir eko-sistem olarak karşımıza çıkmasını sağlamıştır. E-ticaret eko-sisteminde öne çıkan e-pazaryerleri, başta tüketici tabanlarını genişletmek, müşterilerinin bağlılığını arttırmak amacıyla ödeme sistemlerine önemli yatırımlar yapmaktadır. E-pazaryerlerinde sunulan e-cüzdan hizmetleri bunlardan biridir. Bünyesinde bulunan e-cüzdanlarda elektronik para mukabilinde para/puan sunan e-pazaryerleri, müşterilerine çekilişe katılma, kupon gibi avantajlar (...) sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Türkiye’de e-pazaryeri alanında öne çıkmış olan Trendyol Cüzdanım ve Hepsipay Cüzdanım uygulamaları başta olmak üzere çeşitli cüzdan hizmetleri sunan e-pazaryerlerinin bu uygulamalarını fıkhi açıdan değerlendirmektir. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek üzere e-ticaret, e-pazaryeri ve e-cüzdanların kavramsal çerçevesi ortaya koyulmuş ve ardından e-pazaryerleri tarafından sunulan e-cüzdan hizmeti ve avantajlarının fıkhi mahiyeti incelenmiştir. (shrink)

Language and Experience: Evidence from the Blind Child. By BARBARA LANDAU and LILA R. GLEITMAN.

Language and Experience: Evidence from the Blind Child. By BARBARA LANDAU and LILA R. GLEITMAN.

THE PARADOXES OF CONFIRMATION ARE CONSTITUTED BY THE CONTRADICTIONS ARISING FROM THE CONJUNCTION OF THREE PRINCIPLES OF CONFIRMATION - NICOD’S CRITERION, THE EQUIVALENCE CONDITION, AND WHAT THE PAPER CALLS THE SCIENTIFIC LAWS CONDITION. THE PAPER DISCUSSES IN DETAIL THE VARIOUS SOLUTIONS PROVIDED BY ABANDONING ONE OF THE PRINCIPLES. IN THE END IT FINDS NICOD’S CRITERION FALSE, BUT FINDS THE EXPLANATIONS GIVEN BY H.G. ALEXANDER AND OTHERS OF WHY NICOD’S CRITERION IS FALSE THEMSELVES UNSATISFACTORY. IT THEN PROVIDES A MORE ADEQUATE ACCOUNT (...) OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN WHICH "RA.BA" CONFIRMS "ALL R’S ARE B". (shrink)

PREFACE The first three of these lectures, or rather an abbreviated version of them, were first given as the Lindsay Memorial Lectures at the University of ...