The aim of the present investigation was to describe and to classify significant ethical problems encountered by the members of the staff during the daily clinical work at a hospital medical department. A set of definitions was prepared for the purpose, including the definition of a 'significant ethical problem'. During a three month period 426 inpatients and 173 outpatients were admitted. Significant ethical problems were encountered during the management of 106 in-patients (25 per cent) and 9 out-patients (5 per cent). (...) No significant difference was found between the frequency of ethical problems in female and male patients, but a positive correlation was noted between the number of problems and the patients' age. The problem types were classified according to a problem list. The results of this investigation suggest that greater attention must be paid to discussions about ethical problems among doctors and other categories of health personnel and that, among others, medical students ought to be taught the analysis of ethical problems. (shrink)

Semën [Simon] Liudvigovich Frank was born in Moscow, the son of a doctor. He studied law at Moscow University, joined a student Marxist group headed by P.B. Struve, and as a result was barred by the Russian authorities from living in any of the Russian “university cities.” He continued his university education at the Universities of Berlin and Munich. His first published work was a critique of Marx’s theory of value. Between 1902 and 1905 he divided his time among Berlin, (...) Munich, and Moscow. In 1902 he published his first philosophical essay, on Nietzsche’s doctrine of Fernstenliebe. He was a contributor—along with Nicolas Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, and Struve—to three influential symposium volumes: Problemy idealizma [Problems of idealism], Vekhi [Signposts], and Iz glubiny [De profundis]. This last work was printed but its release was blocked by Soviet censorship. All of these works were originally published in Moscow; all of them have, in the past three or four years, been republished in Moscow, but for more than seventy years they were banned in the Soviet Union and could be reprinted only abroad. (shrink)

Kitāb al-ʻibar. Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldūn, 1332-1406; criticism and interpretation.

On this episode of The Owl, Lauren Ware sits down with host Ian Olasov to talk about how fear and other emotions shape our understanding of risk, about what fear is and when it's rational, and about why Halloween is a thing.

Editor's Note: Over a long period of time, the evil bourgeois reactionary line has created antagonism between two groups of students in schools—antagonism on the basis of one's family background. This antagonism became very obvious during the initial stage of the Cultural Revolution, and has lasted to this day. It has prevented further criticism of the bourgeois reactionary line and hindered further development of the Cultural Revolution.

Bütün bir evrenle irtibat kurma, duygu ve düşünceleri paylaşma adına insana bahşedilen en etkin enstrüman dildir. Dilin şekillendirdiği kelâm yapılanmaları içerisinde şiirin apayrı bir yeri ve önemi haiz olduğu bilinmektedir. Çok eski çağlardan beri şiir insanoğlunun, duygu ve düşüncelerini en etkin biçimde ifade edebilmek için başvurduğu en verimli iletişim vasıtalarından biri olmuştur. Öyle ki, eski medeniyetlerin ve tarihî kalıntıların aktarılmasında önemli bir rol üstlenen mitik destanların kahir ekseriyeti şiir formunda tanzim edilmiştir. Hatta kutsal metinlerin bazı bloklarının şiirsel bir yapılanma arz (...) ettiği araştırmacılara malûmdur. Şiirin de pek çok edebî form ve tarz farklılığına sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Biz bu çalışmamızda, ekseni bütünüyle aruz üzerine kurulu olan divan şiirimizin toplumu yönlendirme ve aydınlatma adına yansıttığı özdeyişler, hikmetler, nasihatler ve bazı bilimsel göndermeler üzerine fikir imal etmeye çaba sarf ettik. Büyük bir sanat anlayışına ve bilgi birikimine dayalı olan divan şiirimizin en dikkat çeken özelliği, insan yaşamı için altın kurallar içeren nasihat ve hikmetlere yer vermesidir. Bu nasihat ve hikmetlerin hemen tamamı asla birer fantezi ve senaryo ürünü olmayıp, yaşanmış ve yaşanmakta olan sosyokültürel gerçekliklerden iktibas edilmiş değerler birikimidir. Çalışmamızda divan şiirinin Türkçe, Arapça ve azıcık da Farsça örneklerine yer vermiş bulunmaktayız. Bu noktada çalışmayı başlıca üç temel kategoriye taksim ederek, önce genellemenin ilk, örneklendirmenin ikinci mısrada yer aldığı şiirleri, ikinci aşamada örneğin ilk, genellemenin ise ikinci mısrada yer aldığı şiirleri ve nihayet üçüncü aşamada da bazı ilim ve fenlere gönderi yapan şiirleri tahlil etmeye çalıştık. (shrink)

In the article Kompaniets Liliya Viktorivna In the ocean God incarnations or "circles" evolution A. Besant In Focus website is reconstructed evolutionary model the idea of reincarnation A. Besant. The epicenter of its unfolding acts topic incarnations «God Fire» from which the world «deployed» and that he «rolled» in the end times. Semantic levels of the idea of reincarnation through the prism of the embodiments disclosed spirits, gods, higher hierarchy «Sons of Fire» incarnation of the Logos.

In Italy, judicial and extrajudicial requests for paternity testing have increased in recent years. A retrospective analysis of such private extrajudicial requests received by the legal medicine unit of the Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health of Padua University was conducted to identify problem areas most helpful in determining whether to accept private parties’ requests for paternity testing. Such testing is most delicate when a presumptive father may be seeking to disown paternity and when testing is wanted without the (...) consent of a member of the mother–child–father triangle. Tests that could establish paternity where none has been recognised are less problematic, as the child will not lose out. Legal and ethical–deontological aspects of consent, of the protection of minors and of children’s and parents’ need for follow-up interviews to deal with the outcome of such testing are carefully considered by the Padua University team when deciding whether to accept a request for testing. It is argued that because such issues are not dealt with by mail-order laboratories, the use of such services is inappropriate. (shrink)

According to the view that Peacocke elaborates in _A Study of Concepts_ (1992), a concept can be individuated by providing the conditions a thinker must satisfy in or- der to possess that concept. Hence possessions conditions for concepts should be specifiable in a way that respects a non-circularity constraint. In a more recent paper.

Dr Boyle is right in drawing attention to the apparent inconsistency between laws that allow a fetus in utero to be aborted at the mother’s will but give the law’s full protection to a newborn infant, perhaps of the same gestation as the aborted fetus. It makes no difference how disabled the infant is, or how poor the prognosis. The reason for the inconsistency is that the two stages of the infant’s development—before birth and after birth—are governed by different legal (...) principles.While a fetus is in utero, the applicable laws are the criminal law of abortion and the civil law of battery, which here focuses on the mother’s direction alone. As Dr Boyle says, the law on abortion in the UK—and also in Australia—enables an abortion to be lawfully performed if continuing the pregnancy would present a real risk to the mother’s life, or her physical and mental health; and, additionally, in some jurisdictions like the UK, for serious fetal abnormality: see Abortion Act 1967 ,1 which includes risks to “existing children” as well as to the mother.2 Recent changes to the criminal law in the Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia have gone further and abortion is now lawful in those jurisdictions, simply on the informed request of the mother.3In jurisdictions that do not have a specific provision allowing abortion on the grounds of fetal abnormality, doctors have inferred that having a child with a serious abnormality would constitute a threat to the mother’s life or health, again focussing on the mother. The concept of harm to the mother’s health has been interpreted by the courts to include harm during pregnancy and delivery and also after the birth.4 This might take account of difficulties in raising …. (shrink)