Type 2 diabetes has been considered a public health threat due to its growing prevalence, particularly in the older population. It is important to know the effects of psychosocial stress and its potential consequences for some basic cognitive processes that are important in daily life. Currently, there is very little information about how people with T2D face acute psychosocial stressors, and even less about how their response affects working memory, which is essential for their functionality and independence. Our aim was (...) to characterize the response to an acute laboratory psychosocial stressor and its effects on WM in older people with T2D. Fifty participants with T2D from 52 to 77 years old were randomly assigned to a stress or control condition. Mood and physiological responses to tasks were measured. In addition, participants completed a WM test before and after the stress or control task. Our results showed that the TSST elicited higher negative affect and greater C and sAA responses than the control task. No significant differences in WM were observed depending on the exposure to stress or the control task. Finally, participants who showed higher C and sAA responses to the stressor had lower WM performance. Our results indicate that medically treated older adults with T2D show clear, typical mood and physiological responses to an acute psychosocial stressor. Finally, the lack of acute psychosocial stress effects on WM suggests that it could be related to aging and not to this disease, at least when T2D is adequately treated. (shrink)

This book seeks to arrive at a better understanding of the relationships between the objective and subjective aspects of time. It discusses the existence of fluent time, a controversial concept in many areas, from philosophy to physics. Fluent time is understood as directional time with a past, a present and a future. We experience fluent time in our lives and we adopt a temporal perspective in our ways of knowing and acting. Nevertheless, the existence of fluent time has been debated (...) for both philosophical and scientific reasons, thus creating a rift between the subjective and objective aspects of time. Starting from the basic notion of points of view, or perspectives, this book explores the relationships between objective or external time, as it has been conceptualized by science, and subjective or internal time, which is involved in our lived experiences. It establishes a general framework encompassing the nature, structure and mode of existence of points of view, in which the objective and subjective aspects of time can be integrated. The book mainly addresses researchers and postgraduates in philosophy and logic. Additionally, it offers inspiration for physicists and computer scientists involved in the modeling and simulation of complex behaviors for which the representation of internal time should be considered together with the notion of objective, external time. (shrink)

"Vocablo infaltable en todas las corrientes políticas occidentales, el republicanismo ha tendido a convertirse, en los últimos tiempos, es una suerte de significante vacío al que se apela sin más como sinónimo de justicia, de balance de poderes o de plena institucionalidad. En un libro que recupera el fundamental legado de Cicerón, Juan Acerbi presenta una serie de aspectos que se sumergen en las oscuras aguas de la tradición republicana para aclarar conceptos y aristas que, aún desde su latencia, (...) determinan muy de cerca el derrotero de las prácticas gubernamentales contemporáneas. Signado por el análisis de la performatividad del discurso político, de los usos de las justificaciones religiosas y de la íntima ligazón entre símbolos, formas de participación ciudadana, temporalidades y otros recursos para la conservación y ampliación del poder, este volumen recorre los meandros de la metapolítica para dejar al desnudo el cuerpo vivo del yo que sostiene a la república. Allí, el estudio sobre virtud del líder político, comprendido como un ser diferente del resto, demuestra que hace falta todavía sospechar de los vínculos entre un republicanismo cargado de razón pública y el capitalismo, que pretende que determinadas formas vacuas, exánimes, ocupen el lugar de los pensantes. A contrapelo de la desquiciada celebración de la inmediatez que se observa en nuestros días, Acerbi retoma un aspecto cardinal para cualquier pensamiento que pretenda ser político: la distinción entre lo necesario y lo contingente y la ubicación de toda acción política en el segundo de esos polos. De ese modo, apela a la palabra como forma fundamental de lo humano y logra ver, bajo un mismo cristal, eventos pasados, presentes y futuros que desenmascaran cualquier ilusión de una vida autoevidente." Hernán Borisonik. (shrink)

This paper is an introduction to the special issue commemorating the 50th anniversary of the publication of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn. It introduces some main ideas of Structure, as its change in historical perspective for the interpretation of scientific progress, the role and nature of scientificcommunities, the incommensurability concept, or the new-world problem, and summarizes some philosophical reactions. After this introduction, the special issue includes papers by Alexander Bird, Paul Hoyningen-Huene and George Reisch on different aspects (...) of Kuhn’s work.Este artículo es una introducción al número monográfico que conmemora el 50º aniversario de la publicación de La estructura de las revoluciones científicas de Thomas Kuhn. En la introducción se presentan algunas de las ideas principales del libro, como su cambio de perspectiva histórica para la interpretación del progreso científico, el papel y naturaleza de las comunidades científicas, el concepto de inconmensurabilidad o el problema del cambio de mundo, y se resumen algunas reacciones filosóficas a las mismas. Tras la introducción, el número monográfico está compuesto por artículos de Alexander Bird, Paul Hoyningen-Huene y George Reisch que versan sobre diversos aspectos de la obra de Kuhn. (shrink)

The metaphysical-epistemological paradigm has ceased to be of actuality in contemporary culture. This does not mean that its falsity has been shown. Such an affirmation would imply that there is something like the truth, from which now, finally, the inanity of this paradigm can be claimed. The Rortian hermeneutics,with his pragmatic-ironic character, cannot justify this consideration. Taking into account Rorty’s criticism to ‘Platon-Kant canon’, and after analysing the Rortian ironic canon, and focusing on Rorty’s pan-relationism theory, I will discuss in (...) this contribution whether there are or not some ontological suppositions in Rortianhermeneutics. I will situate in the middle of this debate the contingency and freedom categories with the background of Gadamer’s hermeneutical ontology. The projection of this theoretical debate on the political space of contemporary advanced democracies will show the practical-political importance of hermenutics. (shrink)

The concept of “philosophical normalization” has become common place, recently questioned in the narrative of the historical process of philosophy in Latin America. From the theory of layers of time raised by R. Koselleck this paper proposes a critical review of this concept.

In this article a view of emotional experience is set out that conceives emotional experience as a kind of perceptual experience. It is argued that both this view is embodied both by neuroscience of emotion and developmental psychology of emotion, although a significant part of recent research in experimental psychology has resorted to a kind of emotional stimuli that hardly square with the non-negotiable insight that perceiving is scouting. Finally, it is suggested that social referencing is in the backstage of (...) socalled paradigmatic scenarios, which provide the basis for emotional learning and in which emotions are typically shown. (shrink)

El artículo trata de dos argumentos, los de la Circularidad y la Polaridad, que llevaron a Wittgenstein a sostener que la gramática es autónoma: que no hay hechos del mundo que justifiquen la verdad de sus reglas. Se señala que el Argumento de la Polaridad es consustancial a doctrinas centrales de la filosofía pos-tractariana de Wittgenstein y cómo la aceptación de que la gramática es autónoma le obligó a desmantelar aspectos centrales de la metafísica y la filosofía del lenguaje y (...) de la lógica del Tractatus que hacían posible ofrecer una justificación modal de la sintaxis lógica.This paper deals with two arguments, the Circularity Argument and the Polarity Arguments, that led Wittgenstein to claim that grammar is autonomous, i.e., that no rule of grammar can be justified by providing a fact as a reason to believe in its truth. It is argued that the Polarity Argument is intimately linked to central doctrines of Wittgenstein’s post-tractarian philosophy and shown how the acceptance of the autonomy of grammar forced Wittgenstein to give up the project of providing a modal justification of the rules of logical syntax. (shrink)

In this paper, we try to show why a formal definition of truth is not satisfactory (first point). Later, we expound (second point) the polemic between Austin and Strawson about truth with the intention to show that both refer to different problems concerning truth and to prove that Austin did not lose this confrontation and that we can recover some elements of his investigation for making an adequate approach to this notion. We will complete our definition of truth using the (...) latest thesis of Charles Travis and that will permit us to conclude with a semantic definition of truth for natural languages. (shrink)

The question of the trait that would distinguish human beings from the rest of the animals has kept humanity awake for centuries. Their ability to express themselves through words, their use of reason, their self-awareness of their finiteness or their capacity to produce and appreciate the art have been some of the faculties that, over the centuries, have come to give humanity a justification for its position in the world. With the advent of Artificial Intelligence, many of these attributes came (...) to be questioned thanks to the ability of non-biological entities to produce, among other performances, artistic and literary works. In this article we will revisit some of the topics that have allowed us to delineate the limits of what is human and, in the light of the latest technological advances, to question the link that humanity, technology and artistic creation have with each other today. (shrink)

En Investigaciones filosóficas y otros escritos postractarianos Wittgenstein rechazó la concepción de lo mental que incorpora la Tesis de Brentano. Ese rechazo, dirigido específicamente contra la idea de que los pensamientos representan la realidad conteniendo representaciones que concuerdan con ella, denuncia una confusión gramatical: los objetos a los que se dirigirían los pensamientos son sombras proyectadas por la gramática del lenguaje. Autores como Hacker y Glock consideran que esa confusión se produce al asimilar las oraciones mediante las cuales se adscriben (...) estados mentales a oraciones transitivas sin verbos psicológicos. El presente trabajo argumenta a favor de una imagen mucho más compleja de los medios utilizados por Wittgenstein para rechazar la Tesis de Brentano. Se defiende también que en la visión corregida de la intencionalidad de lo mental desempeñan un papel decisivo los requisitos de inocencia semántica, expresivismo, sistematicidad del significado y del lenguaje como vehículo del pensamiento, ignorados hasta el momento. (shrink)

Climate and evolution represents an important contribution to evolutionary biogeography, that influenced several authors, notably Karl P. Schmidt, George S. Myers, George G. Simpson, Philip J. Darlington, Ernst Mayr, Thomas Barbour, John C. Poynton, Allen Keast, Léon Croizat, Robin Craw, Michael Heads, and Osvaldo A. Reig. Authors belonging to the “New York School of Zoogeography” –a research community including Matthew, Schmidt, Myers and Simpson– accepted Matthew’s “Holarcticism” and the permanence of ocean basins and continents, whereas others, especially panbiogeographers and cladistic (...) biogeographers, were extremely critical and reacted against these ideas. “Holarcticism” has been falsified and rejected by dispersalists and the “New York School of Zoogeography” disappeared in the 1970s. Matthew, however, continues being identified by panbiogeographers and cladistic biogeographers as a key representative of classic dispersalism, helping provide some cohesion to their research communities. (shrink)

En varios de sus trabajos, Susan Sontag trató de pensar qué podían las imágenes de y ante el sufrimiento de los otros: ¿nos ayudan a comprender o nos insensibilizaban?, ¿en qué contextos y regímenes de circulación son capaces de generar solidaridad hacia la víctima?, ¿en qué condiciones fueron producidas y recepcionadas las fotografías de torturas inflingidas a prisioneros en Vietnam —en los años setenta— e Irak —en los dos mil— y hasta qué punto esas condiciones modifican la percepción social de (...) las violaciones de los derechos humanos? El presente artículo trata de localizar, analizar y poner en valor las aportaciones de Sontag sobre las fotografías de atrocidades, en general, y de tortura en particular. (shrink)

This article analyzes the changing politics of hands-on display at the New York Museum of Science and Industry by following its urban deambulation within Midtown Manhattan, which went hand in hand with sharp shifts in promoters, narrative, and exhibition techniques. The museum was inaugurated in 1927 as the Museum of the Peaceful Arts on the 7th and 8th floors of the Scientific American Building. It changed its name in 1930 to the New York Museum of Science and Industry while on (...) the 4th floor of the Daily News Building, and it was close to being renamed the Science Center when it finally moved in 1936 to the ground floor of the Rockefeller Center. The analysis of how the political agenda of the different promoters of the New York Museum of Science and Industry was spatially and performatively inscribed in each of its sites suggests that the 1930s boom of visitor-operated exhibits had nothing to do with an Exploratorium-like rhetoric of democratic empowerment. The social paternalistic ideology of the vocational education movement, the ideas on innovation of the early sociology of invention, and the corporate behavioral approach to mass communications are more suitable contexts in which to understand the changing politics of hands-on display in interwar American museums of science and industry. (shrink)