This work offers a selection of the philosophical writings of Karl Jaspers.

Begegnung des Verlegers mit Karl Jaspers, von K. Piper.-Philosophische Autobiographie, von K. Jaspers.- Jaspers und der Staat, von D. Sternberger.- Jaspers als geschichtlicher Denker, von G. Mann.- Jaspers in Frankreich, von J. Hersch.- Karl Jaspers und die italienische Philosophie, von L. Quattrocchi.- Die Philosophie von Karl Jaspers in Japan, von F. Hashimoto.-Karl Jaspers und der Rundfunk, von P. Meyer-Gutzwiller.- Karl Jasper's Lebensdaten.- Bibliographie der Werke und Schriften, von H. Saner [p.[173] -[216]].

What Sigmund Freud is to psychoanalysis, Max Weber is to sociology: the founding father, the primary source of idea, invention, and organization upon which the modern practice of the science is based. Karl Jaspers occupies an equally high place in the existentialist movement in philosophy. For many years, these two intellectual giants were close associates. These brilliant and eminently readable essays were written between 1920 and 1962, originally in German. Here they are available in English. Jaspers divides Weber's work into (...) three broad categories--philosophical, scientific, and political. He examines Weber's passionate devotion to the goal of purifying science of all passion, and specifically of making the social sciences an objective, value-free inquiry. He explores Weber's notion of the role of political leadership, and of the crisis of contemporary civilization as experienced in Germany. When one towering intellect writes about another, we enjoy insights into the minds of both. On Max Weber speaks to the philosopher, the sociologist, the political scientist, and the scholar, while it broadens the intellectual horizons of everyone concerned with deeper questions of mind, society, and the human condition.--From publisher description. (shrink)

In 1910, Karl Jaspers wrote a seminal essay on morbid jealousy in which he laid the foundation for the psychopathological phenomenology that through his work and the work of Hans Gruhle and Kurt Schneider, among others, would become the ...

BACKGROUND: Delusions in schizophrenia are commonly approached as empirical false beliefs about everyday reality. Phenomenological accounts, by contrast, have suggested that delusions are more adequately understood as pertaining to a different kind of reality experience. How this alteration of reality experience should be characterised, which dimensions of experiential life are involved, and whether delusional reality might differ from standard reality in various ways is unclear and little is known about how patients with delusions value and relate to these experiential alterations. (...) This study aimed to investigate the nature of delusional reality experience, and its subjective apprehension, in individuals with lived experience of delusions and a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis. METHODS: In this qualitative phenomenological study, we recruited individuals with lived experience of delusions and a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis from two psychiatric-hospital services in Belgium using homogenous sampling. Criteria for participation were having undergone at least one psychotic episode with occurring delusional symptoms, present at least 1 year before participation, on the basis of clinical notes assessed by the attending psychiatrist; a schizophrenia-spectrum diagnosis, ascertained through clinical interview by the attending psychiatrist upon admission; being aged between 18 years and 65 years; and having the capacity to give informed consent. Exclusion criteria included worries concerning capacity to consent and risk of distress caused by participation. We did phenomenologically driven semi-structured interviews with the participants to explore the nature of delusional reality experience and their subjective valuation of these experiences. We used interpretative phenomenological analysis, a qualitative method tailored to the in-depth exploration of participants’ first-person perspective, to analyse their accounts. FINDINGS: Between March 2, 2020, and Sept 30, 2020, 18 adults participated in the interview study. The findings suggest that delusions are often embedded in wide-ranging alterations of basic reality experience, involving quasi-ineffable atmospheric and ontological qualities that undermine participants’ sense of the world as unambiguously real, fully present, and shared with others. We also found that delusional reality experience can differ from standard reality in various ways, across multiple dimensions, and that participants are often implicitly or explicitly aware of the distinction between delusional and standard reality. Delusional experience can have an enduring value and meaning that is not fully captured by a strictly medical perspective. INTERPRETATION: Increased awareness and recognition of the distinctive nature of delusional reality experience, in both clinical and research settings, can improve diagnostic accuracy, explanatory models, and therapeutic support for individuals with delusions whose lived realities are not always evident from an everyday perspective. FUNDING: FWO Flanders. TRANSLATION: For the Dutch translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section. (shrink)

Although there is much discussion exploring the potential causes of plagiarism, there is limited research available which provides evidence as to the academic interventions which may help reduce this. This paper discusses a bespoke English for Academic Purposes programme introduced at the university level, aimed at improving the academic writing standards of students, reducing plagiarism, and detecting cases of contract cheating. Results from 12 semesters of academic misconduct data demonstrate a 37.01% reduction in instances of detected plagiarism following the intervention, (...) but due to limited data, cannot demonstrate a direct impact on reducing detected rates of contract cheating. The results also show a lower than expected proportion of plagiarised assignments among submissions. (shrink)

Die These von einer Achsenzeit in der Weltgeschichte Die zentrale Annahme dieses Buches ist die universalgeschichtliche These von einer Achsenzeit (880-200 v. Chr.) in der Weltgeschichte, in der voneinander unabhangig in China, Indien und dem Abendland strukturell ahnliche kulturelle Revolutionen und Aufbruche erfolgt sind. Inwieweit diese Aufbruche fur das kulturelle Leben in der Gegenwart weiterhin bedeutsam sind, wird heute in kulturwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen wie der Religions- und Kultursoziologie, der vergleichenden Kulturtheorie, der Theorie der Moderne u.a. neu diskutiert. Neben der These von (...) der Achsenzeit wird in Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte u.a. der Stellenwert von Wissenschaft und Technik in der Moderne erortert; es werden Uberlegungen uber eine mogliche Welteinheit (im Sinne eines Weltfriedenszustandes) angestellt sowie zeitgeschichtliche Tendenzen in der Politik (z.B. Totalitats- und Planungsideologien) kritisiert, die im Gegensatz zu Jaspers' liberalem Ethos der Freiheit und der Humanitat stehen. (shrink)

This paper concludes a special feature of Sustainability Science that explores a broad range of social value theoretical traditions, such as religious studies, social psychology, indigenous knowledge, economics, sociology, and philosophy. We introduce a novel transdisciplinary conceptual framework that revolves around concepts of 'lenses' and 'tensions' to help navigate value diversity. First, we consider the notion of lenses: perspectives on value and valuation along diverse dimensions that describe what values focus on, how their sociality is envisioned, and what epistemic and (...) procedural assumptions are made. We characterise fourteen of such dimensions. This provides a foundation for exploration of seven areas of tension, between: (1) the values of individuals vs collectives; (2) values as discrete and held vs embedded and constructed; (3) value as static or changeable; (4) valuation as descriptive vs normative and transformative; (5) social vs relational values; (6) different rationalities and their relation to value integration; (7) degrees of acknowledgment of the role of power in navigating value conflicts. In doing so, we embrace the 'mess' of diversity, yet also provide a framework to organise this mess and support and encourage active transdisciplinary collaboration. We identify key research areas where such collaborations can be harnessed for sustainability transformation. Here it is crucial to understand how certain social value lenses are privileged over others and build capacity in decision-making for understanding and drawing on multiple value, epistemic and procedural lenses. (shrink)

The intent of Jaspers' philosophizing then is simply to recall us to our authentic situation. This recall is not itself a doctrine; it is only the stimulus to an inward action each must perform for himself in communication with others. Jaspers' Existenz-philosophy is thus an attempt to consider and enact human honesty; it is philosophy, not as wisdom, but as the love of wisdom.

With the publication of Reason and Existenz, originally delivered as a series of five lectures at the University of Groningen in 1935, one of the most important of Jaspers's philosophic works is made available to the English-speaking world. It concerns itself with a general statement of the principal philosophic categories which have given uniqueness to Jaspers's thinking: existence, freedom, and history, and the limit-situations of death, suffering, and sin. Written shortly after Jaspers's major systematic work and before his analysis of (...) the problem of truth, Reason and Existenz occupies a primary position in the development of his thought. (shrink)

In this paper, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the ethical challenges that arise in the context of antimicrobial resistance, which includes an introduction to the contributions to the symposium in this issue. We begin by discussing why AMR is a distinct ethical issue, and should not be viewed purely as a technical or medical problem. In the second section, we expand on some of these arguments and argue that AMR presents us with a broad range of ethical problems that (...) must be addressed as part of a successful policy response to emerging drug resistance. In the third section, we discuss how some of these ethical challenges should be addressed, and we argue that this requires contributions from citizens, ethicists, policy makers, practitioners and industry. We conclude with an overview of steps that should be taken in moving forward and addressing the ethical problems of AMR. (shrink)

Karl Jaspers (1883-1969)--"founder of German existentialism" (Martin Heidegger) and "a lucid and flexible intelligence in the service of a genuine and ...

This paper concludes a special feature of Sustainability Science that explores a broad range of social value theoretical traditions, such as religious studies, social psychology, indigenous knowledge, economics, sociology, and philosophy. We introduce a novel transdisciplinary conceptual framework that revolves around concepts of ‘lenses’ and ‘tensions’ to help navigate value diversity. First, we consider the notion of lenses: perspectives on value and valuation along diverse dimensions that describe what values focus on, how their sociality is envisioned, and what epistemic and (...) procedural assumptions are made. We characterise fourteen of such dimensions. This provides a foundation for exploration of seven areas of tension, between: (1) the values of individuals vs collectives; (2) values as discrete and held vs embedded and constructed; (3) value as static or changeable; (4) valuation as descriptive vs normative and transformative; (5) social vs relational values; (6) different rationalities and their relation to value integration; (7) degrees of acknowledgment of the role of power in navigating value conflicts. In doing so, we embrace the ‘mess’ of diversity, yet also provide a framework to organise this mess and support and encourage active transdisciplinary collaboration. We identify key research areas where such collaborations can be harnessed for sustainability transformation. Here it is crucial to understand how certain social value lenses are privileged over others and build capacity in decision-making for understanding and drawing on multiple value, epistemic and procedural lenses. (shrink)

The book surveys the key metaphysical contributions of the Cambridge Platonist, Henry More (1614–1687).

This paper explores the ontology of Malebranche's notion of "intelligible extension", the archetypal divine idea of matter which he believed to be the immediate object of our own minds in all of our thoughts about corporeal things. Building on this account of its ontology, and through an examination of a form of isomorphism between intelligible extension and the created spatial world, the paper also attempts to explain the manner in which it could fulfill its epistemological role of representing all possible (...) bodies and supplying us with our abstract knowledge of geometry. (shrink)

_ Source: _Page Count 21 The “Context Principle”, as the author understands it in this paper, is the claim that sub-sentential linguistic expressions have meaning only in the context of complete meaningful sentences. The author reconstructs the version of the Context Principle that Wittgenstein holds in the _Tractatus_, shows that it has intuitive plausibility and can be defended against alleged counterexamples, and develops an argument for its truth that can be found in the _Tractatus_. In short, the author argues that (...) the “fit” between the meanings of sentences and the meanings of the expressions they contain can only be adequately explained if one acknowledges that for a sub-sentential expression to have meaning _is_ for it to make a contribution to the meaning of a sentence. (shrink)

By permission of The Gale Group, this article is reprinted (here on-line) from “Nicholas of Cusa,” pp. 122-125, Volume 9 of the Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R. Strayer (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1987 ). The short bibliography at the end of the original article has been omitted; and the page numbers of the article are here changed.

Taken from the Great Philosphers, Volume II.

This article analyzes learning in context through the prism of a sustainable dairy-farming project. The research was performed within a nutrient management project that involved the participation of farmers and scientists. Differences between heterogeneous forms of farmers’ knowledge and scientific knowledge were discursively constructed during conflict and subsequent alignment over the validity and relevance of knowledge. Both conflict and alignment appeared to be essential for learning in context. Conflict spurred learning when disagreeing groups of actors developed their knowledge in order (...) to strengthen their arguments. Conflict caused self-referentiality when the actors no longer listened to each other. This inhibited self-reflection, thus blocking ongoing learning. Nevertheless, after a period of alignment, scientific models and knowledge of farmers were reevaluated and recontextualized. Through determining how to use scientific models and farmers’ knowledge for further learning, aimed at a shared goal, the participating actors also learned how to learn. (shrink)

Daß sprachliche Praxis eine soziale Praxis ist, gilt der Sprachphilosophie des 20. Jahrhunderts als selbstverständlich. Aber wie genau sollen wir das Verhältnis der einzelnen Sprecherinnen und Sprecher zueinander und zu der Gemeinschaft, die sie als Sprecherinnen und Sprecher einer Sprache bilden, im Rahmen einer philosophischen Theorie sprachlicher Bedeutung konzipieren? Sind Sprecher als solche notwendig auf die Existenz anderer Sprecher oder einer Sprachgemeinschaft, der sie angehören, angewiesen? In welcher Weise sind sie von den sprachlichen Normen einer Gemeinschaft bestimmt? In welcher Weise (...) bestimmen sie diese Normen? Und in welcher Weise bestimmen sie einander? Jasper Liptow untersucht das Für und Wider von zwei Antworten auf diese Fragen, die sich vor allem dadurch unterscheiden, wie sie das Verhältnis zwischen Sprachgemeinschaft und sprechendem Individuum bestimmen. Die eine Antwort zielt darauf, den sozialen Aspekt von Sprache unter Bezug auf einen bestimmten Begriff der sprachlichen Regel zu verstehen. Sie gibt dem Begriff eines Kollektivs von Sprechern, das geteilte sprachliche Regeln zur Geltung bringt und so geteilte sprachliche Bedeutungen schafft, einen grundlegenden theoretischen Stellenwert und behandelt den Begriff des sprechenden Individuums als abgeleitet. Die andere setzt statt dessen auf einen bestimmten Begriff der Interpretation sprachlichen Verhaltens. Sie gibt damit den einzelnen Individuen, die sich ihr sprachliches Verhalten wechselseitig verständlich zu machen suchen, einen grundlegenden Stellenwert und begreift den Begriff eines sprachlichen Kollektivs als abgeleitet. Mit einer aus den Sozialwissenschaften bzw. der Sozialphilosophie vertrauten Terminologie kann man den ersten der beiden Ansätze als Kollektivismus, den zweiten als Individualismus bezeichnen. Die systematisch zentralen Kapitel dieser Arbeit bieten eine Rekonstruktion dieser beiden grundlegenden bedeutungstheoretischen Alternativen sowie eine Diskussion ihrer jeweiligen Vorzüge und Nachteile. Auf dieser Basis entwickelt Liptow eine den bisherigen Varianten überlegene Form des Individualismus. Seine Rekonstruktion einer sozialen Variante des Individualismus erfolgt im Anschluß an die Arbeiten von Donald Davidson, die er um einen Begriff der gelingenden sprachlichen Verständigung ergänzt. Das führt zu einem theoretischen Modell sprachlicher Praxis als einer sich selbst stabilisierenden und regulierenden Praxis, in der die Standards, an denen sich das Gelingen einzelner Akte sprachlicher Verständigung messen läßt, selber als ein Produkt weiterer solcher Akte begriffen wird. Damit kommt eine historische Dimension sprachlicher Praxis zum Tragen, die Davidson außer Acht läßt. Sprachliches Verstehen basiert zwar nicht auf geteilten Regeln, wohl aber auf einer gemeinsamen Tradition gelingender Verständigung. Im Rahmen dieses individualistischen Modells können die Probleme des Kollektivismus entweder gelöst werden oder entstehen erst gar nicht. Jasper Liptow ist wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Zentrum für Philosophie und Grundlagen der Wissenschaft der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen. Zusammen mit Georg Bertram hat er im Velbrück Verlag herausgegeben: Holismus in der Philosophie. Inhalt Einleitung 1 Philosophische Bedeutungstheorien 2 Bedeutung und Gebrauch 3 Ein kollektivistisches Modell sprachlicher Praxis 4 Auf der Suche nach einem pragmatistischen Regelbegriff 5 Elemente einer Kritik des bedeutungstheoretischen Kollektivismus 6 Interpretation und Verständigung 7 Ein individualistisches Modell sprachlicher Praxis Literatur Register. (shrink)

: This paper charts the gradual development of a theory of real space, underlying the created world and constituted by the extension of God Himself, in the writings of the Cambridge Platonist, Henry More. It identifies two impediments to More's embracing such a theory in the earlier part of his career, namely his initial commitment to the principles that (a) space was not real and (b) God was not extended, and it shows how he finally came to renounce these principles (...) in order to devise the theory so closely associated with him. (shrink)

Many ethical concerns have been voiced about Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs). Special attention has been paid to the effect of CDSSs on autonomy, responsibility, fairness and transparency. This journal has featured a discussion between Rosalind McDougall and Ezio Di Nucci that focused on the impact of IBM’s Watson for Oncology (Watson) on autonomy. The present article elaborates on this discussion in three ways. First, using Jonathan Pugh’s account of rational autonomy we show that how Watson presents its results might (...) impact decisional autonomy, while how Watson produces knowledge might affect practical autonomy. Second, by drawing an analogy with patient decision aids we identify an empirical way of estimating Watson’s impact on autonomy (ie, value-congruence). Lastly, McDougall introduced the notion of value-flexible design as a way to account for the diverging preferences patients hold. We will clarify its relation with the established domain of value-sensitive design. In terms of the tripartite methodology of value-sensitive design, we offer aconceptualclarification using Pugh’s account of rational autonomy, anempiricaltool to evaluate Watson’s impact on autonomy and situate a group oftechnicaloptions to incorporate autonomy in Watson’s design. (shrink)

Karl Jaspers pflegte intensive Kontakte zu seinen Verlagen. Diese bisher unveroffentlichten Briefwechsel von 1911 bis 1968 sind biografisch und werkgeschichtlich zentral, denn sie geben wesentliche Einblicke in die Personlichkeit und das Leben von Karl Jaspers ebenso wie in sein Selbstverstandnis als Psychopathologe, Psychologe, Philosoph und politischer Schriftsteller. Insbesondere lassen die Briefe die Entstehung und Rezeption von Jaspers' Schriften zutage treten, zeugen von mitunter muhsamen Ubersetzungsverhandlungen und dokumentieren auch den Austausch uber wichtige Buchprojekte, die zu Jaspers' Lebzeiten nicht mehr realisiert wurden. (...) Der erste Band enthalt u.a. Briefwechsel mit den Verlagen Artemis, de Gruyter, Les Editions de Minuit, Harper & Row, Mohr Siebeck, Routledge, Springer, Suhrkamp und Yale University Press, mit den Verlegern Kurt und Helen Wolff sowie mit verschiedenen Ubersetzern. Im Anhang sind Dokumente und Korrespondenzen aus der Zeit von 1933 bis 1943 wiedergegeben, vor allem Jaspers' Korrespondenz mit der Reichsschrift tumskammer. Der zweite Teilband widmet sich ausschliesslich der Korrespondenz mit Klaus Piper und dem Piper Verlag. Die Briefe werden in Auswahl, aber jeweils vollstandig wiedergegeben. (shrink)

Karl Jaspers war als Autor an einer moglichst breiten Wirkung gelegen, weswegen er auch einen intensiven Kontakt zu seinen Verlagen pflegte. Schon deshalb kommt den einschlagigen Briefwechseln (erhalten sind insgesamt etwa 6.000 Briefe) biographisch und werkgeschichtlich zentrale Bedeutung zu. Denn die bisher unveroffentlichten Korrespondenzen aus der Zeit zwischen 1911 und 1968 geben nicht nur wesentliche Einblicke in die Personlichkeit und das Leben von Karl Jaspers, sondern ebenso in sein Selbstverstandnis als Psychopathologe, Psychologe, Philosoph und politischer Schriftsteller. Vielfach legen sie offen, (...) wie er historische und zeitgenossische Personen, politische Ereignisse oder Konstellationen bewertete, doch bisweilen beleuchten sie umgekehrt auch das Verhalten einiger Verlage ihm gegenuber wahrend der NS-Zeit. Insbesondere aber informieren die Briefe uber seine Monographien und Aufsatze, indem sie deren Entstehung und Rezeption zu Tage treten lassen oder von mitunter muhsamen und nicht immer erfolgreichen Ubersetzungsverhandlungen berichten. Dokumentiert ist auch der Austausch uber wichtige Buchprojekte, die zu Jaspers' Lebzeiten nicht mehr realisiert wurden (etwa die Verstehende Psychologie oder die Grundsatze des Philosophierens). Der vorliegende Band enthalt u. a. Briefwechsel mit den Verlagen Artemis, Francke, de Gruyter, Les Editions de Minuit, Harper & Row, Meiner, Mohr Siebeck, Routledge, Lambert Schneider, Springer, Storm, Suhrkamp, University of Chicago Press und Yale University Press, mit den Verlegern Kurt und Helen Wolff sowie mit den Ubersetzern E.B. Ashton, Noboru Hosoo, Helene Naef, Paul A. Schilpp, Re Soupault und Jean Wahl. Die Briefe werden in Auswahl, aber jeweils vollstandig wiedergegeben. Der zweite Teilband (KJG III/8.2), der 2018 erscheinen wird, widmet sich ausschliesslich den Korrespondenzen mit Klaus Piper und dem Piper Verlag. (shrink)

This article examines the role bureaucracy has in enhancing the social diversity of judiciaries. It does so by analyzing the Israeli judiciary and its reforms over the last three decades, and the interaction of these reforms with the appearance of intersectional judges—Arab women, Jewish women of Orthodox background, and Jewish women from geographic and economic peripheries—into the Israeli judiciary. Based on an original empirical study, the article shows that the career paths of intersectional judges include administrative roles in the judiciary (...) more often than non-intersectional judges. The article further demonstrates how these administrative career paths were shaped by bureaucratic-minded reforms. The Israeli case study thus shows how the bureaucratic design of the judiciary can accommodate diversity efforts, sometimes unintendedly, and discusses the merits, boundaries, and drawbacks of such bureaucratic design. (shrink)

Social movements carry out extensive character work, trying to define not only their own reputations but those of other major players in their strategic arenas. Victims, villains, and heroes form the essential triad of character work, suggesting not only likely plots but also the emotions that audiences are supposed to feel for various players. Characters have been overlooked in cultural analysis, possibly because they often take visual, non-narrative forms. By focusing on characters within movements, we illuminate some cultural dilemmas that (...) both organizers and their opponents face as they try to influence players’ reputations. (shrink)

The goal of this article is to counter a belief, still widely held in the secondary literature, that Anne Conway espoused a theory of monads. By exploring her views on the divisibility of both bodies and spirits, I argue that monads could not possibly exist in her system. In addition, by offering new evidence about the Latin translation of Conway's Principles and the possible authorship of its annotations, I argue that she never even suggested that there could be such things (...) as monads. Alongside this, I explore the theories of monads that did get developed by the philosophers closest to Conway—Henry More, Francis Mercury van Helmont, and Christian Knorr von Rosenroth—thereby further underlining Conway's originality and philosophical daring. (shrink)

Many public debates become polarized, degenerating into a pattern of mutual suspicion and name-calling that preclude communication or compromise. The debate over animal research has typically followed this path. To understand how polarization might be avoided, we examine the factors that helped prevent it in one local controversy: Cambridge, Massachusetts in the late 1980s. These factors include the personal style of the leader of the main animal protection group, the financing for the group, the group's ability to win a symbolic (...) victory in the form of a relatively toothless city ordinance, and, especially, the relative avoidance by both sides of rigid ideological posturing in favor of "casuistic" argumentation about specific cases and policies. (shrink)

Der Psychiater und Philosoph Karl Jaspers hinterließ eine große fachliche und persönliche Korrespondenz, die historisch vom Untergang des Kaiserreichs bis zur Etablierung der Bundesrepublik reicht. Diese kritische und kommentierte Edition vermittelt ein umfassendes Bild dieses Denkers. Briefpartner dieses Bandes:Gustav Bally, Kurt Beringer, Ludwig Binswanger, Eugen Bleuler, Max Born, Albert Fraenkel, Viktor E. Frankl, Robert Gaupp, Wolfgang Gentner, Hans Walter Gruhle, Willy Hellpach, Jakob Klaesi, Ludwig Klages, Kurt Kolle, Ernst Kretschmer, Arthur Kronfeld, Willhelm Mayer-Gross, Alexander Mitscherlich, Rudolf Nissen, Franz Nissl, Curt (...) Oehme, Wolfgang Pauli, Oskar Pfister, Hans Prinzhorn, Werner Scheid, Gerhard Schmidt, Kurt Schneider, Johannes Heinrich Schultz, Albert Schweitzer, Hugo Spatz, Georg Stertz, Hans Jörg Weitbrecht, Carl Friedrich v. Weizsäcker, Viktor v. Weizsäcker, Albrecht Wetzel, Karl Wilmanns, Richard Woltereck, Jürg Zutt. (shrink)

[314] En examinant les malades mentaux, on a l’habitude de distinguer symptômes objectifs et symptômes subjectifs. Les symptômes objectifs sont tous les processus dont la manifestation est perceptible aux sens : les réflexes, les mouvements et le visage susceptibles d’être enregistrés et photographiés, les excitations motrices, les extériorisations langagières, les productions écrites, les actions, le mode de vie, etc. ; appartiennent en outre aux symptômes objectifs toutes les opérations mes...