十九世紀後半における英国唯美主義を支えた日本趣味の実態はどのようなものだったのか。ロセッティ、スウィンバーン、ペイター、ワイルド、ホイッスラーらの藝術について、さらに英国唯美主義の素地としてのギリシア のエピクーロス的世界、西脇順三郎を初めとする日本の詩人達とワイルド受容、ロセッティやペイターの系譜に連なる唯美主義者としてのハーンなど、両国の藝術の関わりを悠遠な視座から読み解く比較藝術論。図版多数。 .

This volume presents the first unabridged translation of Ito Jinsai's (1627-1705) masterwork, the Gomo jigi (Philosophical Lexicography of the Analects and ...

慶応義塾大学法学部のゼミナール「伊東乾民事訴訟法研究会」の卒業生の会「乾会」による論文集。今回はテーマを民事訴訟法に限ることなく、現在関心を持っている法律分野について執筆した。.

『種の起源』から160年。自然選択を柱としたダーウィンの説の何が今も正しく、どこが発展したのか。様々に進化した進化論の現在。.

The discussion of patients' rights in Japan began in 1968 when a surgeon was accused of violating a potential organ donor's right to life by arbitrarily employing brain-based criteria in the determination of his death. A proliferation of documents that articulate and endorse patients' rights occurred in the 1980s and early 1990s. The doctrine of informed consent, which has been a central aspect of the movement toward patients' rights, is increasingly recognized in Japan, although importance rarely has been attached to (...) the element of the patient's "appreciation" of the information disclosed by the physician, much less to the "voluntariness" of the patient's decision. Nevertheless, recent court decisions indicate progress both in the acceptance and the understanding of the doctrine in Japan. (shrink)

The slogan, or the KISS principle has been the basic guideline in agent-based modeling. While the KISS principle or parsimony is vital in modeling attempts, conventional agent-based models remain abstract and are rarely incorporated or validated with empirical data, leaving the links between theoretical models and empirical phenomena rather loose. This article reexamines the KISS principle and discusses the recent modeling attempts that incorporate and validate agent-based models with spatial data, moving beyond the KISS principle. This article also provides a (...) working example of such time and space specified agent-based models that incorporates Schelling's classic model of residential segregation with detailed geo-referenced demographic data on the city of Chicago derived from the US Census 2010. (shrink)

Die lebenden menschen sind wohl fur uns menschen sehr wichtige und interessante asthetische gegenstande. aber menschensein unterscheidet sich von alles anders sein in seinem vernunftig-sittlichen charakter, so muss es auffallen, dass unter der modernen asthetik, die vor allem die autonomie des schonen behauptet hat, die menschen kaum in mittelpunkt der erorterung gestanden hat. (edited).

The purpose of this study was to clarify the minimum necessary educational content in the area of nursing ethics in a basic nursing education program, and the level of students’ mastery of this content, based on a Delphi study in both educational and clinical settings. A Delphi study was conducted in three rounds with faculty members who teach nursing ethics at all 158 four-year nursing universities in Japan as targeted panelists. In this study the opinions on nursing ethics of nursing (...) instructors responsible for hospital education at all 82 special functioning hospitals were reflected in the panelists’ opinions. Consensus was obtained on 41 items from a total of 63 items in 4 proposed frameworks. There were 20 items related to the Concept of nursing ethics, 7 items related to Ethical codes, 13 items related to Ethical issues and methods to resolve them, and 1 item related to Efforts and issues in practical and educational settings. Consensus as to desired level of mastery was reached on a total of 40 items. This agreed-upon level involved understanding of the concept for 22 items, the ability to explain the concept for 16 items, and the ability to act based on the concept for 2 items. (shrink)

ArgumentThis paper discusses one aspect of the context in which atomic physics developed in Japan between 1905 and 1931. It argues that during this period, there was a social context in which atomic physics was valued as a study of the electron and was thus relevant to electrical engineering. To demonstrate this, I first show that after the Russo-Japanese War, electrical engineering was deemed a valuable and viable field of research in Japan. Second, I show that physicists wrote textbooks and (...) popular accounts about the electron, covering topics from both atomic physics and electrical engineering and presenting the former as relevant to the latter. Finally, as an example of how atomic physics partially emerged from this context, I discuss the group of Kujirai Tsunetarō, an electrical engineer who worked in the physics department of the Institute for Physical and Chemical Research. From Kujirai's group, Nishina Yoshio started his career and became the most important Japanese atomic and nuclear physicist of the 1930s. (shrink)

This article considers the implications of the early development of London Zoo. It gives insight into the differences between the ideal image of the zoo, the real situation under which the zoo was managed, and popular perceptions of the zoo. The discussion explores three areas: the heterogeneous audience of the zoo, the aestheticization of the zoo and its animal displays, and the pedagogy of observing nonhuman animals in the zoo. The zoo's ideals confronted various difficulties, while the pedagogy of zoo (...) visits, which developed within a frame of natural theology, was subject to various applications. The article argues that these differences were not evidence of the zoo's failure to consolidate its ideological backbone in Victorian society. It concludes that such divergence characterized the zoo's unique capacity both to evoke and to receive competing ideals, anxieties and criticism. (shrink)

Starting from six kinds of periodicity of words we define six sets of words which are primitive in different senses and we investigate their relationships. We show that only three of the sets are external Marcus contextual languages with choice but none of them is an external contextual language without choice or an internal contextual language. For the time complexity of deciding any of our sets by one-tape Turing machines, n2 is a lower bound and this is optimal in two (...) cases. The notions of roots and degrees of words and languages, which are strongly connected to periodicity and primitivity, are also considered, and we show that there can be an arbitrarily large gap between the complexity of a language and that of its roots. (shrink)

Introduction Social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms are maintained by cognitive biases, which are overestimations of the severity and likelihood of negative social events (cost/probability biases), and by sensitivity to rewards and punishments that are determined according to behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation systems (BIS/BAS). Cost/probability biases might activate the behavioral immune system and exacerbate the avoidance of social events. Earlier studies have proposed that low BIS or high BAS decrease SAD symptoms; BIS/BAS may even change the effects of cognitive biases on SAD (...) symptoms. Hence, the current study investigates the interaction effects of BIS/BAS and cost/probability biases on SAD symptoms. Method Seventy-six Japanese undergraduate students completed the Japanese version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), which comprises Fear and Avoidance subscales, the BIS/BAS Scale, and the Social Cost Probability Scale. Results A multiple regression analysis was performed to examine whether cost/probability biases, BIS/BAS, and their interactions affected SAD symptoms; following this, the main effects of cost bias and BIS were determined for LSAS-Fear (β =.64, p <.001; β =.33, p <.01) and LSAS-Avoidance (β =.49, p <.001; β =.35, p <.01). The interaction effect between cost bias and BAS was significant for LSAS-Avoidance (β = −.32, p <.05). Simple slope analysis showed that the slope of cost bias was significant for low-BAS individuals (β =.77, p <.001) but not for high-BAS individuals (β = −.21, n.s.). The interaction effect between probability bias and BAS was significant for LSAS-Avoidance (β =.40, p <.01) as well. Further, simple slope analysis revealed that the slope of probability bias was significant for low-BAS individuals (β = −.53, p <.05) but not for high-BAS individuals (β =.17, n.s.). Discussion The study found interesting results with respect to the avoidance of social events. Low-BAS individuals with high cost or low probability biases regarding social events may have a tendency to avoid social events. In contrast, if high-BAS individuals overestimate the cost of social events or underestimate the probability of social events, their anticipation of rewards might prevent them from avoiding social events. (shrink)

This article analyses the use of images in the discourse of animal ethics in an attempt to see how visual cultural studies can contribute to the debate in environmental philosophy. Drawing on Derrida's critique of the utilitarian theory of animal liberation and Mitchell's analysis of iconoclasm in visual culture theories, the article argues that an iconoclastic strategy of visual representation in the discourse of animal ethics undermines the very objective of such an ethical theory. Two case studies — Peter Singer's (...) animal liberation and J.B. Callicott's land ethic — illustrate an implacable tendency to essentialize the visual and animal identity. (shrink)

Background: Chief nurses are most likely to take the lead in discussing and working to resolve ethical dilemmas, creating an ethical culture within their organization that results in effective ethics training. As the first step in this process, there is a need to define the kinds of ethical dilemmas that chief nurses grapple with on a regular basis as a target for future study. Research design: Anonymous written questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Ethical considerations: All research procedures were approved by the (...) Chubu University Ethics Review Board, the research institution to which the authors belong (authorization no. 250016). Findings and discussion: Responses from four chief nurses indicated that ethical dilemmas could be categorized as either those related to patient dignity or those related to management (unique to their roles as administrators). It was also learned that chief nurses struggle with the fact that although they consult with their superiors and others, these efforts do not lead to resolution. The expectation is that going forward, chief nurses will play a central role in acting as coordinators with physicians to promote better communication as well as lead group discussions aimed at providing care that respects patient dignity. (shrink)