L’inceste, comme transgression en acte, et l’incestuel, comme séduction narcissique et aliénante, constituent des figures d’une causalité que Spinoza et Freud, dans des perspectives différentes, ont explorée. Appuyée sur les grands principes qui fondent leurs démarches respectives, la confrontation de leurs analyses du procès d’individuation, de la filiation et de la transgression conduit à un éclairage réciproque des deux doctrines : apparaissent alors nettement certains de leurs points de convergence théorique comme leurs dissemblances. Elle permet aussi la reconstitution théorique de (...) la genèse et de la nature de l’inceste dans ses trois principales formes, en tant qu’objet d’interdit social, inceste psychique et inceste en acte. Loin d’être l’effet de désirs sexuels conduisant à la transgression de la loi, l’inceste résulte de son absence, et de la persistance de liens fusionnels qui manifestent à la fois les difficultés et l’immaturité des individus qu’ils unissent. (shrink)

New paradigms in the psychology of reasoning have included a consideration for general contextual factors that may impact on the reasoning process, including individuals’ goals and motivations. We suggest that emotions are one such important contextual factor that influences reasoning. The classic literature on thinking and reasoning has typically ignored the possible influence of emotion, except to consider it a source of disruption. We review findings from studies where participants were asked to reason about personally relevant emotional experiences such as (...) sexual abuse, war, and terrorist attacks. While some findings are consistent with the view that incidental emotions have a deleterious effect on reasoning, a number of findings also suggest a beneficial impact of emotion. For instance, veterans reasoned more logically about combat-related syllogisms than structurally identical syllogisms with neutral contents; victims of sexual abuse reporting more negative emotions following the events also reasoned more logically on abuse-related contents, relative to neutral contents. This may be associated with integral emotions, when the affective reaction is relevant to the semantic contents reasoned about. We propose that the positive impact of integral emotions on reasoning can be explained by increased utility of problem content and increased utility of reasoning. (shrink)

Several tasks in artificial intelligence require the ability to find models about knowledge dynamics. They include belief revision, fusion and belief merging, and abduction. In this paper, we exploit the algebraic framework of mathematical morphology in the context of propositional logic and define operations such as dilation or erosion of a set of formulas. We derive concrete operators, based on a semantic approach, that have an intuitive interpretation and that are formally well behaved, to perform revision, fusion and abduction. Computation (...) and tractability are addressed, and simple examples illustrate the main results. (shrink)

Working on the assumption that ideas are embedded in socio-technical arrangements which actualize them, this essay sheds light on the way the Open Method of Co-ordination (OMC) achieves the Lisbon strategic goal: to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world . Rather than framing the issue in utilitarian terms, it focuses attention on quantified indicators, comparable statistics and common targets resulting from the increasing practice of intergovernmental benchmarking, in order to tackle the following questions: how does (...) the OMC go about co-ordinating Member States through the benchmarking of national policies? And to what extent does this managerial device impact the path of European construction? Beyond the ideological and discursive construction of the competitive imperative, this technology of government transforms it into an indefinite discipline (Foucault) which constantly urges decision-makers to hit the top of the charts. This contribution thus argues that the practice of intergovernmental benchmarking is far from being neutral in purpose and effect. On the contrary, it lays the foundation for building a competitive Europe which unites Member States through competition. (shrink)

La science classique s'est trouvée associée à un désenchantement du monde. C'est la leçon que Jacques Monod entendait tirer des progrès de la biologie : "L'ancienne alliance est rompue. L'homme sait enfin qu'il est seul dans l'immensité indifférente de l'Univers d'où il a émergé par hasard." Notre science n'est plus ce savoir classique, nous pouvons déchiffrer le récit d'une "nouvelle alliance". Loin de l'exclure du monde qu'elle décrit, la science retrouve comme un problème l'appartenance de l'homme à ce monde. Les (...) théories scientifiques ne peuvent plus supposer la possibilité d'un savoir omniscient : nous lisons, jusque dans leurs principes, les traces d'une activité d'exploration au sein d'une nature en évolution. (shrink)

This book details how quantification can serve both as evidence and as an instrument of government, whether when dealing with statistics on employment, occupational health and economic governance, or when developing public management or target-driven policies. In the process, it presents a thought-provoking homage to Alain Desrosières, who pioneered ways to study large numbers and the politics underlying them. It opens with a summary of Desrosières's contributions to the field in which several generations of researchers detail how this statistician and (...) historian profoundly influenced them. This tribute, based on personal testimonies, bears witness to the vitality of the school of thought and analytical framework Desrosières initiated. Next, a collection of essays explores the statistical argument in the neoliberal era, examining issues such as counting the homeless in Europe, measuring the performance of public services, and quantifying the effects of public action on the unemployed in France. The third part details the uses of quantification. It reveals that although statistics are frequently used to the advantage of those in power, they can also play a vital role in challenging and resisting both the conventions underlying the measurements as well as the measurements themselves.Featuring the work of economists, historians, political scientists, sociologists, and statisticians, this title provides readers with a thoughtful look at an influential figure in the history of statistics. It also shows how statistics are used to direct public policy, the degree of conflict that is possible in their production, and the disputes that can develop around their uses. (shrink)

Despite a growing population of older people, traditional prejudices against age continue to flourish in society. The media in particular are often guilty of ageism, persistently focusing upon the ‘youth market’, and advertisers are particular offenders. By ignoring older people, or using them as caricatures, the advertising industry not only violates its ethical responsibilities to this group within the community, but also overlooks the commercial opportunity presented by the new generation of older consumers. The article presents research into UK print (...) media which shows that older people tend not to be featured in advertisements in mainstream publications, but are prominent in advertisements in publications for the over‐fifties. The issues this raises in terms of the duty of advertisers to respect the rights of older people are discussed, along with the commercial imperative to provide more appropriate images of older people in UK advertising. (shrink)

We propose in this paper to construct modal logics based on mathematical morphology. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First we show that mathematical morphology can be used to define modal operators in the context of normal modal logics. We propose definitions of modal operators as algebraic dilations and erosions, based on the notion of adjunction. We detail the particular case of morphological dilations and erosions, and of there compositions, as opening and closing. An extension to the fuzzy case (...) is also proposed. Then we show how this can be interpreted for spatial reasoning by using qualitative symbolic representations of spatial relationships (topological and metric ones) derived from mathematical morphology. This allows to establish some links between numerical and symbolic representations of spatial knowledge. (shrink)

In this paper, we examine whether affect influences higher level cognitive processes. We review research on the effect of emotion on interpretation, judgement, decision making, and reasoning. In all cases, we ask first whether there is evidence that emotion affects each of these processes, and second what mechanisms might underlie these effects. Our review highlights the fact that interpretive biases are primarily linked with anxiety, while more general mood-congruent effects may be seen in judgement. Risk perception is also affected by (...) negative and positive affect. Research shows complex effects of emotion on decision making and reasoning, with emotion sometimes hindering normatively correct thinking and sometimes promoting it. There are also important effects of emotion on reasoning style. We discuss key differences between the effects of incidental affect (feeling states not related to the semantic contents of the cognitive task) and integral affect (where the feeling state is caused by or linked to the contents of the cognitive task). In the conclusion, we suggest that focusing on some of the constituent mechanisms involved in interpretation, judgement, decision making and reasoning provides a way to link some of the diverse findings in the field. We also highlight important areas for future research. (shrink)

Previous research shows differences in reasoning about emotional and neutral stimuli. A common explanation hypothesised for this effect is that emotion incurs an additional cognitive load. If this is the case, incidental emotion should have a greater impact on the reasoning of less proficient reasoners, and when items are more difficult, because a greater proportion of available cognitive resources must be allocated to the task. We manipulated the emotional value of reasoning stimuli using conditioning and with the simultaneous presentation of (...) images. The deleterious effect of emotion on logicality was greater for less proficient reasoners. There was also some indication that the effect of emotion may be more pronounced for more difficult items. Physiological responses and affective evaluations of the stimuli were similar across groups, irrespective of reasoning proficiency. Results provide some support for the hypothesis that the impact of emotion occurs through increased cognitive load. (shrink)

Parental burnout is a specific syndrome resulting from enduring exposure to chronic parenting stress. But why do some parents burn out while others, facing the same stressors, do not? The main aim of this paper was to propose a theory of parental burnout capable of predicting who is at risk of burnout, explaining why a particular parent burned out and why at that specific point in time, and providing directions for intervention. The secondary goal was to operationalize this theory in (...) a tool that would be easy to use for both researchers and clinicians. The results of this two-wave longitudinal study conducted on 923 parents suggest that the Balance between Risks and Resources (BR 2 ) theory proposed here is a relevant framework to predict and explain parental burnout. More specifically, the results show that (1) the BR 2 instrument reliably measures parents' balance between risks (parental stress-enhancing factors) and resources (parental stress-alleviating factors), (2) there is a strong linear relationship between BR 2 score and parental burnout, (3) parental burnout results from a chronic imbalance of risks over resources, (4) BR 2 predicts parental burnout better than job burnout and (5) among the risk and resource factors measured in BR 2, risks and resources non-specific to parenting (e.g., low stress-management abilities, perfectionism) equally predict parental and job burnout, while risks and resources specific to parenting (e.g., childrearing practices, coparenting) uniquely predict parental burnout. (shrink)

Arts, Ecologies, Transitions provides in depth insights into how aesthetic relations and current artistic practices are fundamentally ecological and intrinsically connected to the world. As art is created in a given historic temporality, it presents specific modalities of productive and sensory relations to the world. With contributions from more than 45 researchers, this book tracks evolutions in the arts that demonstrate an awareness of the environmental, economic, social, and political crises. It proposes interdisciplinary approaches to art that clarify the multiple (...) relationships between art and ecology through an exploration of key concepts such as collapsonauts, degrowth, place, recycling, and walking art. All the artistic fields are addressed from visual arts, theatre, dance, music and sound art, cinema, photography, including those that are rarely represented in research such as digital creation or graphic design, to showcase the diversity of artistic practices in transition. Through original research this book presents ideas in an accessible format. It book will be of interest to students and researchers in the fields of environmental studies, ecology, geography, cultural studies, architecture, performance studies, visual arts, cinema, music and literature studies. (shrink)

La citation récurrente de Sg 9, 15 : « Le corps qui se corrompt appesantit l’âme et sa demeure de terre accable l’esprit aux multiples pensées », dans le corpus augustinien, semble être l’indice d’un mépris du corps, hérité de la tradition platonicienne du corps-prison. De fait, dans ses premières œuvres, Augustin cite Sg 9, 15 pour affirmer que le corps est un obstacle à la contemplation de la vérité. Mais, dans ses œuvres ultérieures, il utilise Sg 9, 15 pour (...) établir, contre les platoni­ciens, que le corps n’est pas la prison de l’âme et que le poids du corps est à imputer, non au corps lui-même, mais à sa corruptibilité : il n’y a donc pas à « fuir tout corps », comme le veut Porphyre. Face à Julien d’Éclane, enfin, il souligne, en citant Sg 9, 15, que la condition peineuse de l’homme aujourd’hui n’est pas le propre de la nature primitive de l’homme, mais la peine du péché qui a vicié la nature. (shrink)

We examined liking for happy- and sad-sounding music as a function of exposure, which varied both in quantity (number of exposures) and in quality (focused or incidental listening). Liking ratings were higher for happy than for sad music after focused listening, but similar after incidental listening. In the incidental condition, liking ratings increased linearly as a function of exposure. In the focused condition, liking ratings were an inverted U-shaped function of exposure, with initial increases in liking (after 2 exposures) followed (...) by decreases (after 8 or 32 exposures). The results documented that: (1) sad music is liked as much as happy music in some instances; (2) frequency of exposure causes both familiarity (positive) and over-familiarity (negative) effects; and (3) effects of exposure on liking differ for focused and incidental listening. (shrink)

Si l'analyse augustinienne du temps, dans le livre 11 des Confessions, ne cesse d'être revisitée par nos contemporains, il devient légitime de s'in­terroger sur la pertinence de ces relectures, ne serait-ce qu'en raison de ce que le philosophe ou le théologien peut y déceler comme indice de la pertinence et de la fécondité de la réflexion d'Augustin sur le temps. Trois « relectures » philosophiques, de Paul Ricoeur, de Jean-Toussaint Desanti et de Claude Romano, et une « variation théologique », (...) de Hans Urs von Balthasar, servent de base de réflexion à l'auteur, au terme de laquelle se dessinent des variations assez difficilement conciliables dans la mesure d'abord où elles témoignent de différences de degrés dans la fidélité à l'inspiration d'Augustin. Du moins y a-t-il là témoignage de la force du propos augustinien, passage obligé quand on s'interroge sur le temps.If the Augustinian analysis of time, in the eleventh book of the Confessions, does not cease to be revisited by our contemporaries, it becomes legitimate to ask about the pertinence of these rereadings, if only for the reason that the philosopher or theologian could discern an indication of the importance and fecundity of Augus­tin's reflection on time. Three philosophical « rereadings », of Paul Ricoeur, Jean-Toussaint Desanti, and Claude Romano, and a « theological variation », of Hans Urs von Balthasar, serve the author as a basis for reflection. At the end there appear some variations somewhat difficult to reconcile, in so far as they point out the differences of degree in the fidelity to Augustin's inspiration. At the least, this is a testimony to the power of the Augustinian position, a necessary passage when one questions time. (shrink)

The Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus is famous for having turned botany into a systematic discipline, through his classification systems—most notably the sexual system—and his nomenclature. Throughout his life, Linnaeus experimented with various paper technologies designed to display information synoptically. The list took pride of place among these and is also the common element of more complex representations he produced, such as genera descriptions and his “natural system.” Taking clues from the anthropology of writing, this essay seeks to demonstrate that lists (...) can be considered as genuine research technologies. They possess a potential to generate research problems of their own but also pose limitations to inquiries that can be overcome only by the use of new media. (shrink)

Paru en 1975, Surveiller et punir de Michel Foucault a profondément marqué l'ensemble des sciences humaines et sociales. Plus de quarante ans après, la société de surveillance annoncée par Foucault se manifeste à travers des préoccupations sécuritaires croissantes et la quête fantasmatique d'un risque zéro. Les réformes successives de notre droit pénal traduisent une volonté forte de prévenir, voire de prédire, la réalisation des infractions. La surveillance se déploie non seulement dans l'enceinte carcérale mais au-delà des murs. Il s'avère ainsi (...) crucial de relire l'ouvrage de Foucault à la lumière d'une actualité juridique et politique dense, marquée par une progressive prise de conscience de la nécessité d'appréhender les questions pénales et pénitentiaires d'une manière globale et concertée, mais aussi par le caractère limité des avancées concrètes en ce domaine. Ainsi, en mobilisant une pluralité d'approches disciplinaires (du droit à la philosophie, de la science politique à la sociologie et à la psychiatrie), cet ouvrage se propose de mettre les analyses foucaldiennes de la société punitive, du pouvoir disciplinaire, de l'archipel carcéral, de la surveillance généralisée et de la production de la délinquance à l'épreuve de notre présent, à la fois pour en mesurer la portée réelle et pour élaborer un diagnostic original de notre actualité sociale, juridique et politique. (shrink)

Social and environmental ratings provided by social rating agencies are multidimensional. The first goal of our paper is to identify a small number of independent and relevant socially responsible (SR) dimensions reflecting a firms’ coherent posture toward social issues. We put forward that these dimensions are not exactly the same as the ESG ones (Environment, Social, and Governance). Using the six sub-ratings provided by the Vigeo rating agency, we perform a principal component analysis and we highlight three main independent SR (...) dimensions related to (1) business stakeholders (employees, customers, and suppliers), (2) societal stakeholders (environment and society), and (3) financial stakeholders (stockholders and debt holders). The second objective of our paper is to explore the link between stock returns and these three SR dimensions. Our most notable finding is that for each SR dimension, investors ask for an additional risk premium when they accept to hold non-socially responsible stocks. The cost of equity is thus lower for SR firms. The average premium over the period 2003–2010 is larger for the components “business stakeholders” and “financial stakeholders” than for the component “societal stakeholders.” The premium for this last component has only existed since the end of 2008. Since that time, environment and community involvement have become important risk factors strongly considered by investors. For the three dimensions, investors notably penalize large non-social firms and reward small social firms. (shrink)

Nombreux sont les commentateurs des lettres de Paul, en monde latin, à la fin du IVe et au début du Ve siècle, ce qui s’explique sans doute par les controverses doctrinales sur la personne du Christ, mais aussi par le souci de proposer un idéal de vie chrétienne : Paul est alors présenté comme un modèle de conversion et un maître spirituel. C’est dans ce contexte qu’il faut situer l’intérêt d’Augustin pour Paul, lequel est effectivement pour Augustin un maître. Même (...) s’il n’est pas possible d’examiner systématiquement l’interprétation qu’Augustin donne des lettres de Paul, I. Bochet souligne ici le rôle de Paul dans la vie et la pensée d’Augustin, rôle qui a été déterminant : dans sa conversion tout d’abord, dans sa formation théologique également, mais aussi dans son herméneutique scropturaire et dans son enseignement sur la grâce.At the end of the fourth and beginning of the fifth century in the Latin world, there were numerous commentaries on the letters of Paul, which is undoubtedly explained by the doctrinal controversies about the person of Christ, but also by a concern to propose an ideal of the Christian life. Paul, then, is presented as a model of conversion and a spiritual master. It is in this context that one should situate Augustine’s interest for Paul, who is effectively a master for Augustine. Even if it is not possible to systematically examine the interpretation that Augustine gives of Paul’s letters, I. Bochet underlines here the role of Paul in the life and thought of Augustine, a role that was determining: first all as regards his conversion, but equally in his theological formation, and also in his scriptural hermeneutic and in his teaching on grace. (shrink)

Pour Augustin, l’image est-elle obstacle ou voie d’accès à Dieu ? Si les images peuvent aliéner l’homme, elles rendent aussi possible son accès à Dieu, lorsqu’il y reconnaît des signes du Créateur ; il est alors invité à revenir à lui-même pour se découvrir « imago Dei ». Cette image de Dieu en l’homme est lumineuse, lorsque l’esprit se saisit lui-même dans sa pureté et tend vers Dieu ; elle s’obscurcit et se déforme, quand l’âme se complaît dans les images (...) des corps au point de « s’en envelopper ».According to Augustine is image an obstacle toward God or does it lead up to Him ? Images can alienate man, but they can also give access to God, if man recognizes signs of the Creator in them ; therefore he is invited to come to himself in order to see the image of God in himself. This image of God becomes clear, when the mind understands itself purely and is bended to God ; on the contrary the image of God becomes obscure and distorted when the soul delights in body pictures so much so that it wraps itself in them. (shrink)

El artículo versa sobre los primeros comentarios de Agustín a Rm 9, haciendo la comparación entre exp. prop. rom. y Simpl., para resaltar la importante evolución que se da en la explicación agustiniana de Rm 9 y su forma de entender la elección del Dios. También aborda, ciñiéndose a algunos textos fundamentales, la manera en la que Agustín usa y comenta Rm 9 en la polémica antipelagiana.

L’article présente et discute le livre de Michael Cameron, Christ Meets Me Everywhere. Augustine’s Early Figurative Exegesis. Dans cet ouvrage, M. Cameron expose la manière dont Augustin a élaboré sa méthode d’interprétation figurative de l’Ancien Testament, depuis ses premières œuvres jusqu’en 400 environ, c’est-à-dire jusqu’à la rédaction des Confessions, du De catechizandis rudibus et du Contra Faustum manichaeum. La force du livre est d’articuler la christologie d’Augustin à sa lecture figurative des Écritures: la manière dont Augustin a peu à peu (...) compris la profondeur de la médiation du Christ, à la fois Dieu et homme, grâce à la lecture de Paul et des Psaumes, est à lier à l’importance qu’il donne, dans l’Écriture, aux signa translata. M. Cameron montre bien le rôle qu’a joué Ambroise en permettant à Augustin de rattacher la Bible au cadre rhétorique qui lui était familier; il serait fécond de compléter ses remarques en analysant aussi la pratique exégétique d’Ambroise sur quelques exemples et en précisant le rôle de Tyconius dans la formation de l’exégèse figurative d’Augustin. Le jugement que porte M. Cameron sur le De doctrina christiana qu’il juge “expérimental et incomplet à bien des titres” mérite sans doute d’être un peu nuancé. (shrink)

Dans sa polémique contre Marcion, Tertullien définit à maintes reprises Dieu comme « la grandeur suprême ». Pour Tertullien, cette définition qui exprime la transcendance divine est celle que reconnaît « la conscience universelle », celle sur laquelle tous s'accordent. Le débat entre Tertullien et Marcion porte donc sur ce qui convient ou non à « la grandeur suprême » qu'est Dieu. Doit-on la penser, à la manière de Marcion, comme une transcendance telle qu'on ne peut la connaître et qui (...) exclut par principe tout contact réel avec le monde, a fortiori avec la chair ? Doit-on au contraire affirmer, avec Tertullien, que « c'est lorsque Dieu est tout petit au regard de l'homme qu'il est, au plus haut degré, grand. » Dans sa polémique contre Marcion, Tertullien fait appel à la raison : il dé¬nonce l'irrationalité du Dieu de Marcion. Pourtant, pour justifier l'incarnation, il n'hésite pas à utiliser à plusieurs reprises le paradoxe Pour dépasser ce qui paraît de prime abord contradictoire, il faudra s'interroger sur le statut du paradoxe, sur son rapport à la raison, mais aussi à la foi.In his polemic against Marcion, Tertullian frequently defines God as “the supreme greatness”. For Tertullian, this definition, which expresses divine transcendence, is the one that “the universal conscience” recognizes, the definition everyone agrees upon. Hence, the debate between Tertullian and Marcion is about what it is properly or not related to the “supreme greatness” that is God. Should this be thought of, as for Marcion, as a trancendence one cannot know and that excludes in principle all real contact with the world, a fortiori with the flesh? Or, on the contrary, must one say, with Tertullian, that it is “when God is quite small in the eyes of man that He is, in the highest degree, great”? In his polemic against Marcion, Tertullian appeals to reason: he denounces the irrationality of the God of Marcion. However, in order to justify the incarnation, Tertullian does not hesitate to use paradox several times. In order to surmount what may at first appear contradictory, we must question the status of paradox, its relation to reason and also to faith. (shrink)

BackgroundNew metrics have been developed to assess the impact of research and provide an indication of online media attention and data dissemination. We aimed to describe online media attention of articles evaluating cancer treatments and identify the factors associated with high online media attention.MethodsWe systematically searched MEDLINE via PubMed on March 1, 2015 for articles published during the first 6 months of 2014 in oncology and medical journals with a diverse range of impact factors, from 3.9 to 54.4, and selected (...) a sample of articles evaluating a cancer treatment regardless of study design. Altmetric Explorer was used to identify online media attention of selected articles. The primary outcome was media attention an article received online as measured by Altmetric score (i.e., number of mentions in online news outlets, science blogs and social media). Regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors associated with high media attention, and regression coefficients represent the logarithm of ratio of mean (RoM) values of Altmetric score per unit change in the covariate.ResultsAmong 792 articles, 218 (27.5%) received no online media attention (Altmetric score = 0). The median [Q1–Q3] Altmetric score was 2.0 [0.0–8.0], range 0.0–428.0. On multivariate analysis, factors associated with high Altmetric score were presence of a press release (RoM = 10.14, 95%CI [4.91–20.96]), open access to the article (RoM = 1.48, 95%CI [1.02–2.16]), and journal impact factor (RoM = 1.10, 95%CI [1.07–1.12]. As compared with observational studies, systematic reviews were not associated with high Altmetric score (RoM = 1.46, 95%CI [0.74–2.86]; P = 0.27), nor were RCTs (RoM = 0.65, 95%CI [0.41–1.02]; P = 0.059) and phase I/ii non-RCTs (RoM = 0.58, 95%CI [0.33–1.05]; P = 0.07). The articles with abstract conclusions favouring study treatments were not associated with high Altmetric score (RoM = 0.97, 95%CI [0.60–1.58]; P = 0.91).ConclusionsMost important factors associated with high online media attention were the presence of a press release and the journal impact factor. There was no evidence that study design with high level of evidence and type of abstract conclusion were associated with high online media attention. (shrink)

This paper provides a picture of the constant interchange of ideas between English radicals and French Girondins, both in France and in Britain, information being selected for its relevance to the role of Mary Wollstonecraft in the circulation of radical ideas. It shows that Wollstonecraft knew, and approved of, works by Girondins before she went over to France and that events in France during the Brissotin ascendancy, as well as frequent socialising with Girondins reverberated through some of her works. Further, (...) some of her works were known in France before she arrived there. Finally, footnotes in the French translation of the Vindication of the Rights of Woman are shown to map out the common ground between the Girondins and Wollstonecraft. (shrink)

This article sets out to show that Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) was translated by Félicité Brissot de Warville, the wife of the prominent Girondin leader, Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville, and annotated by both. The demonstration is carried out through a study of the works translated by them, together or singly, before 1792: the annotation of those earlier works is echoed by the themes of the notes in the later chapters of the Vindication. These notes reflect (...) J.-P. Brissot’s admiration for Quakers and for British intellectual figures such as Richard Price and Joseph Priestley (whom he knew), dislike of clergy and interest in education. Two long notes also express Félicité’s frustration at being confined to the role of mother and housewife, and can be paralleled with statements in her correspondence. To some extent, she appears as an alter ego of Wollstonecraft. (shrink)

Depuis la fin du xiiie siècle et le « moment 1300 », l’Occident connaît une large diffusion de savoirs sur l’écrit juridique et gestionnaire. Ces savoirs semblent cependant se limiter à un groupe spécifique, celui des « clercs », « notaires » ou juristes, qui font de cette maîtrise le socle de leur activité professionnelle : apparaissent alors des usages graphiques participant de la construction de cette identité professionnelle. À partir du milieu du xive siècle, cependant, nous pouvons observer une (...) lente appropriation de l’écrit juridique par d’autres que ces professionnels de l’écrit grâce à un nombre de plus en plus important de documents, phénomène qui reste encore largement méconnu. Le manuel de Guillaume Flambart, noble de moyenne envergure et petit officier des forêts, est l’un de ces documents : regroupant des textes de toute nature ayant trait à l’exercice de la justice, il constitue un corpus linguistique de premier choix. La combinaison de plusieurs approches méthodologiques permet de faire émerger des normes graphiques cohérentes au sein de ce manuscrit et, en contre-point, de s’interroger sur l’appartenance de cet homme au groupe des « professionnels de l’écrit ». (shrink)

In this paper, we analyze an intra-personal game where a decision-maker is summarized by a succession of selves. Selves may (or may not) have conflicting interests, and earlier selves may have imperfect knowledge of the preferences of future selves. At date 1, self-1 chooses a menu, at date 2, the preferences of self-2 realize and self-2 chooses an item from the menu. We show that equilibrium choice is consistent with either a preference for flexibility, a preference for betweenness or a (...) preference for systematic restriction. Overall, the analysis reconciles the decision–theoretic approach of choice over time with the game–theoretic multiple-selves approach. (shrink)

In this paper, we study the auction to allocate an indivisible good when each potential buyer has a private and independent valuation for the item and suffers a negative externality if a competitor acquires it. In that case, the outside option of each buyer is mechanism-dependent, which implies that participation is endogenous. As several works in the literature have shown, the optimal auction entails strong threats to induce full entry and maximal expected revenue. This results from the full commitment assumption, (...) which ensures that threats are credible. We show that absent credible threats, the entry process does not lead to full participation: the equilibrium entails screening of agents in the entry stage and a trade-off between reserve prices and entry fees. Besides, we discuss the conditions under which the impossibility to use threats does not prevent the seller from ensuring a minimal screening and reaching a high expected revenue. (shrink)