Este ensayo analiza las posturas asociadas con los modelos cuantitativo y cualitativo de investigación en las disciplinas sociales; examina la universalidad e invariancia de las leyes científicas; y presenta las insuficiencias de las concepciones del positivismo lógico y de la epistemología clásica, así como los nuevos conceptos y dos modelos surgidos del mismo. A partir de esto, evalúa el status epistémico de los resultados de investigación bajo ambos modelos, el status de cientificidad de las disciplinas y teorías y la racionalidad (...) de los consensos sobre las conclusiones de investigación: las limitaciones de las leyes científicas muestran como plausible la investigación cuantitativa, que puede asociarse a los valores epistémicos de verdad, intersubjetividad y replicabilidad, y sus conclusiones pueden considerarse como conocimiento genuino, pero no las de la investigación cualitativa. Pero estas propuestas filosóficas no permiten superar la controversia sobre las concepciones y enfoques apropiados para explorar los fenómenos sociales.This essay analyses the positions which are related to the quantitative and qualitative research models in the social disciplines; it examines the universality and invariance of scientific laws; and it presents the inadequacy of the conceptions of logical positivism and of classical epistemology, as well as the new concepts and two of the models which arose there from. Then, based on this it evaluates the epistemic status of research findings from both models, the scientific status of the disciplines and their theories and the rationality of the agreements reached over research conclusions: the limitations of scientific laws show the plausibility of quantitative research, which can be associated with the epistemic values of truth, inter-subjectivity and susceptibility of replication, and its conclusions can be considered as genuine knowledge, though not those of qualitative research. But these philosophical notions leave open the controversy over the appropriate conceptions to explore the social phenomena. (shrink)

Este ensayo presenta una panorámica general y un análisis de la visión que sustenta el empleo de los métodos cualitativos, incluyéndose su aplicación a la investigación en Administración. Bajo los planteamientos de un monismo metodológico, la aportación de conclusiones no generalizables y de subjetividad inherente de tales métodos se considera limitada; mientras que para los adherentes al constructivismo y al pluralismo, es de gran valía en la exploración de la profundidad de los fenómenos de estas disciplinas. En sí, prevalece en (...) el medio una falta de consensos incluso con respecto a qué son los métodos cualitativos y qué son las técnicas cualitativas de investigación, derivada del uso indistinto que dan algunos autores a esos términos; lo que aunado a la cantidad y diversidad de métodos cualitativos crea dificultades para comprender qué es en realidad la investigación cualitativa.This essay presents a general outlook and an analysis of the rationale behind the use of qualitative methods, including their being applied in research in Management. According to the views of methodological monism, the contribution of the conclusions which these methods yield, which are essentially subjective and not susceptible of being generalized, is considered too limited; while for advocates of constructivism and pluralism they are valuable in probing the depth of the phenomena of these disciplines. In fact, a lack of consensus prevails in these areas even in connection with what are qualitative methods and what are qualitative research techniques, associated to an indistinct use of these terms by some authors; which together with the number and diversity of qualitative methods makes it difficult to understand what actually is qualitative research. (shrink)

Resumen: Este ensayo analiza los desafíos que plantea el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa intercultural en el marco de la formación de profesores en el contexto poscolonial chileno. A partir de una revisión de antecedentes bibliográficos se reconoce que la preparación de los nuevos educadores no ha logrado implementar de manera transversal el enfoque educativo intercultural. Esto ha permitido conservar la hegemonía de la monoculturalidad eurocéntrica, generando que los profesores en formación mantengan una comprensión insuficiente de las culturas presentes en (...) la sala de clases. Con el propósito de aportar a la discusión crítica, se reflexiona acerca de las posibilidades que entrega la CCI en la búsqueda de nuevas formas de conocer y comunicar que confronten la educación monocultural, para avanzar en la construcción de procesos educativos interculturales, ya sea en territorios indígenas o en los nuevos contextos que surgen por la inmigración.: This paper explores the challenges posed by the development of intercultural communicative competence in relation to teacher training in the postcolonial Chilean context. Through a review of bibliographic sources it is recognized that the preparation of new teachers has failed to transversely implement an intercultural educational approach. This has allowed Chile to keep the hegemony of eurocentric monoculturality, resulting in these teachers’ insufficient understanding of the cultures present in the classroom. In order to contribute to this critical discussion in the field, this paper reflects on the possibilities that ICC provides when seeking new ways of knowing and of communicating that confront monocultural education and develop intercultural educational processes, either in indigenous territories or in the new immigration contexts. (shrink)

El problema y debate sobre la disyunción de la filosofía y la clínica psicoanalítica es un fenómeno que ha traído diversas discusiones desde ambas aristas teóricas. En el presente documento se abordan algunas de las contribuciones más recientes al debate filosófico en implicancia con las modificaciones de la clínica psicoanalítica actual. Nuestro objetivo fue mediante un análisis documental con miramiento teóricocrítico contribuir al esclarecimiento de las herramientas fundamentales que la filosofía entrega a la modificación de la teoría y práctica psicoanalítica. (...) Para tal efecto, hemos trazado un recorrido histórico general a las modificaciones y argumentos que a lo largo de la historia del psicoanálisis hanido emergiendo. Finalmente, exponemos algunos de los debates y tesis pendientes de continuar explorando, en miras de la mixtura de los saberes y en beneficio de las reflexiones y análisis enfocados en la condición humana, cuestiones que tanto la filosofía como el psicoanálisis tienen como ejes centrales. (shrink)

It is often thought that bets on the truth of known propositions become irrational if the losing costs are high enough. This is typically taken to count against the view that knowledge involves assigning credence 1. I argue that the irrationality of such extreme bets can be explained by considering the interactions between the agent and the bookmaker. More specifically, the agent’s epistemic perspective is altered by the fact that the bookmaker proposes that unusual type of bet. Among other things, (...) being willing to offer a bet with unnecessarily harmful losing costs is likely to undermine the baseline level of trustworthiness required for it to be rational to engage in betting exchanges. This sort of explanation does not require granting either that we assign credence lower than 1 to known propositions or that knowledge is sensitive to practical stakes. Moreover, I show that, in our ordinary lives, we frequently perform actions that we know would be disastrous if certain conditions did not obtain. This behaviour can be seen as a form of implicit extreme betting and, nevertheless, it is often rational. (shrink)

This paper explores principles governing the rational balance among an agent's beliefs, goals, actions, and intentions. Such principles provide specifications for artificial agents, and approximate a theory of human action (as philosophers use the term). By making explicit the conditions under which an agent can drop his goals, i.e., by specifying how the agent is committed to his goals, the formalism captures a number of important properties of intention. Specifically, the formalism provides analyses for Bratman's three characteristic functional roles played (...) by intentions [7, 9], and shows how agents can avoid intending all the foreseen side-effects of what they actually intend. Finally, the analysis shows how intentions can be adopted relative to a background of relevant beliefs and other intentions or goals. By relativizing one agent's intentions in terms of beliefs about another agent's intentions (or beliefs'), we derive a preliminary account of interpersonal commitments. (shrink)

Risk-taking behaviors in adolescents have traditionally been analyzed from a psychopathological approach, with an excessive emphasis on their potential costs. From evolutionary theory we propose that risk-taking behaviors can be means through which adolescents obtain potential benefits for survival and reproduction. The present study analyses sex differences in three contexts of risk in the evolutionary specific domains and the predictive value of these domains over risk-taking behaviors, separately in female and male adolescents. 749 adolescents valued their risk perception, expected benefits (...) and risk propensity through the Evolutionary Domain-Specific Risk Scale, as well as their engagement in risk-taking behaviors through the Risky Behavior Questionnaire. Male adolescents showed lower risk perception in two evolutionary domains, expected higher benefits in two other domains and showed higher risk propensity in six domains. Female adolescents showed lower risk perception in two domains. Additionally, risk perception, expected benefits and risk propensity in the evolutionary domains predicted the engagement in risk-taking behaviors in male adolescents, whereas in female adolescents only expected benefits and risk propensity showed a predictive effect over risk-taking behaviors. These results suggest the potential role of evolutionary mechanisms on risk-taking behaviors in adolescents. Results have practical implications for interventions programs aimed at reducing risk-taking behaviors. In addition to considering sex differences, intervention programs should consider alternative behaviors through which adolescents can reach their evolutionary goals, and handle the risks related to those behaviors that cannot be replaced but have potential benefits for adolescents. (shrink)

I argue for the possibility of the thesis that metaphors are indispensable for grasping and expressing certain propositions. I defend this possibility against the objection that, if metaphors express propositions, once these propositions are identified they should be specifiable by non‐metaphorical means. I argue that this objection loses its strength if one adopts a Wittgensteinian, particularist view of thought, according to which grasping a propositional thought requires the ongoing exercise of a suitable skill often not characterizable by algorithmic rules. Within (...) this particularist framework, thus, it becomes possible that metaphorical skills have an indispensable role in cognition and communication. (shrink)

Este artículo sitúa el marco fenomenológico-hermenéutico en torno al otro y desarrolla la hipótesis de que la cuestión de la intersubjetividad es central para entender las categorías fundamentales relativas a todo pensar acerca de la alteridad que se plantean en filosofía, en literatura y en los discursos sociopolíticos, ya que implican una cuestión central acerca de la analogía. Asumiendo la obra de E. Husserl, y en especial los comentarios contemporáneos sobre Phänomenologie der Intersubjektivität, se avanza en un enfoque interdisciplinario del (...) “otro” y del “alter ego” --propias de una analítica de la experiencia humana--, demostrando que la experiencia de la sociabilidad se forja a partir de vivencias originarias que refieren a un determinado modo de entender el vínculo analógico entre el yo y el otro y los otros. This article situates the phenomenological-hermeneutical framework around the other and develops the hypothesis that the issue of intersubjectivity is central in understanding the fundamental categories related to any thought regarding alterity which are proposed in philosophy, in literatura, and in socio-political discourse, since it implies a central questioning about the analogy. Assuming the work of E. Husserl, and especially the contemporary comments on Phänomenologie der Intersubjektivität,we advance toward an interdisciplinary focus of the “other” and the “alter ego” --proper to an analysis of the human experience--, demonstrating that the experience of sociability is forged from the original life experiences that refer to a determined way of understanding the analogic relationship between the self and the other and the others. (shrink)

In this paper I discuss Albert the Great’s notion of univocal analogy, which he raised in his Commentary on Pseudo-Dionysius’s De divinis nominibus. While other scholars such as Francis Ruello and Alain de Libera have addressed “analogy” as it pertains to Albert, I intend to treat the “univocal” aspect of “univocal analogy” so as to explain (1) how it informs Albert’s teaching on analogy, and (2) how it remains opposed to any pantheistic reduction of God to creature. While my own (...) account remains close to that of Ruello and De Libera, I hope to show how primacy is to be accorded to univocity in such a manner that, in actual reality, for Albert, it is analogy that qualifies univocity rather than vice versa. (shrink)

The dorsal and medial pallial formations of mammals, birds, and reptiles show overall functional striking similarities. Most of these similarities have been frequently considered examples of convergent evolution. However, a considerable amount of neurobiological comparative evidence suggests the presence of a common basic pattern of vertebrate forebrain organization. This common pattern can support functional conservation.

Discutir con los amigos es fácil. Es más difícil discutir con quien no comparte nuestros valores íntimos y preciados, con quien ofende nuestras creencias, deshonra nuestra fe y esperanza o se ríe de nuestras opiniones. ¿Cómo se ha de actuar en estos casos? ¿Con la espada y la ira en la mano, la indiferencia y el silencio, o el argumento y la palabra? ¿Y si no se puede ya razonar? ¿Cuando uno topa con el límite insalvable de la impotencia de (...) la razón se ha de acudir entonces a la potencia de la brutalidad? ¿Se puede, en breve, discutir con el “enemigo”? Este trabajo es un intento teoréticofilosófico por pensar analíticamente, modos de responder a estos interrogantes. Se busca examinar los límites, posibilidades y confines de la libertad de expresión, vista desde una teoría realista de la argumentación y de la pragmática del discurso normativo. Como ejemplos explicativos se toman conflictos generados por los grupos radicales, las sectas religiosas, los movimientos sociales violentos, entre otros. (shrink)

Cuando enfrentan un escándalo, las empresas deben entablar una comunicación efectiva para intentar aminorar los efectos de la publicidad negativa sobre su imagen corporativa. Uno de los géneros empleados por las empresas como formas de discurso de reparación de la imagen es la declaración pública, que corresponde a un texto escrito corto emitido por una empresa con el propósito de comunicar su versión de la crisis que enfrenta directamente al público general, publicándola en el sitio web de la compañía, o (...) bien pagando una inserción en un periódico. El presente estudio, un estudio de casos múltiples, se propone determinar si la retórica empleada por las empresas chilenas cuando enfrentan un escándalo mediático, es decir, la forma en que argumentan y se defienden de las acusaciones de mala conducta, es ética y lícita desde la perspectiva de la ética empresarial. Para ello, se realizó un análisis crítico del manejo de la carga de la prueba en un corpus de veintiséis declaraciones públicas emitidas por empresas chilenas tras una crisis que empañó su imagen corporativa. Basándonos en la regla de la carga de la prueba propuesta desde la teoría pragma-dialéctica, y en algunos lineamientos para el diseño de códigos de ética corporativos planteados en la literatura se pudo determinar la validez de la argumentación retórica desplegada por las empresas. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de las empresas evaden la carga de la prueba, lo que sugiere que estas empresas chilenas no se sienten obligadas a dar cuenta de sus acciones. El análisis ético revela que en la vasta mayoría de estas declaraciones no se emplea una retórica que evidencie un respeto hacia los afectados por la actividad de la empresa, especialmente hacia los consumidores, los trabajadores de la empresa y los competidores. Una de las conclusiones del estudio es que las empresas chilenas evidencian una concepción bastante limitada de lo que es la ética empresarial, que no considera los conceptos de transparencia ni responsabilidad pública y de control. (shrink)

Along this work some feminine characters of El Quijote will standout. Starting from the argument that we find in Celia Amorós’ Time of feminism,this characters will be recaptured, with the purpose of framing the literarywork in the historical development of the spanish feminism that this elaborates.

This essay considers Edith Stein’s account of “essential being” and finds therein a point of continuity with medieval metaphysics. Scholarly attention has already been given to this feature of Stein’s metaphysics; it has been argued that “essential being,” while serving as a crucial point of distinction between Stein andThomas Aquinas’s own metaphysics, functions as a point of similarity between Stein and Duns Scotus. However, I argue that, while there are certainly manypoints of congruence between Stein and Scotus on the topic (...) of essential being, the position that Stein advances comes much closer to Henry of Ghent’s doctrineof esse essentiae. Finally, I show that the consequence of her adopting a position so similar to Henry of Ghent is that it opens Stein to a number of criticisms raised by Scotus himself against esse essentiae. (shrink)

Galen conceives of wounds, fractures, and similar conditions as belonging to one of the highest genera in his taxonomy of disease. This classification is puzzling, as much from an ancient Greco-Roman perspective as from a contemporary one. In what sense are wounds and other injuries diseases? The classification appears more perplexing in light of Galen's method of conceptual analysis, which takes ordinary language use as a starting point. What, then, motivated Galen's departure from common Greek conceptions of disease? This article (...) examines the class of disease that Galen called “dissolutions of continuity” in the broader context of his system of nosological definition and classification. It concludes that Galen's analysis of wounds is driven by his theory of causation, and by his localization of disease and its mechanism inside the body, a conceptualization typical of Greco-Roman medical writing. This conclusion sheds further light on Galen's method of disease classification and the role of dissolutions within it. (shrink)

En la filosofía política contemporánea se observa una discusión, sostenida y sistemática, acerca de las posibilidades de refundar una teoría normativa de la justicia a partir de los recursos y límites teóricos definidos por la ética discursiva. En este artículo se buscan delinear aspectos principales de la quaestio disputata sobre la justicia, a partir de los insumos de la teoría crítica. Estas cuestiones han sido propuestas por varios autores de la filosofía latinoamericana y se inspira en algunos de esos desarrollos (...) para avanzar algunas ideas acerca de la contextualización de la justicia que permita un diálogo meta-crítico entre tradiciones filosóficas, y con lo que algunos denominan justicia "anamnética" e "intercultural". Ello ayudaría a repensar el espacio ético-político de la justicia en un mundo global. In contemporary political philosophy a sustained and systematic discussion has been observed about the possibilities of re-establishing a normative theory of justice from theoretical resources and limits defined by the Diskursethik. This article seeks to outline some key aspects of the disputata quaestio about justice, based on the inputs of critical theory. These issues have already been proposed by several authors of Latin American philosophy and it is inspires on some of these developments to advance various ideas about the contextualization of justice that allows progress in a meta-critical dialogue between philosophical traditions, and which some would name "anamnestic" and "intercultural" justice. This would help the way to rethink the ethical-politcal space of justice in a global world. (shrink)

Resumen:Hasta el día de hoy las interpretaciones e ideas de Fitz Roy y Darwin acerca de los pueblos fueguinos han sido entendidas de un modo bastante polémico y a partir de estereotipos acerca de lo que se ha considerado científico y teológico en el mundo cristiano occidental, y que se expresa especialmente en los debates entre creacionistas y evolucionista como se conoció luego en el debate británico. En efecto, en las posturas de estos hombres de ciencia se encuentran cuestiones epistemológicas (...) y teológicas que no han sido suficientemente explicitadas en todos y cada uno de sus matices y que prosiguen aún presentes en nuestra época. En sus respectivos puntos de vista ligado a la historia de la ciencia del siglo XVIII y XIX hay supuestos e ideas que han prevalecido acerca de la ciencia y de la fe que reinterpretadas permitirían superar las dicotomías ligadas al naturalismo y humanismo que muestra los avances de la ciencia británica de la época e intenta avanzar en una comprensión global y homogénea del conjunto de procesos de la Vida en el planeta. Siguiendo la perspectiva de la historia de la ciencia destacaremos los principales puntos fuertes de los presupuestos de la polémica entre la ciencia natural experimental, y el cristianismo anglicano de la sociedad inglesa de la época, para mostrar su interés para los debates actuales sobre control y cuidado. Palabras claves: epistemología; pueblos primitivos; origen; biblia; evolución. (shrink)

This paper explores the thinking of some Salamancan theologians regarding the notion of pure nature. In particular, I address Suárez’s thinking on this subject and locate it within the context of the debate over whether human beings have a desire for the beatific vision. Insofar as a number of Thomists and Suárez think that there is no natural desire for a supernatural end, human beings are, by nature, left only with a desire for natural beatitude. The theoretical possibility of a (...) human nature created without any order to a supernatural end and also falling outside the economy of grace becomes a subject of speculation that serves to illuminate something about created nature itself. (shrink)

In this paper, some novel analytical and numerical techniques are introduced for solving and analyzing nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equations that are associated to some strongly nonlinear oscillators such as a quadratically damped pendulum equation. Two different analytical approximations are obtained: for the first approximation, the ansatz method with the help of Chebyshev approximate polynomial is employed to derive an approximation in the form of trigonometric functions. For the second analytical approximation, a novel hybrid homotopy with Krylov–Bogoliubov–Mitropolsky method is introduced (...) for the first time for analyzing the evolution equation. For the numerical approximation, both the finite difference method and Galerkin method are presented for analyzing the strong nonlinear quadratically damped pendulum equation that arises in real life, such as nonlinear phenomena in plasma physics, engineering, and so on. Several examples are discussed and compared to the Runge–Kutta numerical approximation to investigate and examine the accuracy of the obtained approximations. Moreover, the accuracy of all obtained approximations is checked by estimating the maximum residual and distance errors. (shrink)

Organ transplantation is a lifesaving procedure for end-organ damage and remains up to today as the most cost-effective alternative to treat these conditions. However, the main limitation to performing organ transplants is the availability of donor organs suitable for transplantation. To increase the donor pool, expanding organ donation from the conventional neurologic determination of death (NDD) to include circulatory determination of death (DCD) has been a well-established method of increasing donors in other countries. In this article, we discuss the clinical (...) and ethical considerations for introducing DCD in Chile. The concepts we have used could very well be translatable to other similar countries which have not implemented this donation system yet. The most relevant issue to date is that DCD needs to alter the care of dying patients to obtain quality donor organs. In some countries, including Chile, there are some cultural barriers regarding withdrawal-of-care. These barriers include confusing withdrawal of care with acceleration of death, which leads to many practitioners refusing to remove artificial life support, and in turn only minimize ventilatory support or switch to a T-tube (without extubation). This cultural barrier could be overcome with careful consideration of the opinions of healthcare workers, family members, community and policy-based stakeholders. We also identified ethical issues related to informed consent of both donor and recipients, among other relevant ethical considerations. In conclusion, DCD donation in Chile can increase organ donation numbers in one of Latin America's countries with the lowest effective donor rate. However, this opportunity must be taken with caution to avoid the opposite effect if this policy is not well implemented, respecting the sound ethical principles mentioned in this paper. (shrink)