We present a one per cent measurement of the cosmic distance scale from the detections of the baryon acoustic oscillations in the clustering of galaxies from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, which is part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III. Our results come from the Data Release 11 sample, containing nearly one million galaxies and covering approximately 8500 square degrees and the redshift range 0.2 < z < 0.7. We also compare these results with those from the publicly released (...) DR9 and DR10 samples. Assuming a concordance Λ cold dark matter cosmological model, the DR11 sample covers a volume of 13 Gpc3 and is the largest region of the Universe ever surveyed at this density. We measure the correlation function and power spectrum, including density-field reconstruction of the BAO feature. The acoustic features are detected at a significance of over 7σ in both the correlation function and power spectrum. Fitting for the position of the acoustic features measures the distance relative to the sound horizon at the drag epoch, rd, which has a value of rd,fid = 149.28 Mpc in our fiducial cosmology. We find DV = at z = 0.32 and DV = at z = 0.57. At 1.0 per cent, this latter measure is the most precise distance constraint ever obtained from a galaxy survey. Separating the clustering along and transverse to the line of sight yields measurements at z = 0.57 of DA = and H =. Our measurements of the distance scale are in good agreement with previous BAO measurements and with the predictions from cosmic microwave background data for a spatially flat CDM model with a cosmological constant. © 2014 The Author Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. (shrink)

Enlightened experience (i.e. awakened to the truth) is the most valuable one in most religions including Christianity and Buddhism. As well-known cases of such experience are Apocalypse St. Paul and many Grand Zen masters in Zen Buddhism, it is natural for us to believe that the enlighten is for very talented or speciallytrained ones. However, applying the complexity theory on the structure of enlightenment, based on the power law function, selforganized criticality, phase transition, and emergence, it is clear that the (...) full awakening can be experienced by everyone in daily life. Furthermore, such experiences are not necessary to be limited in religious one. Rediscovering the path to full awakening by complexity theory leads to the demythologization of the enlightenment in Korean Zen Buddhism, which emphasizes a hard apprenticeship in temple for long periods for the purpose. (shrink)

이 논문은 윌리엄 모리스(William Morris 1834-1896)가 설립했던 모리스 상회(Morris & Co.)의 경영 철학에 대한 연구이다. 모리스는 예술이 대중화되어야 예술 문화가 향상될 수 있다는 이념을 가지고 있었고 이것은 바로 상회의 경영과 연결된다. 모리스 상회의 설립자들은 19세기 미학적 상황을 파악하고 예술을 상품화하여 ‘장식예술’로 시대를 개혁하고자 하였다. 이것은 곧 확장된 예술 개념을 실천하는 장이였다. 또한 모리스 상회의 경영 철학은 모리스의 미학과 함께 하였고 그것은 예술에 대한 새로운 지평을 여는 것이었다.BR 모리스는 자신이 모리스 상회의 경영을 맡으면서 네 가지 원칙 아래에 상회를 경영하고자 했다. 첫째, (...) ‘대중을 교육’하는 것이다. 대중 교육이라는 것은 예술성과 좋은 질의 생산품을 적절한 가격에 공급하여 대중의 미적 취미를 향상시키는 것을 의미한다. 둘째, 예술생산 방식의 개선이었다. 셋째, 모든 제작품은 디자이너의 이름과 제작자의 이름을 공개했다. 이것은 예술 상품을 디자인한 디자이너의 지적 재산에 대한 존중이며 상품 제작에 참여한 노동의 가치를 존중하는 태도였다. 넷째 노동의 대가에 따른 임금 분배였다.BR 상회의 기본 원칙은 완전히 실현되지 못하였고 한계를 드러냈다. 모리스 상회의 소비자들은 부유한 사람이거나, 고등 교육을 받은 일부 사람들이었다. 임금 분배의 문제는 자본주의 시장경제 체계에 잠식당하고 있었다. 모리스는 이상적인 상회 경영을 희망했으나 절반의 성공만을 했다. 모리스가 실현하려했던 상회의 경영원칙은 이윤추구가 우선이었던 경제체계에서 완전한 성공을 거두기는 힘들었다. 그러나 상회 경영에 드러난 윤리적 태도, 노동자의 권익, 예술, 디자인, 기술의 조화 등에 대한 그의 이념은 이 시대의 지침서로서의 역할을 하고 있다. (shrink)

Previous studies have used various external variables and parameters as well as moderator variables such as emotional intelligence have been to understand emotional labor and its related problems. However, a comprehensive model to study such variables’ correlations with each other and their overall effect on emotional labor has not yet been established. This study used a structural equation model to understand the relationship between employees’ expression of emotional labor and perception of customer feedbacks. The study also looked at how the (...) perception of customer feedback affects emotional exhaustion in order to understand how emotional exhaustion affects job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Further, in order to fully understand the effects of emotion on emotional labor at the service contact points, this study developed and tested a model of emotional labor with 4 factors of emotional intelligence as moderating factors. 579 emotional labor workers in service industries in the U.S. were collected and 577 valid survey results have been analyzed. The result shows that there exists moderating effects of emotional intelligence on how employees’ Deep Acting and Surface Acting recognize customers’ reactions, both positive and negative, that would affect employees’ Emotional Exhaustion and Job Satisfaction, and hence, Turnover Intention. The result suggests that employees with better understanding of their own emotions, although they are more likely to recover from emotional exhaustion, experience a greater negative effect when there is a discrepancy between what they feel and how they should act. (shrink)

Entosis, a form of cell cannibalism, is a newly discovered pathogenic mechanism leading to the development of small brains, termed microcephaly, in which P53 activation was found to play a major role. Microcephaly with entosis, found in Pals1 mutant mice, displays P53 activation that promotes entosis and apoptotic cell death. This previously unappreciated pathogenic mechanism represents a novel cellular dynamic in dividing cortical progenitors which is responsible for cell loss. To date, various recent models of microcephaly have bolstered the importance (...) of P53 activation in cell death leading to microcephaly. P53 activation caused by mitotic delay or DNA damage manifests apoptotic cell death which can be suppressed by P53 removal in these animal models. Such genetic studies attest P53 activation as quality control meant to eliminate genomically unfit cells with minimal involvement in the actual function of microcephaly associated genes. In this review, we summarize the known role of P53 activation in a variety of microcephaly models and introduce a novel mechanism wherein entotic cell cannibalism in neural progenitors is triggered by P53 activation. (shrink)

From the perspective of the system of systems development, system-level functional testing is required for designing subsystems. This study utilizes modeling and simulation techniques to analyze the operational behaviors of the subsystems and confirm data communication between them. The targeted system in the study is a naval combat system, which is a typical type of defense cyber-physical system. Three types of models were designed for the simulation testing of the NCS: a combat-management model for simulating the overall computational activities, physical (...) models to confirm the intrasubsystem behaviors, and data integration models to test the intersubsystem communications. These models are realized with the Model-View-ViewModel design pattern, which strongly facilitates graphical user interfaces being decoupled from model logic and data. We consider underwater combat scenarios as an application. Six significant physical subsystems within the NCS are simulated and tested: a ship-steering system, an inertial navigation system, a global navigation satellite system, a periscope, sonar systems, and a plotting board. We expect that the proposed work will play a principal role when analyzing the behaviors and communications of defense CPSs and providing an environment for functional testing as a digital twin. (shrink)

ObjectiveThis pilot study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a digital cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with cancer experiencing sleep problems.MethodsA total of 57 participants aged 25–65 years were randomly assigned to three groups—21 participants to a dCBT program, 20 participants to an app-based attentional control program, and 16 participants to a waitlist control group—and evaluated offline before and after the program completion. Of the 57 participants, there were a total of 45 study completers, 15 participants in each group. The (...) dependent variables were sleep quality scores, measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and health-related quality of life scores, measured using the Short-Form 36, and attentional bias scores from a dot-probe computer task.ResultsFor both the intention-to-treat and study-completers analyses, a significant increase supported by a large effect size was found in the quality of sleep score of the HARUToday Sleep group compared to both the app-based attentional control and the waitlist control group. However, no significant changes were found in the quality of life and attentional bias scores.ConclusionOur results suggest that the HARUToday Sleep app has the potential to serve as an intervention module to enhance the sleep quality of patients with cancer experiencing sleep problems. (shrink)

BackgroundThis study aimed to identify the healthcare providers’ experience and perspectives toward end-of-life care decisions focusing on end-of-life discussion and physician’s order of life-sustaining treatment documentation in Korea which are major parts of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Act.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire developed by the authors. A total of 474 subjects—94 attending physicians, 87 resident physicians, and 293 nurses—participated in the survey, and the data analysis was performed in terms of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation using the (...) SPSS 24.0 program.ResultsStudy results showed that respondents were aware of terminal illness and physician’s order of life-sustaining treatment in Korea well enough except for some details. Physicians reported uncertainty in terminal state diagnosis and disease trajectory as the most challenging. Study participants regarded factors (related to relationships and communications) on the healthcare providers’ side as the major impediment to end-of-life discussion. Study respondents suggested that simplification of the process and more staff are required to facilitate end-of-life discussion and documentation.ConclusionBased on the study results, adequate education and training for better end-of-life discussion are required for future practice. Also, a simple and clear procedure for completing a physician’s order of life-sustaining treatment in Korea should be prepared and legal and ethical advice would be required. Since the enactment of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Act, several revisions already have been made including disease categories, thus continuous education to update and support clinicians is also called for. (shrink)

본고에서는 방촌 황희의 생애와 시대적 배경, 경세사상의 유학적 기반을 간략하게 살펴보고, 그의 경세사상이 위민, 애민사상으로부터 발로된 것임을 밝히었다. 즉, 그의 경세사상의 핵심이 ‘인권존중과 민본의식, 개혁을 통한 백성의 불편과 고통 해소’를 목표로 하고 있음과 더불어 구체적인 경세 정책으로는 ‘기강 확립 방안, 치안과 국방강화책, 빈민구제책, 교육정책, 언론과 여론 중시’의 5가지 측면에서 고찰하였다. 이러한 그의 경세사상은 일반유학의 경세사상의 정신을 충실하게 계승하고 있으면서, 더 나아가 유학의 이상세계인 대동사회를 목표로 왕도정치를 몸소 실천함으로써 당대를 태평성대로 이끌었다는 점에서 특징적이다. 무엇보다 황희는 공맹의 왕도정치보다 훨씬 더 평등의식에서 앞서 (...) 있으며, 사회적 약자에 대한 인권존중 정책을 좀 더 구체적으로 제시하고 실천하였다는 점에서 더욱 의의가 있다. 황희의 삶과 경세사상은 자본주의의 노예로 전락하여 사치와 낭비를 일삼는 현대인 및 선심정책 남발로 국가재정을 위협하는 위정자들에게 자기반성과 성찰의 기회를 마련해 주고 있다. 또한 우리 사회의 여러 불평등한 문제를 해소하고 민주시민으로 거듭나기 위해서 우리는 황희의 평등주의 및 인권존중의식을 본받아 사회적 불평등의 해소 및 박애주의 실천을 모색해야 할 것이다. (shrink)

This article aims to contribute to the understanding of Roy Bhaskar's philosophical evolution from critical realism to the philosophy of meta-Reality. Following Bhaskar's own terminology, I define his intellectual journey as the ‘identification of dualism and duality within non-duality’ by proposing that anti-anthropism plays a key role in the developmental consistency of his system from critical realism via dialectical critical realism to meta-Reality. For this purpose, I compare Bhaskar's philosophy with Andrew Collier's theory of human rationality and spiritual emancipation based (...) on Christianity and Tu Wei-Ming's anthropocosmic understanding of human beings and nature based on Confucianism. (shrink)

The current age is characterised by many as secular, and a source of such a characterisation can be found in the Nietzschean claim that thoughts about there being some ultimate reality have to be jettisoned, and human existence and the world need to be embraced as they are. That claim is renewed by some secular thinkers who insist that education has to be reconceived in ways congenial to the new age. It is argued that central to their logic is the (...) dichotomy between the religious and the secular or the otherworldly and the earthly, and that this dichotomy is simplistic as well as problematic. As an alternative to the ‘two worlds’ view, the ‘two aspects’ view is suggested, with an interpretation of reality that the noumenon––the non-human––has to be taken in the negative sense. Against secularising the domain of education, it is indicated that there still remains a place for education to occupy between the two poles of religiousness and secularity. (shrink)

본 고의 논지는 셋이다. 첫째 깨달음은 문제의식과 문제해결의 관점에서 볼 수 있고, 구체적인 맥락적 관점에서 보아야 한다는 것이다. 붓다의 깨달음이라는 구체적인 맥락 하에서 괴로움의 해결이라는 문제의식과 그 해결 과정을 깨달음으로 볼 수 있고, 이를 통해서 붓다의 깨달음은 사성제의 삼전십이행상에 대한 안지혜명광으로 볼 수 있다.BR 둘째 깨달음의 의미는 변화한다. 붓다의 깨달음을 통해서 새로운 요소, 즉 연기가 추가됨으로 인해서 문제의식이 변화하게 된다. 깨달음의 내용 자체에 대한 추구가 문제의식으로 등장함으로 인해서 대승불교의 깨달음은 사성제와 연기성에 대한 안지혜명광으로 폭이 확대됨을 볼 수 있다. 이는 연기성으로 (...) 인해서 나의 괴로움과 타인의 괴로움이 연결되어 있음을 발견하게 되고, 문제의식은 자신의 괴로움의 해결에서 전체의 괴로움의 해결로 변화하게 된다. 문제의식이 변화함에 따라서 깨달음의 의미도 변화하게 된다.BR 셋째 깨달음의 의미가 변화함에 따라서 불교의 목적론에 해당하는 연기, 무아, 공, 불이, 청정, 자성, 무자성 등의 의미가 변화하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 초기불교에서 괴로움의 근원을 찾는 연결고리로서 연기가 대승불교에서는 제법의 연결성을 의미하게 된다. 괴로움을 자기뜻대로 할 수 없음을 보여주는 초기불교의 무아는 대승불교에서는 사물의 비실체성을 의미하게 된다. 괴로움을 점차적으로 제거하는 과정을 보여주는 공은 사물의 연결성을 의미하는 것으로 바뀌게 된다. 이러한 연결성은 불이라는 측면에서 강조되고, 초기불교의 청정과 번뇌의 대립은 대승불교에서 이러한 대립을 떠난 상태로 나아간다. 부파불교의 법의 자성, 대승불교의 법의 무자성성, 선불교의 자성은 각기 법의 특징을 표현한다. 불교의 목적론의 변화는 가장 중요한 방법론이라고 할 수 있는 빤냐 또는 반야의 의미변화를 가져온다. 괴로움의 원인을 꿰뚫어 아는 것에서 제법의 공성, 무아성, 연기성, 불이성, 무자성성, 자성성을 통째로 아는 것으로 변화하게 된다. (shrink)

Medical missionaries made a breakthrough in Korean history in healing and caring for many Hansen and tuberculosis patients. There was a missionary who had no less good influence than medical missionaries at this time. The person is missionary Sarah Barry, who inspired and developed one of the most influential student movements in South Korea. The aim of the present study is to examine life of Sarah Barry and her ministry, focusing upon her positive influences on Korean intellectuals. The relevance of (...) the study is conditioned by the fact that there is no professional academic research on her ministry except for one short paper, which discusses the importance of her role in formulating campus evangelism. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the method of analysis and synthesis of biographical and historical data was used. As a result of the study, Sarah Barry’s biography was researched and systematized. It gave ground to a conclusion that her role in South Korea’s gradual resurgence after the Civil War was seminal. (shrink)

The small improvement argument has been said to establish that the standard weak preference or value relation can be incomplete. We first show that the argument is one of three possible ‘small amendment arguments’, each of which would yield the same conclusion. Generalizing the analysis thus, we subsequently present a strong and a weak version of small amendment arguments and derive the exact rationality conditions under which they reveal incompleteness. The results show that the arguments (in any of their variants) (...) need not reveal a problem for the possibility of rational choice. In fact, it can be argued that they only reveal such a problem if the underlying relation is complete rather than incomplete. (shrink)

This article addresses the significance of plagiarism as a poetic theme in Martial's Epigrams. Martial is the first classical poet to use the term plagiarius to refer to literary theft ( Ep. 1.52), and elsewhere in his epigrams, he frequently accuses other poets of appropriating or copying his work. This article argues that Martial's explicit references to plagiarism illustrate a poetic self-identity invested in the materiality of his texts: as Martial objectifies his books, he also commodifies them as articles of (...) the marketplace. By defining his poetry as material commodities available for purchase or theft, Martial also exposes the economic fictions of Roman literary patronage. (shrink)