Background: A growing body of evidence about nurses’ ethical conflicts has been added to nursing science in recent decades, but no research has been done in Estonia. Ethical conflicts are a cultural and context sensitive phenomenon, so the historical, legal, social, economic and political backgrounds and position of nursing have had an impact on ethical conflict experiences. Aim: Describe nurses’ experiences of ethical conflicts. Method: A qualitative, descriptive study was conducted among nurses (n = 21) in May-October 2018 in Estonia. (...) The data were collected in the form of semi-structured individual interviews and analysed using the inductive content analysis method. Ethical considerations: Due to the sensitive nature of the research topic, only individual interviews were carried out. Findings: Nurses’ ethical conflicts were related to situations that violated the rights, safety or well-being of the patient or relatives, caused them suffering, were against their will or threatened nurses’ dignity and professionalism through a variety of practices, attitudes and relationships. The insufficiency of patient care and professional collaboration emerged as important sources of nurses’ ethical conflicts and were connected to historical and societal factors. Conclusions: In order to achieve good quality of care, nurses need to have appropriate education and organisational support to carry out ethical daily care. More research is needed to understand the multidimensional cultural and contextual knowledge of ethics and nurses’ ethical conflicts. (shrink)

Background The global pandemic raised ethical issues for nurses about caring for all patients, not just those with COVID-19. Italy was the first European country to be seriously affected by the first wave, while Estonia’s infection and death rates were among the lowest in Europe. Did this raise different ethical issues for nurses in these two countries as well? Aim The aim was to describe and compare ethical issues between nurses working during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in (...) Estonia and Italy. Research design A cross-sectional survey study with a self-administered questionnaire. The impact of COVID- 19 emergency on nursing care questionnaire was used. Participants and research context Convenience sampling was used to recruit 1098 nurses working during the first wave of the pandemic in 2020: 162 from Estonia and 936 from Italy. Ethical considerations Research ethics approvals were obtained, and the nurses provided informed consent. Results The most frequent ethical issues for Estonian nurses were professional communication and ensuring access to care for patients without COVID-19, and for Italian nurses, the end-of-life care and the risk of them getting the virus and transmitting it to their loved ones. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of ethical issues between Estonian nurses working with patients with and without COVID-19. Italian nurses caring for COVID-19 patients faced statistically significantly more (both p <.001) issues around prioritising patients and end-of-life. Nurses working with patients without COVID-19 in Italy faced more issues about access to care ( p <.001). Conclusions Estonian and Italian nurses, working in different clinical contexts during the first wave of the pandemic, faced different ethical issues. Local contextual aspects need to be considered to support nurses’ ethical decision-making in providing care during future crises and to ensure ethical care for patients. (shrink)

Texto extracto de la Introducción del libro de Ger Groot. Adelante, ¡contradígame! Filosofía en conversación. Madrid, Sequitur, 2008. Ger Groot es profesor de filosofía en la Erasmus Universiteit de Rotterdam y colaborador de filosofía en publicaciones como NRC Handelsblad y De Groene Amsterdammer . En este libro presenta las conversaciones que el autor ha tenido con dieciocho personalidades de la filosofía contemporánea, y gira alrededor de los temas que más interesan a sus interlocutores. Ofrecemos un avance de esta edición a (...) través del texto que compone la introducción de este libro. (shrink)

Menschenaffen erganzen ihr Instinkt- und Triebleben positivistisch durch individuelle Intelligenz, Sozialitat und Kulturalitat.

Die philosophisch-anthropologische Frage, welche Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den personalen und den non-personalen Lebensformen bestehen, ist erneut in den Mittelpunkt der öffentlichen Diskussion gerückt, von der Ökologie und vergleichenden Verhaltensforschung bis zu den Fagen nach einem guten Leben von Menschen als Personen und ihren Konflikten. Plessners Naturphilosophie erschließt einen Rahmen für die Stellung der personalen Lebenssphäre in der Natur. Diese Stellung muss man als Ganze voraussetzen, um analytische Fragen in der personalen Lebensführung sinnvoll stellen und beantworten zu können. Seine Erschließung (...) eines neuen Natur- und Menschenverständnisses in der Welt kombiniert die phänomenologische Methode, die Erfahrung qualitativ zu beschreiben, mit der hermeneutischen Methode, die Phänomene geschichtlich verschieden verstehen zu können, und mit der dialektischen Mehode, die Krisen in der Zuordnung von Fragen und Antworten des Verhaltens kategorial in Stufen zu rekonstruieren. Diese phänomenologische und dialektische Hermeneutik der Natur ist für Philosophen und Lebenswissenschaftler,aller Fachrichtungen ein Klassiker. (shrink)

John Gerring's exceptional textbook has been thoroughly revised in this second edition. It offers a one-volume introduction to social science methodology relevant to the disciplines of anthropology, economics, history, political science, psychology and sociology. This new edition has been extensively developed with the introduction of new material and a thorough treatment of essential elements such as conceptualization, measurement, causality and research design. It is written for students, long-time practitioners and methodologists and covers both qualitative and quantitative methods. It synthesizes the (...) vast and diverse field of methodology in a way that is clear, concise and comprehensive. While offering a handy overview of the subject, the book is also an argument about how we should conceptualize methodological problems. Thinking about methodology through this lens provides a new framework for understanding work in the social sciences. (shrink)

Theodor W. Adorno—philosopher, cultural critic, sociologist, and music theorist—was one of the most important German intellectuals of the twentieth century. This concise, readable life is the first attempt to look at his philosophical and literary work in its essential political context. Central to Adorno’s intellectual development were his musical training, his father’s Jewish roots, and the rise of National Socialism in Germany, which forced him to emigrate to the United States. While in exile, he and Max Horkheimer wrote Dialectic of (...) Enlightenment, a bold attempt to illuminate the dark side of modernity, and on his own Adorno wrote a series of connected essays on the “culture industry”—his indictment of mass culture. A co-founder of the famous Frankfurt School, Adorno returned to head it after the war, assuming a key role in the intellectual life of postwar West Germany until his untimely death in 1969. Ja;ger’s biography sheds new light on many aspects of Adorno’s life and writings and on his relationships with such figures as Paul Celan, Bertolt Brecht, and Walter Benjamin. (shrink)

Inleiding in de theorie van de geschiedenis en de geschiedschrijving.

Dieses Handbuch bietet erstmals einen umfassenden und systematischen Zugang zu den Theorien des Krieges. Der erste Teil des Werkes ist interdisziplinär angelegt und es werden verschiedene Kriegstheorien dargestellt – von anthropologischen bis hin zu religiösen Ansätzen. Der zweite Teil stellt zentrale Theoretiker des Krieges vor. Der dritte Teil enthält empirische Fallstudien vom Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart zu Teilaspekten der Kriegstheorien. Insgesamt stellt der Band die Dynamik der theoretischen Entwicklung dar. Dabei berücksichtigt er die jeweiligen politischen, sozioökonomischen und technologischen Faktoren.

Beschrijving van de opvattingen van Marx over de natuur, waarbij de Groningse hoogleraar een eigen standpunt inneemt ten aanzien van de relatie mens-natuur.

This book is premised on the view that the idea of the avant garde has an increased importance in these times of global political crisis. Much cultural production today is shaped by a biopolitics that construes all creative and knowledge production in terms of capital accumulation. A different kind of culture is possible. This collection of writings, essays, interviews and artworks by many of today's most radical cultural practitioners and astute commentators on matters avant garde mediates the different strategies and (...) temporalities of avant-garde art and politics. Tracing diverse genealogies and trajectories, the book offers an inter-generational forum of ideas that covers different arts fields, from visual art, art activism, photography, film and architecture, to literature, theatre, performance, intermedia and music. This is an extraordinarily rich collection and is sure to be a benchmark for many years. (shrink)

Excerpt from Schellings Politische Anschauungen Wirklichkeit, was in Europa in der Verbindung von Sieg im Geisti gen und Niederlage im Politischen kein Beispiel hat. Die geistige Erneuerung aber findet zwar Anerkennung und Beifall, doch keine Nachfolge und stellt uns insofern gerade die deutsche Entwicklung in ihrer ganzen Eigenart und Einzigartigkeit lebendig vor Augen. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. (...) Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Background: Biomedical science is producing an avalanche of data about risk factors, often with a small predictive value, associated with a broad diversity of diseases. Prevention and screening are increasingly moving from public health into the clinic. Therefore, the question of which risk factors to investigate and disclose in the individual patient, becomes ethically increasingly urgent. In line with Wilson and Jungner's public health-related 10 principles for screening, it seems crucial to distinguish important from unimportant health risks.Aim: to explore the (...) ways in which clinicians distinguish important from unimportant health risks.Methods: We interviewed 36 respondents (gastroenterologists and gynaecologists/obstetrics) in 5 focus group interviews and 15 open in-depth interviews on their interpretation of what makes a health risk important.Results: Physicians primarily interpreted importance as the severity of the possible harm, less often its probability. Possibilities of prevention or reassurance strongly influenced their judgment on importance.Discussion: It is not likely that interpreting ‘important’ as ‘severe’ will help in differentiating meaningful from meaningless risk knowledge. A more fundamental change in our ways of dealing with risk may be called for. We discuss existing literature on resilience as an alternative way to deal with risk. Balancing prevention and risk reduction with resilience could be a fruitful direction. (shrink)

Becoming productive with grammatical categories is a gradual process in children's language development. Here, we investigated this transition process by focusing on Turkish causatives. Previous research examining spontaneous and elicited production of Turkish causatives with familiar verbs attested the onset and early stages of productivity at ages 2 to 3 (Aksu-Koç & Slobin, 1985; Nakipoğlu, Uzundag, & Sarıgül, 2021). So far, however, we know very little about children's understanding of causatives with novel verbs. In the present study, we asked: (a) (...) When does the generalization of causative morphology in a novel context emerge? and (b) What role does child-directed input play in this development? To answer the first question, we conducted comprehension-judgment experiments with children aged 2;6–6;11 using pseudo-verbs (Study 1 & 2). Results showed that children preferred the Turkish causative suffix -DIr over an unrelated or no suffix to denote caused events earliest at age 4;10. To answer the second question, we analyzed child-directed speech from a longitudinal corpus of Turkish language acquisition (Study 3). Results showed that when addressing children younger than age 3, caregivers used the -DIr suffix with little variation considering the overall variability of verbs they could utter. Overall, these findings suggest that productivity with morphological causatives in a novel context emerges in a later stage of acquisition. This later development might partly be accounted for by the insufficient variation of morphological causatives in the early input. (shrink)

Atheïstisch-filosofische poging tot begrip van de relevantie en continuering van christelijke religiositeit in een moderne en seculiere Europese cultuur.

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