Results for 'Generalization'

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  1. Generalization, similarity, and bayesian inference.Joshua B. Tenenbaum & Thomas L. Griffiths - 2001 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (4):629-640.
    Shepard has argued that a universal law should govern generalization across different domains of perception and cognition, as well as across organisms from different species or even different planets. Starting with some basic assumptions about natural kinds, he derived an exponential decay function as the form of the universal generalization gradient, which accords strikingly well with a wide range of empirical data. However, his original formulation applied only to the ideal case of generalization from a single encountered (...)
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  2. Part six theoretical general orientations (continued).Theoretical General Orientations - 2000 - In Raymond Boudon & Mohamed Cherkaoui, Central currents in social theory. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. pp. 1.
     
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  3. Connectionism, generalization, and propositional attitudes: A catalogue of challenging issues.John A. Barnden - 1992 - In John Dinsmore, The Symbolic and Connectionist Paradigms: Closing the Gap. Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 149--178.
    [Edited from Conclusion section:] We have looked at various challenging issues to do with getting connectionism to cope with high-level cognitive activities such a reasoning and natural language understanding. The issues are to do with various facets of generalization that are not commonly noted. We have been concerned in particular with the special forms these issues take in the arena of propositional attitude processing. The main problems we have looked at are: (1) The need to construct explicit representations of (...)
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  4. Fear Generalization and Mnemonic Injustice.Katherine Puddifoot & Marina Trakas - 2024 - Episteme:1-27.
    This paper focuses on how experiences of trauma can lead to generalized fear of people, objects and places that are similar or contextually or conceptually related to those that produced the initial fear, causing epistemic, affective, and practical harms to those who are unduly feared and those who are intimates of the victim of trauma. We argue that cases of fear generalization that bring harm to other people constitute examples of injustice closely akin to testimonial injustice, specifically, mnemonic injustice. (...)
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  5.  41
    La place de l’horizon de mort dans la violence guerrière.Général André Bach - 2004 - Astérion 2 (2).
    Le général André Bach dans une réflexion sur l’« horizon de mort dans la violence de guerre » part d’une approche anthropologique du phénomène de violence et de la peur (quasiment biologique) qu’il engendre en soulignant les difficultés des sociétés occidentales à penser la mort. C’est l’État qui donne à la guerre un sens politique et sacré et qui crée les catégories fonctionnelles de la guerre (les concepts de paix et de guerre ne sont pas en eux-mêmes opérationnels). Dans le (...)
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  6.  53
    Beyond generalization: a theory of robustness in machine learning.Thomas Grote & Timo Freiesleben - 2023 - Synthese 202 (4):1-28.
    The term robustness is ubiquitous in modern Machine Learning (ML). However, its meaning varies depending on context and community. Researchers either focus on narrow technical definitions, such as adversarial robustness, natural distribution shifts, and performativity, or they simply leave open what exactly they mean by robustness. In this paper, we provide a conceptual analysis of the term robustness, with the aim to develop a common language, that allows us to weave together different strands of robustness research. We define robustness as (...)
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  7. Jaakko Hintikka.Inductive Generalization - 1975 - In Jaakko Hintikka, Rudolf Carnap, logical empiricist: materials and perspectives. Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co.. pp. 73--371.
     
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  8. Sampling Assumptions in Inductive Generalization.Daniel J. Navarro, Matthew J. Dry & Michael D. Lee - 2012 - Cognitive Science 36 (2):187-223.
    Inductive generalization, where people go beyond the data provided, is a basic cognitive capability, and it underpins theoretical accounts of learning, categorization, and decision making. To complete the inductive leap needed for generalization, people must make a key ‘‘sampling’’ assumption about how the available data were generated. Previous models have considered two extreme possibilities, known as strong and weak sampling. In strong sampling, data are assumed to have been deliberately generated as positive examples of a concept, whereas in (...)
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  9.  37
    290• Karen Ruoff Kramer.General Merchandizing Magazine - 2006 - Historical Materialism 14 (4):289-294.
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  10. Applied Linguistics.Descriptive General - 1970 - Foundations of Language 5.
     
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  11. E. Seiler.I. Generalities - 1984 - In Heinrich Mitter & Ludwig Pittner, Stochastic methods and computer techniques in quantum dynamics. New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 26--259.
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  12. Fred Richman New Mexico State University.Intuitionism As Generalization - 1990 - Philosophia Mathematica (1-2):128.
  13.  6
    Guerre civile et répression franquiste en galice (espagne).Capitanías Generales - 2006 - In Maxence Caron & Jocelyn Benoist, Heidegger. Paris: Cerf. pp. 797--135.
  14. Romane Clark.Prima Facie Generalizations - 1973 - In Glenn Pearce & Patrick Maynard, Conceptual change. Boston,: D. Reidel. pp. 42.
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  15.  18
    Mantra projet.Brouillon Général - 2021 - Multitudes 85 (4):253-257.
    Écriture sans écriture, critique sans discours : il s’agit de traquer et de faire ressortir l’obsession du « projet » et de son idéologie dans la trame d’un appel à contrats doctoraux. Ctrl+B chaque fois (et elles sont très nombreuses) où le petit mot est réitéré.
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  16. Categorical Generalization and Physical Structuralism: Figure 1.Raymond Lal & Nicholas Teh - 2017 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 68 (1).
    Category theory has become central to certain aspects of theoretical physics. Bain has recently argued that this has significance for ontic structural realism. We argue against this claim. In so doing, we uncover two pervasive forms of category-theoretic generalization. We call these ‘generalization by duality’ and ‘generalization by categorifying physical processes’. We describe in detail how these arise, and explain their significance using detailed examples. We show that their significance is two-fold: the articulation of high-level physical concepts, (...)
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  17.  64
    On Generalization of Definitional Equivalence to Non-Disjoint Languages.Koen Lefever & Gergely Székely - 2019 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 48 (4):709-729.
    For simplicity, most of the literature introduces the concept of definitional equivalence only for disjoint languages. In a recent paper, Barrett and Halvorson introduce a straightforward generalization to non-disjoint languages and they show that their generalization is not equivalent to intertranslatability in general. In this paper, we show that their generalization is not transitive and hence it is not an equivalence relation. Then we introduce another formalization of definitional equivalence due to Andréka and Németi which is equivalent (...)
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  18.  34
    The Universal Generalization Problem.Carlo Cellucci - 2009 - Logique Et Analyse 52.
    The universal generalization problem is the question: What entitles one to conclude that a property established for an individual object holds for any individual object in the domain? This amounts to the question: Why is the rule of universal generalization justified? In the modern and contemporary age Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Mill, Gentzen gave alternative solutions of the universal generalization problem. In this paper I consider Locke’s, Berkeley’s and Gentzen’s solutions and argue that they are problematic. (...)
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  19.  38
    Systematic generalization, historical fate, and the species problem.Robert J. O'Hara - 1993 - Systematic Biology 42 (3): 231–246.
    The species problem is one of the oldest controversies in natural history. Its persistence suggests that it is something more than a problem of fact or definition. Considerable light is shed on the species problem when it is viewed as a problem in the representation of the natural system (sensu Griffiths, 1974, Acta Biotheor. 23: 85–131; de Queiroz, 1998, Philos. Sci. 55: 238–259). Just as maps are representations of the earth, and are subject to what is called cartographic generalization, (...)
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  20. N. Rakover.Deputy Attorney General - 2001 - Global Bioethics 14 (2-3).
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  21.  34
    Empirical gradients of generalization in a perceptual-motor task.Burton G. Andreas - 1954 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 48 (2):119.
  22.  13
    Editorial No. 40.Editor General - 2015 - Praxis Filosófica 40.
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  23. In Chapter III, Grammatical consequences of phonetic evolution, 1 of the section on diachronic linguistics of his Course Saussure discusses a number of morphophonemic alternations, such as that between ou and eu in French (pouvons: peuvent, ouvrier: auvre, nouveau: neuf). His definition of ALTERNA-TION is the following.Cours de Linguistique Generals - 1970 - Foundations of Language: International Journal of Language and Philosophy 6:423.
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  24.  58
    Stimulus generalization in the learning of classifications.Roger N. Shepard & Jih-Jie Chang - 1963 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 65 (1):94.
  25.  49
    (1 other version)A generalization of the antilogism.Ray H. Dotterer - 1941 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 6 (3):90-95.
  26.  87
    Generalization by Mechanism.Bo Bengtsson & Nils Hertting - 2014 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 44 (6):707-732.
    Drawing general inferences on the basis of single-case and small- n studies is often seen as problematic. This article suggests a logic of generalization based on thinly rationalistic social mechanisms. Ideal-type mechanisms can be derived from empirical observations in one case and, based on the assumption of thin rationality, used as a generalizing bridge to other contexts with similar actor constellations. Thus, the “portability” builds on expectations about similar mechanisms operating in similar contexts. We present the general logic behind (...)
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  27.  19
    A study of semantic generalization through the use of established conceptual mediations.Richard J. Kaplan - 1959 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 57 (5):288.
  28.  65
    Mechanism-based theorizing and generalization from case studies.Petri Ylikoski - 2019 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 78 (C):14-22.
    Generalization from a case study is a perennial issue in the methodology of the social sciences. The case study is one of the most important research designs in many social scientific fields, but no shared understanding exists of the epistemic import of case studies. This article suggests that the idea of mechanism-based theorizing provides a fruitful basis for understanding how case studies contribute to a general understanding of social phenomena. This approach is illustrated with a re- construction of Espeland (...)
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  29.  37
    A Generalization of the Routley-Meyer Semantic Framework.Morgan Thomas - 2015 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 44 (4):411-427.
    We develop an axiomatic theory of “generalized Routley-Meyer logics.” These are first-order logics which are can be characterized by model theories in a certain generalization of Routley-Meyer semantics. We show that all GRM logics are subclassical, have recursively enumerable consequence relations, satisfy the compactness theorem, and satisfy the standard structural rules and conjunction and disjunction introduction/elimination rules. We also show that the GRM logics include classical logic, intuitionistic logic, LP/K3/FDE, and the relevant logics.
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  30.  34
    A generalization of Sierpiński's theorem on Steiner triples and the axiom of choice.William J. Frascella - 1965 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 6 (3):163-179.
  31. 14 Howard H. Kendler.General Sr Theory - 1968 - In T. Dixon & Deryck Horton, Verbal Behavior and General Behavior Theory. Prentice-Hall.
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  32.  34
    Stimulus categorizing in the generalization of a voluntary response.Eric Aronson & Albert Erlebacher - 1968 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 78 (4p1):585.
  33.  28
    Supplementary report: Semantic generalization in probability learning.J. P. Das - 1962 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 64 (4):423.
  34.  72
    Generalization to Novel Images in Upright and Inverted Faces.Shimon Edelman - unknown
    An image of a face depends not only on its shape, but also on the viewpoint, illumination conditions, and facial expression. A face recognition system must overcome the changes in face appearance induced by these factors. This paper investigate two related questions: the capacity of the human visual system to generalize the recognition of faces to novel images, and the level at which this generalization occurs. We approach this problems by comparing the identi cation and generalization capacity for (...)
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  35.  71
    On the completion and generalization of intuitive space in der raum: Husserlian and drieschian elements.Abraham Stone - unknown
    The paper focuses on some puzzles about Carnap's intended epistemological point in the "completion" and "generalization" of the Anschauungsraum in sec. II of Der Raum (leaving aside the technical problems which also arise). Since any global structure at all requires that eidetic intuition be supplemented with freely-chosen postulates and/or intuitively unmotivated generalizations, it is unclear, as several authors have pointed out, how and in what sense "intuitive space" as a whole represents a distinctive, a priori contribution to our knowledge. (...)
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  36. Attitude Control for.General Equations Of Motion - 1965 - In Karl W. Linsenmann, Proceedings. St. Louis, Lutheran Academy for Scholarship.
     
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  37. Conceivability, Minimalism and the Generalization Problem.Sergi Oms - 2019 - Dialogue 58 (2):287-297.
    One of the main problems that Paul Horwich’s Minimalist theory of truth must face is the generalization problem, which shows that Minimalism is too weak to have the fundamental explanatory role Horwich claims it has. In this paper, I defend Horwich’s response to the generalization problem from an objection raised by Bradley Armour-Garb. I also argue that, given my response to Armour-Garb, Horwich’s proposal to cope with the generalization problem can be simplified. -/- L’un des principaux problèmes (...)
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  38. Eat and Drink and Be Merry? Cultural Meaning of Food and Drink in the 21st Century.In General - 2001 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14:465-467.
     
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  39.  72
    The Generalization Problem and the Identity Solution.Dwayne Moore - 2010 - Erkenntnis 72 (1):57-72.
    For some time now, Jaegwon Kim has argued that irreducible mental properties face the threat of causal inefficacy. The primary weapon he deploys to sustain this charge is the supervenience/exclusion argument. This argument, in a nutshell, states that any mental property that irreducibly supervenes on a physical property is excluded from causal efficacy because the underlying physical property takes care of all of the causal work itself. Originally intended for mental properties alone, it did not take long for his critics (...)
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  40.  57
    Type-Theoretical Interpretation and Generalization of Phrase Structure Grammar.Aarne Ranta - 1995 - Logic Journal of the IGPL 3 (2-3):319-342.
    In this paper, we shall present a generalization of phrase structure grammar, in which all functional categories have type restrictions, that is, their argument types are specific domains. In ordinary phrase structure grammar, there is just one universal domain of individuals. The grammar does not make a distinction between verbs and adjectives in terms of domains of applicability. Consequently, it fails to distinguish between sentences like every line intersects every line, which is well typed, and every line intersects every (...)
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  41.  19
    Generalization of Shapiro’s theorem to higher arities and noninjective notations.Dariusz Kalociński & Michał Wrocławski - 2022 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 62 (1):257-288.
    In the framework of Stewart Shapiro, computations are performed directly on strings of symbols (numerals) whose abstract numerical interpretation is determined by a notation. Shapiro showed that a total unary function (unary relation) on natural numbers is computable in every injective notation if and only if it is almost constant or almost identity function (finite or co-finite set). We obtain a syntactic generalization of this theorem, in terms of quantifier-free definability, for functions and relations relatively intrinsically computable on certain (...)
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  42.  68
    Logics for Qualitative Inductive Generalization.Diderik Batens - 2011 - Studia Logica 97 (1):61 - 80.
    The paper contains a survey of (mainly unpublished) adaptive logics of inductive generalization. These defeasible logics are precise formulations of certain methods. Some attention is also paid to ways of handling background knowledge, introducing mere conjectures, and the research guiding capabilities of the logics.
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  43.  19
    Primary and secondary stimulus generalization as related to intelligence level.Irv Bialer - 1961 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 62 (4):395.
  44.  5
    Family(jiārénmen) is not a family: a study on the construction of pragmatic identities in the generalization of Internet address term “jiārénmen”.Junling Wang, Yansheng Mao & Kaihang Zhao - forthcoming - Lodz Papers in Pragmatics.
    This paper examines the generalization of the Internet address term “family” (jiārénmen), a recently emerging phenomenon in language use from the perspective of Pragmatic Identity Theory. The main thrust of this research is to reveal the pragmatic identities and pragmatic functions involved in the use of “family” (jiārénmen). The core point has been arrived at by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses to explore relevant cases collected from WeChat, Weibo, and in-person conversations. Research findings demonstrated that in (...)
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  45.  45
    On Generalization of Definitional Equivalence to Languages with Non-Disjoint Signatures.Koen Lefever & Gergely Székely - unknown
    For simplicity, most of the literature introduces the concept of definitional equivalence only to languages with disjoint signatures. In a recent paper, Barrett and Halvorson introduce a straightforward generalization to languages with non-disjoint signatures and they show that their generalization is not equivalent to intertranslatability in general. In this paper,we show that their generalization is not transitive and hence it is not an equivalence relation. Then we introduce the Andréka and Németi generalization as one of the (...)
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  46.  37
    Two factors affecting stimulus generalization on a spatial dimension.Wayne O. Evans - 1961 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 61 (2):142.
  47.  60
    Causal‐Based Property Generalization.Bob Rehder - 2009 - Cognitive Science 33 (3):301-344.
    A central question in cognitive research concerns how new properties are generalized to categories. This article introduces a model of how generalizations involve a process of causal inference in which people estimate the likely presence of the new property in individual category exemplars and then the prevalence of the property among all category members. Evidence in favor of this causal‐based generalization (CBG) view included effects of an existing feature’s base rate (Experiment 1), the direction of the causal relations (Experiments (...)
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  48.  32
    Mediated generalization and the interpretation of verbal behavior: II. Experimental study of certain homophone and synonym gradients.J. P. Foley Jr & C. N. Cofer - 1943 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 32 (2):168.
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  49.  57
    Generalization and the Basis of EthicsGeneralization in Ethics: An Essays in the Logic of Ethics, with the Rudiments of a System of Moral Philosophy. Marcus George Singer.Warner Wick - 1962 - Ethics 72 (4):288-.
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  50.  23
    Generalization and Evidence.Frederick L. Will - 1951 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 16 (4):300-300.
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