Osmanlı tefsir birikimi henüz yeterince aydınlatılabilmiş değildir. Son zamanlarda yapılan ilmî çalışmalarla bu kapalılık kısmen giderilmeye çalışılmış, fakat bu çabalar hâlihazırda istenen düzeye gelebilmiş değildir. Buradan hareketle çalışmamızda son devir Osmanlı âlimlerinden biri olan Manastırlı İsmail Hakkı’nın (1846-1912) pek bilinmeyen bir tefsir usûlü çalışması olan Fusûlu’t-teysîr fî usûli’t-tefsîr isimli eseri üzerinde duracağız. Bu eser Manastırlı İsmail Hakkı’nın, Mekteb-i Mülkiye-i Şâhâne’nin (Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi) birinci sınıfında okuyan öğrencilere ders kitabı olarak okutulmak üzere hazırlamış olduğu bir tefsir usûlü çalışmasıdır. Araştırmamızda Osmanlı dönemi (...) tefsir usûlü çalışmaları bağlamında, müstakil olarak tefsir usûlüne dair kaleme alınmış eserler içerisinde değerlendirebileceğimiz bu çalışmanın sistematiği, muhtevası ve kaynakları üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu vesileyle bir Osmanlı âliminin tefsir usûlü geleneğine katkısı tartışılacak ve bir nebze de olsa Osmanlı dönemi tefsir usûlü çalışmalarının seyrine ışık tutulacaktır. (shrink)

Modern bilimin kuruluş sürecinde, Grek menşeli atomcu felsefenin bir etkisinin olup-olmadığı ya da olduysa hangi bakımlardan olduğu bir tartışma konusudur. Söz gelimi E. Burtt, A. Koyré ve T. Kuhn gibi bilim filozofları, modern bilimin kuruluşunda atomcu felsefenin, bariz bir etkisinin olmadığını ileri sürerlerken, A. Chalmers ve D.C. Lindberg gibi düşünürler ise belirli bir düzeyde etkisinin olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, modern bilimin oluşum sürecinde Grek menşeli atomcu öğretinin ne türden bir etki ve öneme sahip olduğunu araştırmaktır. Bu maksatla öncelikle (...) Grek menşeli atomcu öğretinin temel görüş ve tezleri, kısaca ortaya konulmuş daha sonra bu görüşlerin tarihsel süreç içerisindeki seyri betimlenmiş ve nihayetinde bu öğretinin modern dönemde özellikle de P. Gassendi, R. Boyle ve I. Newton gibi düşünürler üzerinde ne türden bir etkisinin olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Nihayetinde modern bilimi nihai formuna ulaştıran düşünürün I. Newton olduğu kabul edildiğinde, Epikuros üzerinden alınan atomcu öğretinin, Newtoncu bilim tasarımını oldukça şekillendirdiği söylenebilir. (shrink)

And in this book the distinguished scholar Amartya Sen offers a powerful critique of the theory of social justice that, in its grip on social and political ...

Kidney transplantation is a lifesaving medical treatment. However, very high demand for kidneys with low kidney donation causes a black market that exploits patients’ desperation and donors’ vulnerability. The current kidney donation programs fail to produce promising results to avoid illegal and unethical kidney trafficking and commercialism. Even though the primary goal of kidney donation is to increase the number of deceased organ donations, in some countries, like Turkey, due to religious or cultural concerns, it is impossible to supply adequate (...) deceased kidney donations. In this view, the aim of this paper is to examine kidney trafficking in the scope of Turkey's current organ donation system and propose a new model, named the Incentivized Kidney Donation Model (IKDM), to increase kidney donation from living donors. The model encompasses the following benefits offered to kidney donors; lifetime health insurance, exemptions from copayments/contribution shares, priority when receiving an organ, priority when finding a job, income tax exemptions for salaried employees, and free or discounted public utilities. This normative model has the potential to promote donors’ altruistic acts as well as the solidarity and loyalty among members of a society without violating ethical values and internationally accepted principles. (shrink)

Authorship Analysis (AA) is a natural language processing field that examines the previous works of writers to identify the author of a text based on its features. Studies in authorship analysis include authorship identification, authorship profiling, and authorship verification. Due to its relevance, to many applications in this field attention has been paid. It is widely used in the attribution of historical literature. Other applications include legal linguistics, criminal law, forensic investigations, and computer forensics. This paper aims to provide an (...) overview of the work done and the techniques applied in the authorship analysis domain. The examination of recent developments in this field is the principal focus. Many different criteria can be used to define a writer’s style. This paper investigates stylometric features in different author-related tasks, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, structural, and content-specific ones. A lot of classification methods have been applied to authorship analysis tasks. We examine many research studies that use different machine learning and deep learning techniques. As a means of pointing the direction for future studies, we present the most relevant methods recently proposed. The reviewed studies include documents of different types and different languages. In summary, due to the fact that each natural language has its own set of features, there is no standard technique generically applicable for solving the AA problem. (shrink)

Bütün zamanların en büyük filozoflarından birisi şüphesiz Platon’dur. Onun varlık, bilgi, etik, estetik ve siyaset gibi alanlara ilişkin yapmış olduğu özgün çalışmalar, çağdaşlarını etkilediği gibi Orta çağ, Yeniçağ ve Yakınçağ üzerinden geçerek, günümüzde dahi birçok düşünür ve akımın şekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Bu noktada Platon’un doğaya ve doğa bilimlerine yönelik görüşleri de önemli olmakla birlikte tartışma konusu olmuştur. Söz gelimi, pozitivist düşünürler Platoncu felsefenin doğa bilimlerine yönelik olumsuz bir tutumunun olduğunu dolayısıyla da bu felsefenin modern doğa bilimlerinin oluşum ve (...) gelişim süreçlerini engellediğini iddia ederler. Buna karşın 20. Yüzyılın başlarından itibaren E.A.Burtt, A.Koyre ve T. Kuhn gibi bazı düşünürler ise Platoncu felsefenin, modern doğa bilimlerinin gelişiminde belirleyici bir rol oynadığını ileri sürerler. Bu birbirine karşıt iddialar dikkate alındığında, Platoncu felsefenin doğa bilimlerine yönelik tutumunun gerçekte ne olduğu bir merak konusu olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın amacı, Platon felsefesi içerisinde doğa bilimlerinin yeri ve öneminin ne olduğunu ve bunun bilhassa modern doğa bilimlerinin oluşum ve gelişimine ne bakımdan bir etkisinin olduğunu incelemektir. Nihayetinde bilimsel etkinliğin metafiziksel yönü esas alındığında Platoncu ve Yeni Platoncu felsefelerin modern bilimin oluşumunda belirleyici bir rol oynadığı söylenebilir. (shrink)

Bioethics education has remarkably grown across the globe in the last few decades. The data of the UNESCO Global Ethics Observatory proves that bioethics education is a global phenomenon with various bioethics institutions, teaching programs, and academicians. However, this situation does not mean that bioethics education has reached a stable and flawless level. Especially, the effectiveness of bioethics programs or their quality assessment is a major area that should be analyzed through more academic works. For filling that gap, this article (...) aims to formulate a general framework to address the quality standards and indicators in bioethics education. The article adapts Donabedian’s three approaches—structure, process, and outcome— as three levels to measure quality in bioethics education. The proposed model considers the indicators the ultimate quantifiable points by creating a sequential classification as the three levels, main categories, standards, and indicators, which means that it applies an inductive approach following a path from the indicators to the standards, from the standards to the main categories, and from the main categories to the levels in order to reach a conclusion about the effectiveness of each level. (shrink)

Bu çalışmanın amacı Thomas Kuhn’un bilimsel ilerleme kavrayışının tarihsel süreç içerisinde nasıl değişip ve dönüştüğünü ortaya koymaktır. Kuhn’un 1962 yılında yayınladığı Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı adlı eser, bilim camiasında büyük bir etki yaratır. Hatta bazı çevreler, bu eserle birlikte pozitivist ve realist bilim anlayışlarının tamamen ortadan kalktığını yerine yepyeni bir bilim tasarımının geçtiğini ilan ederler. Kuhn’un bu eserinde ileri sürdüğü en etkili iddialardan birisi de geleneksel birikimsel ilerleme anlayışını reddetmesi, yerine devrimsel ilerlemeyi öne sürmesiydi. Fakat Kuhn süreç içerisinde kendisine yöneltilen eleştirileri (...) bertaraf etmek için görüşlerinde birtakım değişikliğe gider. Kuhn bu değişiklikler sonucunda da ilk etapta savunduğu bilimsel ilerleme anlayışından sapar. Neticede, Kuhn’un 1980 sonrası eserleri dikkate alındığında, onun Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısında ileri sürdüğü devrimsel ilerleme anlayışından uzaklaşıp, Darwinci anlamda evrimsel ilerlemeye yaklaştığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca Kuhn’un bu revizyonlarının sonucunda ilk etapta radikal bir şekilde eleştirdiği pozitivist ve realist bilim anlayışlarına belirli bir düzeyde geri dönüş yaptığı da söylenebilir. (shrink)

I am most grateful to Elizabeth Anderson (2000), Philip Pettit (2000) and Thomas Scanlon (2000) for making such insightful and penetrating comments on my work and the related literature. I have reason enough to be happy, having been powerfully defended in some respects and engagingly challenged in others. I must also take this opportunity of thanking Martha Nussbaum, for not only chairing the session in which these papers were presented followed by a splendid discussion (which she led), but also for (...) taking the initiative, in the first place, to arrange the session. (shrink)

Illustrations: 1 B/w Illustration Description: Pranab Kumar Sen, Professor Emeritus, Jadavpur University in whose honour this volume has been prepared was one of the leading philosophers of our country and a highly respected teacher. It carries thirty-five articles which deal with different branches of philosophy,viz., philosophical logic, philosophy of language, ontology, theory of knowledge, Kant exegesis, moral philosophy, social philosophy, philosophy of art. As Sen's philosophical interests and expertise were wide the authors had ample freedom in their choice of topics. (...) This volume will be of interest to those who are acquainted with sophisticated literature in analytic philosophy, scholars working in different branches of philosophy and also general readers of modern philosophy. (shrink)

This book develops some of the most important themes of Sen's works over the last decade. He argues in a rich and subtle approach that we should be concerned with people's capabilities rather than their resources or welfare.

Compassion is an essential phenomenon in the therapeutic relationship, and some use it to justify physician-assisted dying practices. The value of compassion in the relationship between healthcare professionals and patients is undeniable. However, different approaches to its definition and scope can lead to distinct conclusions about the role of compassion in end-of-life interventions. In this context, the paper aims to compare Mahatma Gandhi’s and Aristotle’s views on compassion to explore whether it can be utilized to justify physician-assisted dying. Gandhi’s thoughts (...) on compassion and Aristotle’s standpoint on virtues and vices demonstrate that Gandhi evaluates this concept as a moral duty to relieve intractable suffering, whereas Aristotle relies on balancing all virtues through relevant deficiencies and excesses. Therefore, even though Gandhi’s opinion on compassion can for allow assisted dying interventions, Aristotle’s idea of virtues and vices restricts compassion to a scope that alleviates suffering through available means without causing death. (shrink)

The principle of respect for autonomy requires informing patients adequately and appropriately about diagnoses, treatments, and prognoses. However, some clinical cases may cause ethical dilemmas regarding telling the truth. Under the existence especially of certain cultural, social, and religious circumstances, disclosing all the relevant information to all pertinent parties might create harmful effects. Even though the virtue of telling the truth is unquestionable, sometimes de facto conditions compel physicians to act paternalistically to protect the patient/patients from imminent dangers. This article, (...) which aims to study the issue of whether a physician should always tell the truth, analyzes an interesting case that represents the detection of misattributed paternity during pre-transplant tests for a kidney transplant from the son to the father in Turkey, where social, cultural, and religious factors have considerable impact on marital infidelity. After analyzing the concept of telling the truth and its relationship with paternalism and two major ethical theories, consequentialism and deontology, it is concluded that the value of the integrity of life and survival overrides the value of telling the truth. For this reason, in the case of a high possibility of severe and imminent threats, withholding some information is ethically justifiable. (shrink)

Healthcare services should be provided according to contemporary ethical norms that require patients’ active engagement in all the relevant processes. However, authoritarian attitudes and behaviors in healthcare, one of which is paternalism, put patients in a passive role. But, as Avedis Donabedian emphasizes, patients are co-producers of care, reformers of healthcare, informants, and definers and evaluators of quality. Overlooking these significant functions and merely focusing on physicians’ benevolence due to their medical knowledge and skills in the production of healthcare services (...) would leave the fate of patients in the hands of clinicians and impose physicians’ hegemony on patients and their choices. Nevertheless, the concept of co-production is a practical and effective mechanism to redefine the language used in healthcare by recognizing patients as co-producers and equal partners. The application of co-production in healthcare would improve the therapeutic relationship, decrease ethical violations, and promote the patient’s dignity. (shrink)

The case, which occurred in a public hospital in Turkey in 2005, exhibits a striking dilemma between a mother’s and her fetus’ interests. For a number of reasons, the mother refused to cooperate with the midwives and obstetrician in the process of giving birth, and wanted to leave the hospital. The care providers evaluated the case as a matter of maternal autonomy and asked the mother to give her consent to be discharged from the hospital, which she did despite the (...) fact that her cervix was fully open. She left the hospital and gave birth shortly thereafter. Subsequently, the baby died two days later. In light of the contemporary ethical principles, the mother’s competency could be debatable due to the physical and psychological conditions the mother confronted. Furthermore, protection of the fetus’ life should have been taken into account by the caregivers when making a decision concerning discharging of the mother. (shrink)

Commodities and Capabilities presents a set of inter-related theses concerning the foundations of welfare economics, and in particular about the assessment of personal well-being and advantage. The argument presented focuses on the capability to function, i.e. what a person can do or can be, questioning in the process the more standard emphasis on opulence or on utility. In fact, a person's motivation behind choice is treated here as a parametric variable which may or may not coincide with the pursuit of (...) self-interest. Given the large number of practical problems arising from the roles and limitations of different concepts of interest and the judgement of advantage and well-being, this scholarly investigation is both of theoretical interest and practical import. (shrink)

This paper is about three distinct but interrelated problems: (1) the role 0f rights in moral theory, (2) thc characterization 0f agent relative values and their admissibility in consequ<—:ncc—bascd evaluation, and ( 3) the nature 0f moral evaluation 0f states 0f aihirs.