Modern bilimin kuruluş sürecinde, Grek menşeli atomcu felsefenin bir etkisinin olup-olmadığı ya da olduysa hangi bakımlardan olduğu bir tartışma konusudur. Söz gelimi E. Burtt, A. Koyré ve T. Kuhn gibi bilim filozofları, modern bilimin kuruluşunda atomcu felsefenin, bariz bir etkisinin olmadığını ileri sürerlerken, A. Chalmers ve D.C. Lindberg gibi düşünürler ise belirli bir düzeyde etkisinin olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, modern bilimin oluşum sürecinde Grek menşeli atomcu öğretinin ne türden bir etki ve öneme sahip olduğunu araştırmaktır. Bu maksatla öncelikle (...) Grek menşeli atomcu öğretinin temel görüş ve tezleri, kısaca ortaya konulmuş daha sonra bu görüşlerin tarihsel süreç içerisindeki seyri betimlenmiş ve nihayetinde bu öğretinin modern dönemde özellikle de P. Gassendi, R. Boyle ve I. Newton gibi düşünürler üzerinde ne türden bir etkisinin olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Nihayetinde modern bilimi nihai formuna ulaştıran düşünürün I. Newton olduğu kabul edildiğinde, Epikuros üzerinden alınan atomcu öğretinin, Newtoncu bilim tasarımını oldukça şekillendirdiği söylenebilir. (shrink)

Bu çalışmanın amacı Thomas Kuhn’un bilimsel ilerleme kavrayışının tarihsel süreç içerisinde nasıl değişip ve dönüştüğünü ortaya koymaktır. Kuhn’un 1962 yılında yayınladığı Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı adlı eser, bilim camiasında büyük bir etki yaratır. Hatta bazı çevreler, bu eserle birlikte pozitivist ve realist bilim anlayışlarının tamamen ortadan kalktığını yerine yepyeni bir bilim tasarımının geçtiğini ilan ederler. Kuhn’un bu eserinde ileri sürdüğü en etkili iddialardan birisi de geleneksel birikimsel ilerleme anlayışını reddetmesi, yerine devrimsel ilerlemeyi öne sürmesiydi. Fakat Kuhn süreç içerisinde kendisine yöneltilen eleştirileri (...) bertaraf etmek için görüşlerinde birtakım değişikliğe gider. Kuhn bu değişiklikler sonucunda da ilk etapta savunduğu bilimsel ilerleme anlayışından sapar. Neticede, Kuhn’un 1980 sonrası eserleri dikkate alındığında, onun Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısında ileri sürdüğü devrimsel ilerleme anlayışından uzaklaşıp, Darwinci anlamda evrimsel ilerlemeye yaklaştığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca Kuhn’un bu revizyonlarının sonucunda ilk etapta radikal bir şekilde eleştirdiği pozitivist ve realist bilim anlayışlarına belirli bir düzeyde geri dönüş yaptığı da söylenebilir. (shrink)

Compassion is an essential phenomenon in the therapeutic relationship, and some use it to justify physician-assisted dying practices. The value of compassion in the relationship between healthcare professionals and patients is undeniable. However, different approaches to its definition and scope can lead to distinct conclusions about the role of compassion in end-of-life interventions. In this context, the paper aims to compare Mahatma Gandhi’s and Aristotle’s views on compassion to explore whether it can be utilized to justify physician-assisted dying. Gandhi’s thoughts (...) on compassion and Aristotle’s standpoint on virtues and vices demonstrate that Gandhi evaluates this concept as a moral duty to relieve intractable suffering, whereas Aristotle relies on balancing all virtues through relevant deficiencies and excesses. Therefore, even though Gandhi’s opinion on compassion can for allow assisted dying interventions, Aristotle’s idea of virtues and vices restricts compassion to a scope that alleviates suffering through available means without causing death. (shrink)

Authorship Analysis (AA) is a natural language processing field that examines the previous works of writers to identify the author of a text based on its features. Studies in authorship analysis include authorship identification, authorship profiling, and authorship verification. Due to its relevance, to many applications in this field attention has been paid. It is widely used in the attribution of historical literature. Other applications include legal linguistics, criminal law, forensic investigations, and computer forensics. This paper aims to provide an (...) overview of the work done and the techniques applied in the authorship analysis domain. The examination of recent developments in this field is the principal focus. Many different criteria can be used to define a writer’s style. This paper investigates stylometric features in different author-related tasks, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, structural, and content-specific ones. A lot of classification methods have been applied to authorship analysis tasks. We examine many research studies that use different machine learning and deep learning techniques. As a means of pointing the direction for future studies, we present the most relevant methods recently proposed. The reviewed studies include documents of different types and different languages. In summary, due to the fact that each natural language has its own set of features, there is no standard technique generically applicable for solving the AA problem. (shrink)

Bütün zamanların en büyük filozoflarından birisi şüphesiz Platon’dur. Onun varlık, bilgi, etik, estetik ve siyaset gibi alanlara ilişkin yapmış olduğu özgün çalışmalar, çağdaşlarını etkilediği gibi Orta çağ, Yeniçağ ve Yakınçağ üzerinden geçerek, günümüzde dahi birçok düşünür ve akımın şekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Bu noktada Platon’un doğaya ve doğa bilimlerine yönelik görüşleri de önemli olmakla birlikte tartışma konusu olmuştur. Söz gelimi, pozitivist düşünürler Platoncu felsefenin doğa bilimlerine yönelik olumsuz bir tutumunun olduğunu dolayısıyla da bu felsefenin modern doğa bilimlerinin oluşum ve (...) gelişim süreçlerini engellediğini iddia ederler. Buna karşın 20. Yüzyılın başlarından itibaren E.A.Burtt, A.Koyre ve T. Kuhn gibi bazı düşünürler ise Platoncu felsefenin, modern doğa bilimlerinin gelişiminde belirleyici bir rol oynadığını ileri sürerler. Bu birbirine karşıt iddialar dikkate alındığında, Platoncu felsefenin doğa bilimlerine yönelik tutumunun gerçekte ne olduğu bir merak konusu olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın amacı, Platon felsefesi içerisinde doğa bilimlerinin yeri ve öneminin ne olduğunu ve bunun bilhassa modern doğa bilimlerinin oluşum ve gelişimine ne bakımdan bir etkisinin olduğunu incelemektir. Nihayetinde bilimsel etkinliğin metafiziksel yönü esas alındığında Platoncu ve Yeni Platoncu felsefelerin modern bilimin oluşumunda belirleyici bir rol oynadığı söylenebilir. (shrink)

Bioethics education has remarkably grown across the globe in the last few decades. The data of the UNESCO Global Ethics Observatory proves that bioethics education is a global phenomenon with various bioethics institutions, teaching programs, and academicians. However, this situation does not mean that bioethics education has reached a stable and flawless level. Especially, the effectiveness of bioethics programs or their quality assessment is a major area that should be analyzed through more academic works. For filling that gap, this article (...) aims to formulate a general framework to address the quality standards and indicators in bioethics education. The article adapts Donabedian’s three approaches—structure, process, and outcome— as three levels to measure quality in bioethics education. The proposed model considers the indicators the ultimate quantifiable points by creating a sequential classification as the three levels, main categories, standards, and indicators, which means that it applies an inductive approach following a path from the indicators to the standards, from the standards to the main categories, and from the main categories to the levels in order to reach a conclusion about the effectiveness of each level. (shrink)

The principle of respect for autonomy requires informing patients adequately and appropriately about diagnoses, treatments, and prognoses. However, some clinical cases may cause ethical dilemmas regarding telling the truth. Under the existence especially of certain cultural, social, and religious circumstances, disclosing all the relevant information to all pertinent parties might create harmful effects. Even though the virtue of telling the truth is unquestionable, sometimes de facto conditions compel physicians to act paternalistically to protect the patient/patients from imminent dangers. This article, (...) which aims to study the issue of whether a physician should always tell the truth, analyzes an interesting case that represents the detection of misattributed paternity during pre-transplant tests for a kidney transplant from the son to the father in Turkey, where social, cultural, and religious factors have considerable impact on marital infidelity. After analyzing the concept of telling the truth and its relationship with paternalism and two major ethical theories, consequentialism and deontology, it is concluded that the value of the integrity of life and survival overrides the value of telling the truth. For this reason, in the case of a high possibility of severe and imminent threats, withholding some information is ethically justifiable. (shrink)

Healthcare services should be provided according to contemporary ethical norms that require patients’ active engagement in all the relevant processes. However, authoritarian attitudes and behaviors in healthcare, one of which is paternalism, put patients in a passive role. But, as Avedis Donabedian emphasizes, patients are co-producers of care, reformers of healthcare, informants, and definers and evaluators of quality. Overlooking these significant functions and merely focusing on physicians’ benevolence due to their medical knowledge and skills in the production of healthcare services (...) would leave the fate of patients in the hands of clinicians and impose physicians’ hegemony on patients and their choices. Nevertheless, the concept of co-production is a practical and effective mechanism to redefine the language used in healthcare by recognizing patients as co-producers and equal partners. The application of co-production in healthcare would improve the therapeutic relationship, decrease ethical violations, and promote the patient’s dignity. (shrink)

The case, which occurred in a public hospital in Turkey in 2005, exhibits a striking dilemma between a mother’s and her fetus’ interests. For a number of reasons, the mother refused to cooperate with the midwives and obstetrician in the process of giving birth, and wanted to leave the hospital. The care providers evaluated the case as a matter of maternal autonomy and asked the mother to give her consent to be discharged from the hospital, which she did despite the (...) fact that her cervix was fully open. She left the hospital and gave birth shortly thereafter. Subsequently, the baby died two days later. In light of the contemporary ethical principles, the mother’s competency could be debatable due to the physical and psychological conditions the mother confronted. Furthermore, protection of the fetus’ life should have been taken into account by the caregivers when making a decision concerning discharging of the mother. (shrink)

Kidney transplantation is a lifesaving medical treatment. However, very high demand for kidneys with low kidney donation causes a black market that exploits patients’ desperation and donors’ vulnerability. The current kidney donation programs fail to produce promising results to avoid illegal and unethical kidney trafficking and commercialism. Even though the primary goal of kidney donation is to increase the number of deceased organ donations, in some countries, like Turkey, due to religious or cultural concerns, it is impossible to supply adequate (...) deceased kidney donations. In this view, the aim of this paper is to examine kidney trafficking in the scope of Turkey's current organ donation system and propose a new model, named the Incentivized Kidney Donation Model (IKDM), to increase kidney donation from living donors. The model encompasses the following benefits offered to kidney donors; lifetime health insurance, exemptions from copayments/contribution shares, priority when receiving an organ, priority when finding a job, income tax exemptions for salaried employees, and free or discounted public utilities. This normative model has the potential to promote donors’ altruistic acts as well as the solidarity and loyalty among members of a society without violating ethical values and internationally accepted principles. (shrink)

Tüm araştırmalar iyi bir araştırmanın nasıl yapıldığına, hangi araştırma yönteminin uygun olduğuna ilişkin bazı temel varsayımlara dayanmaktadır. Herhangi bir araştırmanın yürütülmesinde bu varsayımların bilinmesi önemlidir. Gerçeklik anlayışı birbirinden oldukça farklı yaklaşımların aynı çalışmada gerekçesiz kullanılması araştırmanın ciddiyetine gölge düşürmektedir. Çünkü araştırma paradigmaları, varsayımları ve ilkeleri aracılığıyla bilimsel araştırmalara rehberlik etmektedir. Bu çalışma pozitivizm, Naturalizm ve Pragmatizmin temel varsayımlarını (ontoloji, epistemoloji, aksiyoloji ve metodoloji) inceleyerek araştırma paradigmasına odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmadaki temel amaç araştırmacılara yöntem seçerken aynı zamanda felsefi bir geleneği de benimsediklerini ve (...) çalışma sürecinde bu geleneğe uygun hareket etmelerinin gerekliliğini göstermektir. Sonuç olarak bilimsel araştırma yürüten araştırmacıların yöntem belirlerken aynı zamanda bir inancı, dünya görüşünü de seçtiklerini bilmeleri gerekmektedir. Nicel yaklaşıma uygun yöntem belirleyen bir araştırmacı pozitivist geleneğe uygun olarak gerçekliğin bilinebilir ve genellenebilir olduğunu da kabul ettiğini bilmelidir. Buna karşın nitel yaklaşıma uygun çalışma yürüten bir araştırmacı da gerçekliğin birden fazla olduğunu veya belirsizliğini vurgulayan natüralist yorumlamacı geleneğe uyduğunu bilmesi gerekmektedir. (shrink)

The book titled “Diaries of Sociology” was penned by Dr. Necdet Subaşı and published under the authority of Mahya Press in 2018. Its first edition was published in 2018 and it consists of 41 different articles that have been scripted through the years by Subaşı. In other words, all of the articles placed in this book were presented as collected works. Basically, it is seen that the author evaluates certain issues that societies, face at our present. The articles were written (...) between 2007-2017, and they discuss several issues concerning the concept of family, the nature of religious groups, the relationship between politics and religion, and figures of the religious leader. As the author played a significant role as a moderator during the workshops about Alevi Studies, his writings, on these topics, are very valuable. Having written that religion and language have an influence on the formation of identity as much as each other, Subaşı underlined the importance and role of religion and language in the protection of their Turkish identity for those Turks who lived in a “diaspora”. In this book, he also makes some assertations regarding the position of the role of religion in Turkish modernization in the manner of religion and politics. Additionally, in the last chapter of his book, the exploitation of faith by a terrorist organization during the coup attempt in 2016 is mentioned. Then the weakness of the men working under the service of Religious affairs or departments of Theology who are supposed to sense the danger earlier and warn society was highlighted. Thus, it is necessary to remind at this point that a genuine work of Necdet Subaşı titled "Sosyoloji Günlükleri" contributed academic environment primarily related to the field of Sociology of Religion as it reveals the relations between religion and society in the sense of a sociological perspective. (shrink)

Located at the crossroads of the Eastern and Western world, Turkey today is characterized by a demographically versatile and modernizing society as well as a rapidly developing economy. Currently, the country is negotiating its accession to the European Union. This article yields some factual grounding into the ongoing value-related debate concerning Turkey's potential EU-membership. It describes a mixed-methodology study on moral reasoning in Austria and Turkey. In this study, the arguments given by individuals when evaluating ethically problematic situations in business (...) were compared. Although there were major consistencies, a number of differences were found. These differences, however, were not in the substance of arguments used but in their relative frequency. Overall, our findings suggest that young, well-educated urban individuals from Western Christian and Eastern Islamic countries are highly consistent in their moral reasoning. (shrink)

The present study aims to determine the key antecedents that affect consumers' electric vehicle (EV) purchasing behavior. In this context, the study expanded the existing framework of TPB (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control) by incorporating four new variables (product attributes, cognitive status, monetary incentive policies, and nonmonetary incentive policies). At this point, the study is of great importance in terms of understanding consumers' perspectives on EV purchasing behavior and to help policymakers, businesses, and marketers support sustainable production and consumption (...) by creating effective strategies. In addition, this study conducted in Türkiye, which shares similar consumption behaviors with Middle Eastern, Asian, and European societies, provides valuable insights for a rapid transition to the adoption of EVs. In the study, data were collected from 390 respondents with the survey method and the collected data were analyzed using Smart PLS 4.0 and SPSS 26 statistical software. The findings showed that only attitude together with cognitive status, product attributes, and monetary incentives policy contribute to EV purchasing behavior. In light of these findings, it can be argued that there is a need to increase efforts to develop more positive consumer attitudes toward EVs, to enhance their cognitive status, and to promote product attributes to encourage the widespread adoption of EVs. At the same time, monetary incentives policies are an important element in the adoption of EVs and therefore policymakers need to make great efforts. (shrink)

Introduction: It is essential to detect sacroiliitis earlier to decrease morbidity and unwanted complications such as ankylosing of sacroiliac joints. In recent studies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serves as a key diagnostic tool for identifying sacroiliitis and is now included in the diagnostic criteria. We aim to detect the utility of diffusion-weighted imaging on the MRI in diagnosing sacroiliitis and measure ADC values for the response to treatment in future studies. Materials -methods: There were 39 patients (16 male, 20 female). (...) A 1.5 Tesla MR device with a pelvic coil was used. The sequences were T1 (before and after intravenous contrast administration of gadolinium), T2-weighted fast field echo, short tau inversion recovery (STIR), diffusion-weighted (DW) images, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping. Sacroiliac joints were divided into four quadrants, and two radiologists interpreted all the sequences by giving scores from 0 to 3 depending on bone marrow edema from none to severe. The concordance of scores assigned to STIR, T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced images, ADC mapping, and diffusion-weighted MR images was evaluated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients. Results: A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the activity scores derived from short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and other magnetic resonance (MR) sequences, namely T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced images, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping, and diffusion-weighted MR images. Conclusion: Active bone marrow abnormalities were identified with comparable efficacy using STIR imaging and other MR sequences (T1W-Gad, ADC mapping, DW-MR). In our study, we tried to emphasize the role of the diffusion-weighted images near the other sequences. Diffusion is a fast, easy-applied sequence. After increased experience in the diffusion-weighted images, routine application of this sequence will increase, and even becoming one of the diagnostic criteria will be inevitable. The difference in DWI from the other sequences is that it is measurable. The response to treatment may be followed up by ADC values. (shrink)

Increasingly the business environment is tending toward a global economy. The current study compares the results of the Attitudes Towards Business Ethics Questionnaire (ATBEQ) reported in the literature for samples from the United States of America, Israel, Western Australia, and South Africa to a new sample (n = 125) from Turkey. The results indicate that while there are some shared views towards business ethics across countries, significant differences do exist between Turkey and each of the other countries in the study. (...) Similarities and differences are discussed in terms of the countries' ratings on the Corruption Perceptions Index (as reported by the Internet Center for Corruption Research) and Hofstede's Theory of International Cultures. Recommendations for managers interacting with employees from differing countries are provided. (shrink)

Ercan Çelik, Çocuk, Suç ve Din İlişkisi isimli kitabında sosyolojik bir olgu olarak tanımladığı “suç olgusu” ile toplumun bir parçası olan çocuk ögesi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelerken dinin muhtemel fonksiyonlarına odaklanmaktadır. Yazar bunu gerçekleştirirken “suç” ve “suçluluk” kavramlarının muhtevasına değindikten sonra “suç ve suç olgusuna dair muhtelif teorileri okuyucunun bilgisine sunmaktadır. Ardından, suç olgusunun toplumsal çerçevesini irdeleyip özellikle “çocuk suçlular” veya “suça sürüklenen çocuklar” özelinde çocukların “suçlu mu” yoksa “suça itilmiş/sürüklenmiş mi” oldukları sorgulanmaktadır. Cezaevinde çocuk suçlular ile yapmış olduğu mülakatlara (...) yer vererek, çocukların dindarlık düzeyleri ile suç arasındaki korelâsyona dikkat çekerek suçun oluşumunda dinin caydırıcı rolüne dair bulgular paylaşmaktadır. (shrink)

Over the last several years, democratic citizens and theorists have been grappling with an upsurge in political commentary on the crisis and decline of democratic legitimacy around the world. Increasingly, theoretical attention is turning from the philosophical justification of ambitious moral ideals of democracy, to the interpretation of potentials within existing political practice for democratic renewal and repair. This review article examines three new books at the forefront of this theoretical turn towards engagement with the real-world political dynamics of democratic (...) crisis and revival: Open Democracy by Hélène Landemore; Hope for Democracy by John Gastil and Katherine Knobloch; and Mending Democracy by Carolyn Hendriks, Selen Ercan and John Boswell. It begins by surveying the new contributions of these books – highlighting the importance all attribute to creative political agency as a source of revival in democratic practice. It then discusses several questions left unresolved by these books – concerning the problem of democratic legitimacy, the normativity of democratic standards and the power dynamics undergirding democratic agency – which jointly mark out an important agenda for future theoretical work on pathways out of democratic crisis. (shrink)