Modern bilimin kuruluş sürecinde, Grek menşeli atomcu felsefenin bir etkisinin olup-olmadığı ya da olduysa hangi bakımlardan olduğu bir tartışma konusudur. Söz gelimi E. Burtt, A. Koyré ve T. Kuhn gibi bilim filozofları, modern bilimin kuruluşunda atomcu felsefenin, bariz bir etkisinin olmadığını ileri sürerlerken, A. Chalmers ve D.C. Lindberg gibi düşünürler ise belirli bir düzeyde etkisinin olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, modern bilimin oluşum sürecinde Grek menşeli atomcu öğretinin ne türden bir etki ve öneme sahip olduğunu araştırmaktır. Bu maksatla öncelikle (...) Grek menşeli atomcu öğretinin temel görüş ve tezleri, kısaca ortaya konulmuş daha sonra bu görüşlerin tarihsel süreç içerisindeki seyri betimlenmiş ve nihayetinde bu öğretinin modern dönemde özellikle de P. Gassendi, R. Boyle ve I. Newton gibi düşünürler üzerinde ne türden bir etkisinin olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Nihayetinde modern bilimi nihai formuna ulaştıran düşünürün I. Newton olduğu kabul edildiğinde, Epikuros üzerinden alınan atomcu öğretinin, Newtoncu bilim tasarımını oldukça şekillendirdiği söylenebilir. (shrink)

The subject of human acts has been one of the controversial topics of kalām since the first centuries of Islam. A lot of concerning human acts –from divine attributes to divine decree and destiny, from the issue of good and evil (ḥusn and Qubḥ) to the boundaries of the reasoning, from the accountability with impossible things to the rational accountability, from the topics of substance and accident to causality- has been said and written in the history of Islamic tought. In (...) this study, the subject was discussed especially within the scope of man’s on his own action in connection with the divine knowledge, will, and power. On this issue, the Muʻtazila argues that human beings are independent in doing their good and evil acts with the power that God has given to them because of His will and wisdom, and that the evil actions that they have done cannot be associated with the divine attributes in any way. Sunnī theologians assert that God creates human actions through man’s orginated power. They also arguethat evil acts are not independent of the Divine Creation although human beings are the reason of evil in terms of thier acquisition (kasb) and will (irāda). Nevertheless, the representetives of the Sunnī kalām (Asharites and Māturīdis) differ on their account of acquisition, which expresses man’s agency in his acts. In contrary to the Mātūrīdiya, the Ashʻariya holds that acquisition is a created act of God. On the other hand, the Mashshai (peripatetic) philosophers, who are opposed by teologians on some issues such as divine attributes and the working of activity/acts in nature, consider human’s actions part of the eternal chain of cause-effect that emanate (al fayḍ) from the First Principle. However, according to them, every link of this chain is formed by the divine providence (al-ināyah). They also attribute morally evil acts not to the First Principle which is complete (tām) and full good (hayr), but to agents in the cause-effect chain. In summary, according to both teologians and philosophers, the ultimate source of human acts is the divine will and power. The acts that are morally or religiously evil, are not independent of man’s will. Thus, human beings are accountable for their actions. Philosophers and teologians, who agree on these issues, have explained their views and build their opinions on different concepts and principles. They have shown a very different attitude in their discourse and secondary principles, while all of them basically try to express the same idea. This difference has revealed within the frame of the following questions: Is man’s accountability for his actions because of his created power or will? Can evil actions, which are willed by human beings and therefore created by God, attributed to Him? Does the fact that the world emanates from God, the First Principle, due to His knowledge and essence, necessitate Him to be a willless and ineffective agent, and therefore to be a cause cause that has no effect on man's actions?Although teologians and philosophers have put forward different views in the context of the answers to these questions, they agree on the issues we have mentioned above. As this study shows, there is actually a common purpose in this subject, man’s actions, which causes deep divisions between theologians and philosophers in Islamic history. Primary sources of the study are the basic texts of the schools mentioned above. Additionally, the study were limited to the subject the effect of human on acts. It consists of two parts: the main part and the conclusion part. In the main section, the approaches of schools were examined from two aspects, in in terms of divine attribute and human effectiveness, and in the conclusion section, the common purposes behind the discussions were determined. (shrink)

Bioethics education has remarkably grown across the globe in the last few decades. The data of the UNESCO Global Ethics Observatory proves that bioethics education is a global phenomenon with various bioethics institutions, teaching programs, and academicians. However, this situation does not mean that bioethics education has reached a stable and flawless level. Especially, the effectiveness of bioethics programs or their quality assessment is a major area that should be analyzed through more academic works. For filling that gap, this article (...) aims to formulate a general framework to address the quality standards and indicators in bioethics education. The article adapts Donabedian’s three approaches—structure, process, and outcome— as three levels to measure quality in bioethics education. The proposed model considers the indicators the ultimate quantifiable points by creating a sequential classification as the three levels, main categories, standards, and indicators, which means that it applies an inductive approach following a path from the indicators to the standards, from the standards to the main categories, and from the main categories to the levels in order to reach a conclusion about the effectiveness of each level. (shrink)

The case, which occurred in a public hospital in Turkey in 2005, exhibits a striking dilemma between a mother’s and her fetus’ interests. For a number of reasons, the mother refused to cooperate with the midwives and obstetrician in the process of giving birth, and wanted to leave the hospital. The care providers evaluated the case as a matter of maternal autonomy and asked the mother to give her consent to be discharged from the hospital, which she did despite the (...) fact that her cervix was fully open. She left the hospital and gave birth shortly thereafter. Subsequently, the baby died two days later. In light of the contemporary ethical principles, the mother’s competency could be debatable due to the physical and psychological conditions the mother confronted. Furthermore, protection of the fetus’ life should have been taken into account by the caregivers when making a decision concerning discharging of the mother. (shrink)

Authorship Analysis (AA) is a natural language processing field that examines the previous works of writers to identify the author of a text based on its features. Studies in authorship analysis include authorship identification, authorship profiling, and authorship verification. Due to its relevance, to many applications in this field attention has been paid. It is widely used in the attribution of historical literature. Other applications include legal linguistics, criminal law, forensic investigations, and computer forensics. This paper aims to provide an (...) overview of the work done and the techniques applied in the authorship analysis domain. The examination of recent developments in this field is the principal focus. Many different criteria can be used to define a writer’s style. This paper investigates stylometric features in different author-related tasks, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, structural, and content-specific ones. A lot of classification methods have been applied to authorship analysis tasks. We examine many research studies that use different machine learning and deep learning techniques. As a means of pointing the direction for future studies, we present the most relevant methods recently proposed. The reviewed studies include documents of different types and different languages. In summary, due to the fact that each natural language has its own set of features, there is no standard technique generically applicable for solving the AA problem. (shrink)

Sadece dış dünya değil, düşünülebilir şeyler de ‘var’dır. Bu durumda Varlık ile belirlenmemiş olan, yolu Varlık’tan geçmemiş olan bir şey düşünülemez. Düşünülebilir şeyler arasında yalnızca Hiç’e varlık atfedilemez, zira ona varlık atfedildiği anda o, artık Hiç olmayacaktır. Bu nedenle Heidegger Hiç için ‘Hiçer’ ifadesini kullanır. Yine de bu, Hiçin Varlık soruşturmasında dışarıda bırakılması gerektiği anlamına gelmez. Hiç tam da ‘varlık-sız’ olduğundan Varlığın anlamını soruşturmak için önemli bir perspektif imkânı sunar. Heidegger, ‘varolanlar vardır’ denildiğinde, asıl üzerinde durulması gerekenin ‘vardır’ ifadesi olduğunu (...) düşündüğünden Varlığın anlamını, ‘varolanlardan soyarak’ daha önce yapılmamış bir tarzda soruşturur. Biz de burada onun bu soruşturmada başvurduğu en önemli kavramlardan biri olan Hiç üzerinde duracağız. Heidegger, Varlığın anlamını soruşturmak için Hiçi öyle bir tarzda ele alır ki bu Hiçin sonunda Hiç olarak kalıp kalmayacağından şüphe edebilir ve şunu sorabiliriz: Bir fenomen olarak ele alınan Hiç, tamamen boş ve hatta üzerinde düşünülemeyecek bir Hiçliği mi işaret eder, yoksa o, bir şekilde ele geçirilebilir bir ‘şey’ midir? Bir şekilde tecrübe edilebiliyorsa o, artık Hiç olarak kalabilir mi? Heidegger’e göre Hiç, bir şekilde dünyaya gelerek insan varlığında ele geçirilebilir, öyleyse biz de burada onun Hiçi, Hiç olarak bırakmadığını ve Varlığa taşıdığını savunacağız. (shrink)

In the context of change to the “new modernity” described in Beck’s work, companies develop management modes and methods that focus more and more on individuals. Constitutive of the individualization process, human resources practices have become ambivalent as the process itself. This contribution examines how a managerial and organizational innovation as telework contributes to the process of individualization, and the paradoxes it addresses to management. At the interface of the social and the technical, teleworking appears as a flexible arrangement, meeting (...) employees’ and employer’s demands – which is a characteristic of the process of individualization – by simultaneously fragmenting collectivity, exposing individuals to social risk, and producing exclusion. The authors focus on two consecutive paradoxes of such individualized managerial practices: the individual–collective dilemma and the autonomy–control paradox. Finally, the paper reveals HRM as a new institution of individualization in a world where regulation functions are more and more transferred to individuals themselves. (shrink)

The principle of respect for autonomy requires informing patients adequately and appropriately about diagnoses, treatments, and prognoses. However, some clinical cases may cause ethical dilemmas regarding telling the truth. Under the existence especially of certain cultural, social, and religious circumstances, disclosing all the relevant information to all pertinent parties might create harmful effects. Even though the virtue of telling the truth is unquestionable, sometimes de facto conditions compel physicians to act paternalistically to protect the patient/patients from imminent dangers. This article, (...) which aims to study the issue of whether a physician should always tell the truth, analyzes an interesting case that represents the detection of misattributed paternity during pre-transplant tests for a kidney transplant from the son to the father in Turkey, where social, cultural, and religious factors have considerable impact on marital infidelity. After analyzing the concept of telling the truth and its relationship with paternalism and two major ethical theories, consequentialism and deontology, it is concluded that the value of the integrity of life and survival overrides the value of telling the truth. For this reason, in the case of a high possibility of severe and imminent threats, withholding some information is ethically justifiable. (shrink)

Bu çalışmanın amacı Thomas Kuhn’un bilimsel ilerleme kavrayışının tarihsel süreç içerisinde nasıl değişip ve dönüştüğünü ortaya koymaktır. Kuhn’un 1962 yılında yayınladığı Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı adlı eser, bilim camiasında büyük bir etki yaratır. Hatta bazı çevreler, bu eserle birlikte pozitivist ve realist bilim anlayışlarının tamamen ortadan kalktığını yerine yepyeni bir bilim tasarımının geçtiğini ilan ederler. Kuhn’un bu eserinde ileri sürdüğü en etkili iddialardan birisi de geleneksel birikimsel ilerleme anlayışını reddetmesi, yerine devrimsel ilerlemeyi öne sürmesiydi. Fakat Kuhn süreç içerisinde kendisine yöneltilen eleştirileri (...) bertaraf etmek için görüşlerinde birtakım değişikliğe gider. Kuhn bu değişiklikler sonucunda da ilk etapta savunduğu bilimsel ilerleme anlayışından sapar. Neticede, Kuhn’un 1980 sonrası eserleri dikkate alındığında, onun Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısında ileri sürdüğü devrimsel ilerleme anlayışından uzaklaşıp, Darwinci anlamda evrimsel ilerlemeye yaklaştığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca Kuhn’un bu revizyonlarının sonucunda ilk etapta radikal bir şekilde eleştirdiği pozitivist ve realist bilim anlayışlarına belirli bir düzeyde geri dönüş yaptığı da söylenebilir. (shrink)

In der aktuellen Diskussion werden die Begriffe "Vernunft" und "Rationalität" in Frage gestellt. Mit der "Rationalität" einer Handlung, einer Haltung oder einer Organisation bezeichnet man im Allgemeinen den Erfolg bei der Verwirklichung eines bestimmten Zweckes. Die "instrumentale Rationalität" als Grundlage einer Ethik, für die das Nachdenken über den Wert der Zwecke ohne Belang ist, wurde seit jeher heftig kritisiert. Kant verwendet das Wort "rational" in Bezug auf die Bestimmungsgründe des Willens. Nach Kant sind die Bestimmungsgründe des Willens entweder „subjektiv und (...) empirisch" oder „objektiv und rational". Wenn der Wille "rational" bestimmt wird, so hat dies zur Folge, dass die Personen andere Personen nicht nur als Mittel, sondern auch als Zweck behandeln. Also in der Kantische Ethik weist das Wort "rational" auf ein Wesen hin, das selbst ein Zweck ist und deshalb als solcher behandelt werden soll. Schließlich bedeutet in der Kantischen Ethik das Wort "rational" eine "Rationalität" der Zwecke. (shrink)

Healthcare services should be provided according to contemporary ethical norms that require patients’ active engagement in all the relevant processes. However, authoritarian attitudes and behaviors in healthcare, one of which is paternalism, put patients in a passive role. But, as Avedis Donabedian emphasizes, patients are co-producers of care, reformers of healthcare, informants, and definers and evaluators of quality. Overlooking these significant functions and merely focusing on physicians’ benevolence due to their medical knowledge and skills in the production of healthcare services (...) would leave the fate of patients in the hands of clinicians and impose physicians’ hegemony on patients and their choices. Nevertheless, the concept of co-production is a practical and effective mechanism to redefine the language used in healthcare by recognizing patients as co-producers and equal partners. The application of co-production in healthcare would improve the therapeutic relationship, decrease ethical violations, and promote the patient’s dignity. (shrink)

Bütün zamanların en büyük filozoflarından birisi şüphesiz Platon’dur. Onun varlık, bilgi, etik, estetik ve siyaset gibi alanlara ilişkin yapmış olduğu özgün çalışmalar, çağdaşlarını etkilediği gibi Orta çağ, Yeniçağ ve Yakınçağ üzerinden geçerek, günümüzde dahi birçok düşünür ve akımın şekillenmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Bu noktada Platon’un doğaya ve doğa bilimlerine yönelik görüşleri de önemli olmakla birlikte tartışma konusu olmuştur. Söz gelimi, pozitivist düşünürler Platoncu felsefenin doğa bilimlerine yönelik olumsuz bir tutumunun olduğunu dolayısıyla da bu felsefenin modern doğa bilimlerinin oluşum ve (...) gelişim süreçlerini engellediğini iddia ederler. Buna karşın 20. Yüzyılın başlarından itibaren E.A.Burtt, A.Koyre ve T. Kuhn gibi bazı düşünürler ise Platoncu felsefenin, modern doğa bilimlerinin gelişiminde belirleyici bir rol oynadığını ileri sürerler. Bu birbirine karşıt iddialar dikkate alındığında, Platoncu felsefenin doğa bilimlerine yönelik tutumunun gerçekte ne olduğu bir merak konusu olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın amacı, Platon felsefesi içerisinde doğa bilimlerinin yeri ve öneminin ne olduğunu ve bunun bilhassa modern doğa bilimlerinin oluşum ve gelişimine ne bakımdan bir etkisinin olduğunu incelemektir. Nihayetinde bilimsel etkinliğin metafiziksel yönü esas alındığında Platoncu ve Yeni Platoncu felsefelerin modern bilimin oluşumunda belirleyici bir rol oynadığı söylenebilir. (shrink)

This paper examines student teachers? perceptions of the course of school experience in a teacher education programme in Turkey. Data were obtained through interviewing student teachers in Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey. In order to analyse the data, Strauss and Corbin?s grounded theory methodology was adapted. The analysis revealed that although the current teacher education programme put emphasis on effective practical training, in some circumstances student teachers feel that their chances of gaining real teaching experiences are minimal. The study suggests (...) that there is a need for further strengthening the existing school?university partnership in teacher education. (shrink)

Compassion is an essential phenomenon in the therapeutic relationship, and some use it to justify physician-assisted dying practices. The value of compassion in the relationship between healthcare professionals and patients is undeniable. However, different approaches to its definition and scope can lead to distinct conclusions about the role of compassion in end-of-life interventions. In this context, the paper aims to compare Mahatma Gandhi’s and Aristotle’s views on compassion to explore whether it can be utilized to justify physician-assisted dying. Gandhi’s thoughts (...) on compassion and Aristotle’s standpoint on virtues and vices demonstrate that Gandhi evaluates this concept as a moral duty to relieve intractable suffering, whereas Aristotle relies on balancing all virtues through relevant deficiencies and excesses. Therefore, even though Gandhi’s opinion on compassion can for allow assisted dying interventions, Aristotle’s idea of virtues and vices restricts compassion to a scope that alleviates suffering through available means without causing death. (shrink)

Kidney transplantation is a lifesaving medical treatment. However, very high demand for kidneys with low kidney donation causes a black market that exploits patients’ desperation and donors’ vulnerability. The current kidney donation programs fail to produce promising results to avoid illegal and unethical kidney trafficking and commercialism. Even though the primary goal of kidney donation is to increase the number of deceased organ donations, in some countries, like Turkey, due to religious or cultural concerns, it is impossible to supply adequate (...) deceased kidney donations. In this view, the aim of this paper is to examine kidney trafficking in the scope of Turkey's current organ donation system and propose a new model, named the Incentivized Kidney Donation Model (IKDM), to increase kidney donation from living donors. The model encompasses the following benefits offered to kidney donors; lifetime health insurance, exemptions from copayments/contribution shares, priority when receiving an organ, priority when finding a job, income tax exemptions for salaried employees, and free or discounted public utilities. This normative model has the potential to promote donors’ altruistic acts as well as the solidarity and loyalty among members of a society without violating ethical values and internationally accepted principles. (shrink)

İnsanlık, başlangıcından bu yana bir takım varoluşsal soru ve problemlerle karşı karşıya kalmış ve bunlara mantıklı cevaplar bulmaya çalışmıştır. Bu soruların en başında evrenin kökeni ve ortaya çıkışıyla alakalı sorular gelmektedir. Felsefe Tarihi bağlamında evrenin ezeliliği ve yaratılmışlığı hususunda fikirler ortaya koyan ilk ve en etkili filozofun Aristoteles olduğu söylenebilir. Aristoteles, Antik Yunan düşüncesinin genel kabulü çerçevesinde evrenin ezeli olduğuna inanmış ve bunu farklı şekillerde ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır. Daha sonraki dönemlerde de bu tartışma ezelilik ve yaratıcılık üzerinden varlığını sürdürmüştür. Ezelilik (...) anlayışına en çok karşı çıkanlar yaratıcı tanrı anlayışına sahip filozoflar olmuştur. İslam Felsefesi içerisinde kabul edilen Yahudi filozof İbn Meymûn adıyla meşhur Musa b. Meymûn (Maimonides) da evrenin ezeli olduğu fikrine karşı çıkmış ve yaratılmış evren fikrini savunmuştur. Bu çerçevede Aristoteles’in düşüncelerine katılmadığını belirtmiştir. Bu bağlamda İbn Meymûn, evrenin yaratılmışlığı hususunda teistik düşüncedeki diğer filozoflardan farklı sayılabilecek ancak çok da açık olmayan bir cevap ortaya koymuştur. (shrink)