Mechanistic models are built using knowledge as the primary information source, with well-established biological and physical laws determining the causal relationships within the model. Once the causal structure of the model is determined, parameters must be defined in order to accurately reproduce relevant data. Determining parameters and their values is particularly challenging in the case of models of pathophysiology, for which data for calibration is sparse. Multiple data sources might be required, and data may not be in a uniform or (...) desirable format. We describe a calibration strategy to address the challenges of scarcity and heterogeneity of calibration data. Our strategy focuses on parameters whose initial values cannot be easily derived from the literature, and our goal is to determine the values of these parameters via calibration with constraints set by relevant data. When combined with a covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy, this step-by-step approach can be applied to a wide range of biological models. We describe a stepwise, integrative and iterative approach to multiscale mechanistic model calibration, and provide an example of calibrating a pathophysiological lung adenocarcinoma model. Using the approach described here we illustrate the successful calibration of a complex knowledge-based mechanistic model using only the limited heterogeneous datasets publicly available in the literature. (shrink)

Humans’ interactions with each other or with socially competent machines exhibit lawful coordination patterns at multiple levels of description. According to Coordination Dynamics, such laws specify the flow of coordination states produced by functional synergies of elements (e.g., cells, body parts, brain areas, people…) that are temporarily organized as single, coherent units. These coordinative structures or synergies may be mathematically characterized as informationally coupled self-organizing dynamical systems (Coordination Dynamics). In this paper, we start from a simple foundation, an elemental model (...) system for social interactions, whose behavior has been captured in the Haken-Kelso-Bunz (HKB) model. We follow a tried and tested scientific method that tightly interweaves experimental neurobehavioral studies and mathematical models. We use this method to further develop a body of empirical research that advances the theory toward more generalized forms. In concordance with this interdisciplinary spirit, the present paper is written both as an overview of relevant advances and as an introduction to its mathematical underpinnings. We demonstrate HKB’s evolution in the context of social coordination along several directions, with its applicability growing to increasingly complex scenarios. In particular, we show that accommodating for symmetry breaking in intrinsic dynamics and coupling, multiscale generalization and adaptation are principal evolutions. We conclude that a general framework for social coordination dynamics is on the horizon, in which models support experiments with hypothesis generation and mechanistic insights. (shrink)

A number of multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) and commodity roundtables have been created since the 1990s to respond to the growing criticism of agriculture’s environmental and social impacts. Driven by private and global-scale actors, these initiatives are setting global standards for sustainable agricultural practices. They claim to follow the new standard-making virtues of inclusiveness and consensus and base their legitimacy on their claim of balanced representation of, and participation by, all categories of stakeholders. This principle of representing a wide range of (...) interests with a balance of power is at the heart of a new type of action that forms part of a broader political liberal model for building coalitions of interest groups. The intention of this symposium is to assess the nature of processes and outcomes of this model while paying particular attention to the forms of inclusion and exclusion they generate. In this introduction, we highlight the differences in theoretical approaches to analyzing MSIs and the manifestation of power through them. We distinguish between more traditional political–economy approaches and approaches concerned with ideational and normative power, such as convention theory. We discuss some of the main paradoxes of MSIs related to their willingness to be “inclusive” and at the same time their exclusionary or “closure” effects due in part to interactions with existing political economic contexts and embedded power inequalities, as well as more subtle manifestations of power linked to the favoring of some forms of knowledge and engagement over others. (shrink)

Since the beginning of the new millennium, initiatives known as roundtables have been developed to create voluntary sustainability standards for agricultural commodities. Intended to be private and voluntary in nature, these initiatives claim their legitimacy from their ability to ensure the participation of all categories of stakeholders in horizontal participatory and inclusive processes. This article characterizes the political and material instruments employed as the means of formulating agreement and taking a variety of voices into consideration in these arenas. Referring to (...) the specific case of the “Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil”, I undertake a detailed analysis of the tensions relating to different forms of participation, which create a gap between “local minority voices” and international stakeholders—either non-governmental organizations or industries. Local communities and small-scale farmers face difficulties when making their voices heard in the form of debate proposed. Firstly, some participants attempt to re-impose a vertical hierarchical relationship between small-scale farmers or affected communities and company managers/directors in order to deprive the former of their powers of representation and of being able to transform reality. Secondly, the liberalism of interest groups in the roundtable accords value to experts, global knowledge, strategy, and detachment, at the expense of other capabilities of rooted or attached people who come to defend their real lives with a desire to raise critical issues of injustice. In this context, I highlight the capacity of local NGOs to relieve some of those tensions and to help locally affected communities and small-scale farmers introduce public stages for debates, by accommodating other forms of participation apart from the liberal one. By being close to and by restoring their dignity through a specific work of solicitude and care, local NGOs prepare affected people for public speaking. (shrink)

"La pensée tragique traverse l'irréductible déchirure de l'homme, considérant, outre les tourments auxquels il est exposé, sa vocation, comme celle de toute chose, à la mort et à l'oubli. Décidée à cheminer loin des rivages consolants, unetelle pensée se recommande, selon Clément Rosset, d'une logique du pire, s'efforçant d'appréhender le réel dans sa présence singulière et chaotique, où chaque existence, émergence hasardeuse et éphémère, n'est arrimée à rien. Nous avons tenté de repérer les points d'impact de cette logique. Il s'est (...) agi tout d'abord de penser l'épreuve de la condition humaine : découverte de celle-ci sous son jour précaire, l'enracinant au sein du réel destructeur. Nous avons envisagé ensuite les implications de cette traversée première, interrogeant la possibilité du suicide et celle de l'approche religieuse de notre destin. Si l'idée du suicide représente un important sas de liberté pour l'existant, la pensée tragique ne prône pourtant pas le passage à l'acte, celui-ci constituant, au fond, une tentative de neutralisation de la mort, plutôt qu'un véritable affrontement de notre finitude. Elle ne s'inscrit pas, non plus, dans la perspective de la foi religieuse, y discernant, quelle que puisse être la profondeur de son inspiration, une façon d'éluder l'impact de notre mortalité intime et la dureté de notre présence au monde. Dès lors, avons-nous essayé de cerner les contours d'une sagesse tragique. Invitation à un accueil sans partage de la totalité tragique du réel, sollicitant une attention aiguë à l'instant présent, reconnaissant aussi dans l'humour et dans la joie, plus encore, l'écho gracieux d'une capacité de jubilation à même de résister à la peine."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Paris : Societas Artistarum : Association pour la recherche et la publication d’études sur la Faculté des arts.

Five years ago, an article co-written by some of us presented an emerging trend to disclose some individual genetic results to research participants within the international research community. At the time, ethical norms and scholarly publications on the return of results often did not distinguish between the return of research results in general and the return of unexpected results. Both technologies and research practices have evolved significantly. Today whole genome and exome sequencing are increasingly affordable and frequently used in genetic (...) research. Because these techniques produce a vast amount of interpretable and non-interpretable data about an individual, the issue of how to manage information generated by such technologies needs to be considered. However, the development of international ethical guidelines has not kept up with the rapid pace of technological progress. Indeed developments in genomic biobanking also challenge the duty to disclose research results. (shrink)

ObjectivesIn 2015, the Province of Quebec, Canada passed a law that allowed voluntary active euthanasia. Palliative care stakeholders in Canada have been largely opposed to euthanasia, yet there is little research about their views. The research question guiding this study was the following: How do palliative care physicians in Quebec position themselves regarding the practice of VAE in the context of the new provincial legislation?MethodsWe used interpretive description, an inductive methodology to answer research questions about clinical practice. A total of (...) 18 palliative care physicians participated in semistructured interviews at two university-affiliated hospitals in Quebec.ResultsParticipants positioned themselves in opposition to euthanasia. Their justifications were framed within their professional commitment to not hasten death, which sat in tension with the value of patients’ autonomy to choose how to die. Participants described VAE as unacceptable if it impeded opportunities to evaluate and alleviate suffering. Further, they contested government rhetoric that positioned VAE as a way to improve end-of-life care. Participants felt that VAE would diminish the potential of palliative care to relieve suffering. Dilemmas were apparent in their narratives, about reconciling respect for patient autonomy with broader palliative care values, and the value of accompanying and not abandoning patients who make requests for VAE while being committed to neither prolonging nor hastening death.ConclusionsThis study provides insight into nuanced positions of experienced palliative care physicians in Quebec and confirms expected tensions between an important stakeholder and the practice of VAE as guided by the new legislation. (shrink)

Paying more attention to the rhetorical side of argumentation raises epistemological questions. In this article I argue that rhetoric has to be an integral part of argumentative models if such models are to be considered rational. In other words, I claim that rhetoric is a necessary condition for argumentation studies. I am aware that this view may appear provocative. I hope to show that it is not the case, if we consider rationality to be a concept that encompasses more than (...) just a strictly logical way of thinking. Indeed, I would like to defend a humanistic conception of rationality as the background for a theory of rhetoric in order to underscore the specific rationality of the humanist frame of thinking for a .. (shrink)

Cet article propose une nouvelle enquête sur l ’ ancien concept de preuve rhétorique. Seront examinées les notions suivantes : le tekmerion (l ’ indice), le paradeigma (l ’ exemple) et le topos (lieu), afin d ’ éclairer leur lien apparemment paradoxal avec la persuasion et la validité. Le propos est de montrer qu ’ un tel paradoxe peut être résolu grâce à une conception stratifiée de la rationalité, où la raison archaïque soutient la persuasion, tandis que la raison moderne (...) fonde la validité. (shrink)

The 9th Alter Conference organised by the EHESP School of Public Health (Rennes, France) and Alter Society, on April 8 and 9, 2021, was devoted to questioning the construct of the concept of normality. More specifically, we wanted to challenge the common view which, rather covertly structures our societies, according to which being “valid” is the norm, in two often compounded ways, of being the most widespread and the most desirable situation. This view is expounded in the notion of “ableism”...

En dépit des déclarations fracassantes sur le « tabou » qui pèserait en France sur l’histoire de la colonisation, celle-ci se porte bien. Les recherches se sont multipliées dans les vingt dernières années et elles sont à l’origine d’une production bien insérée dans les revues et en bonne place sur les tables des librairies. Au fil d’échanges nourris avec les réseaux anglophones, ces recherches se sont postcolonialisées de façon critique et participent de plain pied aux débats de la « nouvelle (...) histoire impériale ». L’histoire de la colonisation est enseignée dans le secondaire et à l’université et là aussi la discordance est flagrante entre des débats publics qui dénoncent sempiternellement sa marginalisation, ou au contraire sa surreprésentation, et une diffusion active reposant notamment sur la traduction de travaux influents comme l’important programme de recherche formulé au cours des années 1990 par Frederick Cooper et Ann Stoler. Dès lors, comment relier ces trois éléments : le discret mais solide épanouissement académique de l’histoire de la colonisation depuis la fin des années 1990, la virulente controverse ouverte à partir de 2005 autour des études postcoloniales et un sens commun qui s’est approprié ce terme séduisant, mais qui peine à lui donner un contenu allant au-delà de la fausse évidence d’une distanciation mécaniquement produite par l’usure du temps? (shrink)

Today's world is post-colonial and post-Cold War. These twin characteristics explain why international society is also riddled with the two major forms of injustice which Nancy Fraser identified as afflicting national societies. First, the economic and social disparities between states caused outcry in the 1950s when the first steps were taken towards decolonisation. These inequalities, to which a number of emerging states now contribute, are still glaring and still pose the problem of the gap between formal equality and true equality. (...) Second, international society is increasingly confronted with culture- and identity-related claims, stretching the dividing line between equality and difference. The less-favoured states, those that feel stigmatised, but also native peoples, ethnic groups, minorities and women now aspire to both legal recognition of their equal dignity and the protection of their identities and cultures. Some even seek reparation for injustices arising from the past violation of their identities and the confiscation of their property or land. In answer to these two forms of claim, the subjects of international society have come up with two types of remedy encapsulated in legal rules: the law of development and the law of recognition. These two sets of rights are neither wholly autonomous and individualised branches of law nor formalised sets of rules. They are imperfect and have their dark side. Yet they can be seen as the first milestones towards what might become a fairer international society; one that is both equitable (as an answer to socio-economic injustice) and decent (as an answer to cultural injustice). This book explores this evolution in international society, setting it in historical perspective and examining its presuppositions and implications. (shrink)

Quelles formes prennent les dispositifs marchands dits «populaires»? À partir de l'exemple des magasins Tati de Barbès, dans le 18e arrondissement de Paris, l'article examine les conditions sociales et historiques du développement de cette enseigne et propose une analyse des modes de sociabilité à l'oeuvre chez Tati en particulier et à Barbès en général. Il montre enfin en quoi cet espace social particulier a contribué, dans les années 1990, à l'avènement du « chic-popu ».The author examines the so-called "popular" shopping (...) networks and facilities. Taking the example of the Tati stores in Barbès, in the 18th district of Paris, she examines the social and historic conditions of the development of this brand, and offers an analysis of the different types of social relations at work at Tati in particular and Barbes in general. Lastly, she demonstrates how this particular social environment contributed to the arrival of "popular-chic" in the nineties. (shrink)

In this paper, we provide an analysis about the relationship between expert and pragmatic categories used to name and categorize social space, from the point of view of the social hierarchies that structure it. Taking the case of Chile, and applying an experimental simulation methodology, we seek to contribute to the epistemological debate about the representations that individuals elaborate about social space, from a cognitive and interactionist perspective of everyday life. We analyse in particular the scope of the concept of (...) social class as an element of expert description of social reality, but also as a categorization used by ordinary subjects. We argue that although classifications used by ordinary people to describe members of society are not consistent with the most common academic class schemes, they nevertheless share the same logic and ranking system, adding evaluative and normative elements to the cognitive distinction, in the social construction of reality. En este artículo, presentamos un análisis acerca de la relación entre categorías expertas y categorías pragmáticas usadas para nombrar y categorizar el espacio social, desde el punto de vista de las jerarquías sociales que lo estructuran. Tomando el caso de Chile y aplicando una metodología experimental de simulación, aportamos al debate epistemológico acerca de las representaciones que los sujetos sociales elaboran acerca del espacio social, desde una perspectiva cognitiva e interaccionista situada en la vida cotidiana de las personas. Analizamos en especial el alcance del concepto de clase social en cuanto elemento de descripción experta de la realidad social, contrastándolo con la categorización de la misma de parte de sujetos comunes y corrientes. Postulamos que si bien las clasificaciones que ocupan las personas comunes y corrientes para describir a los integrantes de la sociedad no se condicen con las clasificaciones académicas más comunes, comparten sin embargo las mismas lógicas clasificatorias de jerarquización y ordenamiento, agregándose a la distinción cognitiva elementos normativos que aportan a la construcción social de la realidad. (shrink)

La mesure d'audience, comme toute statistique, est une construction qui tente de rendre compte du réel. Elle constitue une application des sondages et doit son originalité à ses implications économiques, puisque les résultats d'audience constituent la clé de répartition de la manne publicitaire et conditionnent la viabilité de la plupart des supports. Si la notion d'audience est simple , la définition de cette «exposition» et la manière de la relever sont problématiques. D'où un certain nombre de conventions, différentes selon les (...) médias, pour aboutir à une délimitation plausible des faits d'audience, malgré la multiplicité des modalités selon lesquelles un individu est susceptible d'entrer en contact avec un média et les contraintes inhérentes au recueil d'information.Audience measurement, like any other form of statistics, is a construction which tries to report reality. It consists of an application of surveys and owes its originality to its economical involvement, since audience results are seen as the key to the distribution of advertising revenue and also condition the economical viability of most media. The notion of audience is relatively simple but the definition of this "exposure" and the methods required to survey it remain problematical. Thus one may conclude that a certain amount of conventions exist to help reach a plausible delimitation of audience facts, despite the multiplicity of means by which an individual is likely to come into contact with a media and the constraints inherent to the information collected. (shrink)

De nombreux enfants sont confrontés à des violences intrafamiliales de forme, nature et origine différentes. Elles peuvent susciter des vécus émotionnels susceptibles de constituer des expériences traumatiques et avoir des effets délétères à long terme sur leur développement et leur vie psychique, particulièrement lorsqu’elles sont répétées et subies à un âge précoce. Inscrit principalement dans le référentiel de la métapsychologie psychanalytique, cet article propose une présentation de la clinique des troubles relationnels qui peuvent mettre en danger ou en échec l’offre (...) de soins psychiques. À partir de cas cliniques issus de la pratique en hôpital de jour puis en réseau libéral de l’auteure, psychologue clinicienne et psychothérapeute, cet article propose des pistes d’aménagement du dispositif et du projet thérapeutique afin de soutenir la relance des processus et des fonctions psychiques demeurés en latence et le traitement élaboratif des expériences traumatiques. (shrink)

Dès 1890, aux Etats-Unis, des philosophes et des psychologues se sont intéressés au social et à aux pratiques vivantes. Tournés vers les usages du langage, ces philosophes pragmaticiens, Dewey, James, Mead, et bien sûr Peirce, engagent la philosophie vers l'action, le quotidien, la parole. Nous leur devons sans doute une nouvelle manière de concevoir la philosophie et sa méthode, un souci de l'interdisciplinarité et une pensée construite à partir de ce qu'elle apprend sur le terrain des pratiques.

This study examines to what extent perceived corporate social responsibility reduces employee cynicism, and whether trust plays a mediating role in the relationship between CSR and employee cynicism. Three distinct contributions beyond the existing literature are offered. First, the relationship between perceived CSR and employee cynicism is explored in greater detail than has previously been the case. Second, trust in the company leaders is positioned as a mediator of the relationship between CSR and employee cynicism. Third, we disaggregate the measure (...) of CSR and explore the links between this and with employee cynicism. Our findings illustrate that the four distinct dimensions of CSR of Carroll are indirectly linked to employee cynicism via organizational trust. In general terms, our findings will help company leaders to understand employees’ counterproductive reactions to an organization, the importance of CSR for internal stakeholders, and the need to engage in trust recovery. (shrink)

Un spectre hante l'Université française : celui de la déconstruction. Créé par Jacques Derrida à la fin des années 1960, ce concept est devenu, dans l'esprit des réactionnaires de tout poil, le mot-valise désignant tout ce qu'ils haïssent dans la pensée, lorsque celle-ci cherche à émanciper davantage qu'à ordonner. Dégénérescence de la culture, mépris pour les grandes œuvres, délire interprétatif, amphigouri linguistique, danger politique, confusion sexuelle, licence morale : à en croire les ennemis de la déconstruction, tout ce qui va' (...) mal dans le monde lui est imputable. Que signifie la fixation frénétique d'une frange d'intellectuels sur tout ce qui peut ressembler à une pensée différente, inventive et fondamentalement démocratique? Que cela signifie-t-il, si ce n'est la volonté de policer la pensée et ses institutions, pour mieux, ensuite, policer les corps? Telle est l'interrogation qui a présidé au colloque "Qui a peur de la déconstruction?", qui s'est tenu à l'École normale supérieure et à la Sorbonne en janvier 2023. En voici les actes."--Cover page 4. (shrink)

L’utilitarisme de Bentham transforme profondément la doctrine antérieure de la liberté de parole en la mettant au service de la recherche de la vérité et en réfléchissant à la portée du contrôle exercé par le gouvernement. Il préserve la distinction entre les affirmations portant sur des opinions et celles portant sur des faits et accorde aux premières une moindre protection. Comme l’avait fait son père James Mill, John Stuart Mill conserve cette distinction dans ses écrits de jeunesse mais ces analyses (...) souffrent de faiblesses logiques et de naïveté politique. Dans De la liberté, John Stuart Mill cherche à dépasser ces difficultés et propose une nouvelle défense de la liberté d’expression en tant que liberté de délibération. Contrairement à la plupart des interprétations, cet article démontre que cette nouvelle approche ne remet pas en cause la distinction fondamentale entre l’expression des opinions (qui sont protégées de façon absolue) et les affirmations portant sur des faits, qui ne sont protégées que de façon contingente, ce qui laisse ouverte la possibilité de restreindre l’expression d’affirmations fausses portant sur des faits. (shrink)

Ένας αρχαϊκός θησαυρός στο ιερό του Απόλλωνα (Θησαυρός 5): αρχιτεκτονική μελέτη Στο άρθρο αυτό παρουσιάζεται η αρχιτεκτονική μελέτη ενός από τα αρχαιότερα κτίρια του ιερού του Απόλλωνα στη Δήλο, του Θησαυρού 5. Ο θησαυρός βρίσκεται στα βόρεια του ιερού του Απόλλωνα και είναι το δυτικότερο από τα πέντε μνημεία που οικοδομήθηκαν γύρω από τον Πώρινο ναό. Η μελέτη ξεκινά με την παρουσίαση των κτιρίων αυτών, που θεωρούνται ως οίκοι. Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο είναι αφιερωμένο στο αρχαιότερο από τα κτίρια αυτά, το (...) Θησαυρό 5 αναφέρονται επίσης οι προηγούμενες μελέτες για το μνημείο αυτό. Εξετάζεται ιδιαιτέρως και απορρίπτεται, η υπόθεση του R. Vallois για την ύπαρξη μιας κλασικής φάσης του Θησαυρού 5. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο προτείνεται η αποκατάσταση της αρχικής φάσης του δωρικού αυτού κτιρίου, το οποίο χρονολογείται γύρω στο 550 π. Χ. με βάση την τεχνική κατασκευής των θεμελίων και το στυλ του κίονά του. Το ζήτημα της ταύτισης του κτιρίου και τα κριτήρια χρονολόγησης εκτίθενται στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο. Στο πρώτο από τα δύο παραρτήματα παρουσιάζονται οι επτά λίθοι που ο R. Vallois είχε προτείνει να αποδοθούν στην κλασική φάση του μνημείου. (shrink)

Thoughtprints Anne E. Berger andMarta Segarra I admit to it in the name of autobiography and in order to confide in you the following: [...] I have a particularly animalist perception and interpretation of what I do, think, write, live, ...

Patient decision-making autonomy refers to the patients’ ability to freely exert their own choices and make their own decisions, given sufficient resources and information to do so. In pain medicine, it is accepted that appropriate beneficial management aims to propose an individualized treatment plan shared with the patients, as agents, to help them live as autonomously as possible with their pain. However, are patients in chronic pain centers sufficiently autonomous to participate in the therapeutic decisions that concern them? As this (...) question still remains unanswered, a pilot study was set up to that aim. Over a 2-month period, first-time patients within a tertiary multidisciplinary pain center underwent a systematic evaluation of their autonomy using the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T), considered the benchmark tool for measuring a patient’s ability to consent to treatment. Demographic data and pain characteristics of the patients were collected and their respective attending pain physicians were asked to clinically assess their patients’ degree of autonomy. Another physician, who had not participated in the initial patient evaluation, subsequently administered the MacCAT-T questionnaire to the same patients. Twenty-seven patients were included during the study period (21 women and 6 men), with an average age of 50 years. The average duration of pain was 8 years. Based on their clinical experience, the 4 different pain physicians in charge of these patients considered that out of 25 assessed patients, 22 of them (89%) had full decision-making capacity, with no deficit in autonomy. According to the MacCAT-T results, only 13 of these 25 patients (48%) had no deficit, while 7 (26%) had a major deficit in autonomy. The only patient characteristic that appeared to be related to autonomy was pain type, specifically nociplastic pain. The average time taken to complete the test was 20 min, and patients were very satisfied with the interview. Results from the present pilot study suggest that patients suffering from chronic pain do not appear to be entirely autonomous in their decision to consent to the proposed treatment plan according to the MacCAT-T questionnaire, and physicians seem to find it difficult to properly assess this competence in a clinical setting. Further studies with larger samples are needed to better evaluate this concept to improve the complex management of these patients. (shrink)

Pain, as Emily Dickinson aptly described, “has an element of blank.” It is perhaps the most universal human experience, yet even in its most visceral and all-consuming forms, pain defies descriptio...

Name der Zeitschrift: Klio Jahrgang: 99 Heft: 1 Seiten: 373-380.

This paper examines the ethical issues of the inclusion of workers with disabilities in the workplace with a cross-fertilization approach between organization studies, the ethics of care, and a movement from the field of architecture and design that is called Universal Design (UD). It explores how organizations can use UD to develop more inclusive workplaces, first by applying UD principles to workspaces and second by showing how UD implies an integrative understanding of inclusion from the workspace to the workplace. Moreover, (...) this paper discusses the ethical challenges and complexities that this design practice faces in regard to its applicability to diverse organizations and industries. Finally, this paper demonstrates that inclusion requires abandoning any notion of a perfect, productive body and, therefore, recognizing our shared vulnerability and fundamental interdependence in the workplace. (shrink)