Topology change is discussed as a barrier penetration process and illustrated by explicit calculations in Witten's Kaluza-Klein bubble geometry. Initial values are given for other bubble geometries, including ones with negative total mass.

Tropical forest conservation in developing countries has repeatedly been highlighted as a new element in international climate policy. However, no clear ideas yet exist as to what shape such a conservation strategy might take. In the present paper, we would like to make some observations to this end. It is shown how projects in order to reduce CO 2 -emissions resulting from deforestation and degradation (REDD) can be integrated into a system of tradable emission rights in an industrialised country and (...) which requirements ought to be fulfilled. Instruments are emission credits and emission allowances. Driving actors interested in emission rights through forest projects may be private investors or the rainforest state itself. The efficiency of the system depends on a great extent on a binding reference path for the tolerable emissions from deforestation, which has been agreed upon and adhered to by the rainforest country by means of a forest law aimed at limiting deforestation. Our considerations lead us to conclude that the national baseline approach with an appropriate contribution by the rainforest country coupled with a decentralised system with private investors seems the most viable option. Since additional burdens are imposed on the rainforest country to some extent, a compromise could consist of agreeing on a moderate deforestation path, which is harmonised with the benefits from the forest projects. Combining both programmes (offset credits and emission allowances) is particularly attractive because all participants, and especially the industrialised country, benefit from it. The industrialised country can expand its climate conservation programme without any additional costs to a certain degree. (shrink)

There are reasons for reservations with respect to the postulated function of Broca's area. Evidence for the psychological reality of the relevant traces does not exist. In addition, because the syntax of non- (or partly) configurational languages is not described in terms of empty categories, no receptive agrammatism should be observed in these languages. Aphasia should not be examined in isolation from its cognitive components.

Hermann Samuel Reimarus war eine der bekanntesten und einflussreichsten Persönlichkeiten der deutschen Hochaufklärung. Er lehrte ab 1723 am Gymnasium Johanneum in Hamburg und beschäftigte sich hauptsächlich mit klassischer und orientalischer Philologie. In den 1750ern erschienen seine philosophischen Hauptwerke, „Die vornehmsten Wahrheiten der natürlichen Religion", „Die Vernunftlehre" und die „Allgemeinen Betrachtungen über die Triebe der Thiere", in denen er als Deist, scharfsinniger Naturgelehrter und eigenständiger Logiker hervortrat. Sie stießen auf starkes Interesse und weite Verbreitung über die Grenzen der deutschsprachigen Länder hinweg, (...) wobei ihr klarer und populärer Stil geschätzt wurde. Allerdings wirkte allein seine bibelkritische, nur in Auszügen herausgegebene Schrift „Apologie oder Schutzschrift für die vernünftigen Verehrer Gottes" auch über die Diskussionen des 18. Jahrhunderts hinaus, indem sie Religionskritik wie Theologie bis ins 20. Jahrhundert wiederholt beeinflusste. Der Band gibt einen Gesamtüberblick über das Werk von Reimarus. In Einzelbeiträgen wird dessen Gehalt erschlossen und jeweils durch Rekurs auf die zeitgenössischen philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Diskussionen kontextualisiert. (shrink)

Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Volume 45, Issue 1-2, Page 200-201, June 2022.

In the first person singular of the athematic middle optative in the R̥ gveda, there is strong metrical evidence that the poets knew and used forms in *-iy-a along- side the morphologically regular forms in -īy-a. I argue that the forms in *-iy-a are older and developed from PIE *-ih1-h2e by regular sound change, whereas the younger ones in -īy-a result from morphological regularization. The phonological development of *-ih1-h2e > *-iy-a provides further evidence for the historical phonology of “laryngeals” and (...) geminate consonants in the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European. (shrink)

In the previous issue of Analyse & Kritik (2020, vol. 42, issue 1) Alexander Vostroknutov (3-39) aims at a ‘synthesis’ of economics with ‘psychology, sociology, and evolutionary human biology.’ This paper argues that his approach needs to be complemented at least by work from sociologists and social psychologists. Starting with problems of defining and measuring norms it is then claimed that a theory of norms should address the origin, change and effects of norms and model micromacro processes. This should also (...) be the goal of a theory of institutions (which are defined here as sets of norms-norms in the sense of accepting oughtness statements). We show how the social psychological value expectancy theory can be applied to model the variety of incentives that could play a role in explaining the effects of norms. Regarding the origin Coleman’s theory of norms is applied to show how Vostroknutov’s dissatisfaction-norms hypothesis can be improved. (shrink)

Unbemerkt von der internationalen Philosophie gibt es seit fast dreißig Jahren eine deutsche Debatte über die Frage, ob die Hauptthese des Fallibilismus – keine Aussage ist sicher – widersprüchlich sei. Wir werden zeigen, daß diese Debatte auf beiden Seiten an begrifflichen Unklarheiten und fehlenden Unterscheidungen leidet. Die insbesondere von Karl-Otto Apel und Wolfgang Kuhlmann vorgetragenen Vorwürfe der Selbstimmunisierung und der Gehaltlosigkeit des Fallibilismus erweisen sich als unbegründet. Daraus folgt allerdings nicht, daß der von Hans Albert und Herbert Keuth verteidigte Fallibilismus (...) wirklich haltbar ist. (shrink)