Ever since Machery et al. first decided to test whether non-philosophers assign reference in accordance with the causal-historical account, the reference of proper names has been tested by means of setups modelled on Kripke’s Gödel and Jonah cases. Over the years, the use of these setups as a means to test theories of reference has attracted much criticism. However, previous follow-up studies have supposedly accounted for these criticisms, for the most part without changing the original outcome. We conducted experiments suggesting (...) that participants’ responses in these setups never tracked what they are supposed to track. In our study, we tested the setup itself by using analogues of different setups modelled on Kripke’s Gödel and Jonah cases. Instead of proper names, our analogues featured terms for which we have independent reason to believe that the causal-historical account is not true. The analogues elicited large proportions of supposed causal-historical responses. (shrink)

Samuel Scheffler has identified two important objections to associative obligations, the voluntarist objection and the distributivist objection. The voluntarist is concerned about protecting the autonomy of the agent who is supposed to have associative obligations. However, the appropriate account of the source of associative obligations reveals that they pose no threat to autonomy, if we understand autonomy in a weak rather than a strong sense. The distributivist is worried about the claims of outsiders being ignored as the result of insiders (...) having associative obligations to one another. This objection loses much of its force when we understand the genuine implications of associative obligations. (shrink)

A superb compilation that explores the history, major topics, and controversies in philosophical work on friendship. It gives an overview and in-depth exploration of the connections between friendship and the history of philosophy, morality, practical rationality, value theory, and interpersonal relationships more generally.

Businesses that maintain ethical standards have an advantage in the marketplace based on the increasing interest of consumers in products that have a social and ethical component. Fair trade organisations that adopt environmental, social and ethical principles in trading are in a good position to make the most of this growing interest in the market. However, it is unclear whether fair trade organisations are taking full advantage of emerging market opportunities for ethically traded products. This research explores this issue by (...) describing the business strategies of three fair trade organisations that import and sell craft goods into Western countries and evaluates them in the context of this growing market. The research findings indicate that in order to remain in business, fair trade craft organisations have had to adopt better business practices in recent years, improving quality, customer service and product offerings to customers. However, growth appears to be limited, as distribution remains focused on a small, niche market. This paper explores the distribution strategies of two fair trade commodity organisations that are successfully reaching a wider customer base, demonstrating that fair trade products have a unique selling advantage in the mainstream marketplace. In conclusion, fair trade craft organisations are not exploiting this market opportunity to the degree they should and will need to explore wider distribution and alternative business strategies to expand their market share. (shrink)

The two dominant contemporary moral theories, Kantianism and utilitarianism, have difficulty accommodating our commonsense understanding of friendship as a relationship with significant moral implications. The difficulty seems to arise from their underlying commitment to impartiality, to the claim that all persons are equally worthy of concern. Aristotelian accounts of friendship are partialist in so far as they defend certain types of friendship by appeal to the claim that some persons, the virtuous, are in fact more worthy of concern than are (...) other persons. This article argues that we can preserve the underlying impartiality of Kantianism and utilitarianism, while also preserving a certain partiality with respect to our friends: the partiality of commonsense only seems objectionable if we fail to understand the true grounds, nature, and implications of such partiality. Neo-Aristotelian partiality should be rejected in favor of commonsense partiality. (shrink)

Esta pesquisa fundamenta-se nos debates sobre o papel da escola na atualidade e dos professores em temos de formação, atuação e práticas pedagógicas, dando prioridade nesta abordagem aos novos tempos vivenciados por essa classe de profissionais, pondo em questão as instituições escolares enquanto ambientes formadores e os professores como atores que, muitas vezes, tem papel decisivo para o processo ensino-aprendizagem, papel esse que tem estado em maior evidência por conta das diversas mutações ocorridas na sociedade, caracterizadas pelo mundo contemporâneo. Este (...) estudo está sendo realizado por meio de levantamento bibliográfico. O foco desta investigação determina-se em proporcionar, uma contribuição favorável para discussão sobre a atuação da escola e da prática exercida pelos professores, frente aos novos tempos e aos novos desafios trazidos pela contemporaneidade. (shrink)

This paper reflects on the three main ethical challenges we faced when conducting digital ethnography in three autism Brazilian communities on Facebook: how to position oneself as a researcher, how...

RESUMO Este artigo convoca as concepções do Círculo de Bakhtin para redesenhar atividades de leitura literária propostas em livro didático brasileiro, tornando-as mais responsivas à vida contemporânea. Tem como base os conceitos de dialogismo e de responsividade, evocados para contribuírem com a percepção da infecundidade do uso do modelo de atividades vigente na formação de leitores e para apontar possibilidades na elaboração de atividades abertas ao diálogo das vivências dos alunos/leitores com os textos literários, bem como convidativas à expressão das (...) atitudes responsivas ativas dos alunos frente à leitura literária. Uma atividade baseada em soneto camoniano, presente em livro didático aprovado pelo PNLD 2018, é analisada na tentativa de contribuir com a desaprendizagem de práticas referentes à abordagem da leitura literária na escola. Por fim, o mesmo soneto camoniano é abordado para elaboração de proposta de atividades pautada no dialogismo e na responsividade. ABSTRACT This article summons the conceptions of the Bakhtin Circle to redesign literary reading activities proposed in Brazilian textbooks, making them more responsive to contemporary life. It is based on the concepts of dialogism and responsiveness and evokes such concepts to contribute to the perception of infertile use of the current activity model in the reader’s formation. Besides, it points out possibilities to the elaboration of activities open to the dialogue of students/readers’ experiences with literary texts as well as inviting to the expression of the students’ active responsive attitudes towards literary reading. The article analyzes an activity based on a Camonian sonnet, which is present in one of the textbooks approved by the National Book and Teaching Material Program 2018, in an attempt to contribute to the unlearning of practices regarding the approach to literary reading in school. Finally, the same Camonian sonnet is used to elaborate a set of activities grounded on dialogism and responsiveness. (shrink)

Reasons of intimacy, i.e. reasons to care for friends and other intimates, resist categorization as either subjective Humean reasons or as objective consequentialist reasons. Reasons of intimacy are grounded in the friendship relation itself, not in the psychological attitudes of the agent or in the objective intrinsic value of the friend or the friendship. So reasons of intimacy are objective and agent-relative and can be understood by analogy with reasons of fidelity and reasons of prudence. Such an analogy can help (...) us to understand which objective agent-relative reasons we have and which, such as deontological constraints, we do not have. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this article, we seek, based on the analysis of publications and receptions of works that comprise the referential of Dialogic Discourse Analysis (DDA) in Brazil and a resumption of the trajectory already traced by Brazilian researchers, discuss the path that led to the consolidation of DDA in the country. Thus, four phases of DDA in Brazil are listed. At the first reception phase, scattered readings were identified, based on publications of some works from the Bakhtin Circle in Russian, (...) French, English, Spanish and Italian. The second phase, on its turn, was marked by the publication of the first Brazilian editions of the Circle’s works. At the third phase, Brazilian scholars sought to systematize the concepts and methodologies present in the Circle’s works. Finally, at the last phase, in which we currently are, we seek to consolidate and contextualize DDA more and more through, mainly, the publication of works translated by DDA’s researchers, with critical and historical notes. (shrink)

Two recent experimental studies, by Shaun Nichols et al. and by Michael Devitt & Brian Porter claim to find evidence for the view that both causal-historical factors and descriptive factors play a role in determining the extensions of natural kind terms. Both studies use versions of a vignette featuring the fictional natural kind term “Catoblepas”. We conducted an experiment where we used vignettes and corresponding tasks that were otherwise fully analogous, but featured terms which are not natural kind terms. We (...) found that such terms received the same patterns of response which Nichols et al. and Devitt & Porter took to justify their conclusions. We conclude that either the kind of view they arrive at applies more widely than just for natural kind terms or, as we think is more likely, the original results do not support such a two-factor view in the first place. (shrink)

ENTREVISTA COM PROFESSORAS(ES) DE FILOSOFIA DO ENSINO MÉDIO DO CEARÁ – BLOCO ICom: Debora Klippel Fofano, Francisca Evanice Mourão Lima, John Karley de Sousa AquinoPor: Antônio Alex Pereira de Sousa, Paulo Willame Araújo de Lima.

Philosophers who, in the light of these attacks, have attempted to vindicate the motive of duty have done so in a half-hearted way, by stressing the motive of duty’s function as a secondary or limiting motivation, or by denying “that acting from duty primarily concerns isolated actions.” I will defend duty as a primary motive with respect to isolated actions. Critics of acting from duty and philosophers who have attempted to respond to them have done little work spelling out exactly (...) what it is for an agent to act from duty. To act explicitly on moral principle is to act from a type of concern for persons that is no less morally good than concern expressed in direct emotional responses. Concern mediated by moral principles is, in certain ways, morally superior to that expressed in direct emotional responses, even when the object of concern is an intimate such as a friend or loved one. (shrink)

Dissertação de Mestrado GUIMARÃES, Débora. A Igreja como mãe suficientemente boa à luz dos conceitos de Winnicott . 2012. 108 folhas. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Religião, Belo Horizonte. Palavras-chave : Igreja. Doutrina social. Mãe Suficientemente Boa. Key words : Church. Social Doctrine. Good-enough Mother.

Atores com distintas perspectivas educacionais têm utilizado, cada vez mais, o vocábulo autonomia de acordo com os seus interesses. Objetivamos com este artigo, que é uma revisão de literatura, discutir sobre a autonomia a partir de enfoques da Filosofia, da Psicologia e da Sociologia. As contribuições de autores como Rousseau, Kant, Freud, Adorno, Agamben, Piaget, Kamii, Martins, Freire, Barguil, dentre outros, enriquecem uma leitura interdisciplinar da complexa relação entre autonomia e Educação. Concluímos que a autonomia não é uma característica do (...) sujeito, mas uma prática indispensável para o seu desenvolvimento individual e social, bem como para fortalecer o processo democrático. (shrink)

Nossa condição humana contemporânea está inter-relacionada com o avanço do domínio das aplicações tecnológicas para vários aspectos da vida biológica, existencial e política, levantando uma postura reflexiva diante das tecnologias de informação. Se é verdade que o projeto baconiano estimula, a partir do século XVI, o controle sobre a natureza, a partir dos séculos XVII e XVIII, a Europa testemunhou o nascimento de duas formas de poder moderno: o poder disciplinar e o biopoder. Assim, a estratégia adotada para o exercício (...) do controle sobre os seres humanos assume proporções individuais e sociais como também as mentes. Na medida em que a imaginação é fonte de exercício de liberdade, mesmo que momentânea entre as subjetividades disciplinadas, as tecnologias de informação representam a capacidade de interferir no nível pré-cognitivo, misturando as fronteiras que representam a modernidade: o corpo e a mente, a razão e a paixão, a liberdade e a responsabilidade. Testemunhamos, especialmente a partir do século XX em diante o surgimento do controle tal como exercido pela psicopolítica. (shrink)

Resumo: Ao longo da história, lepra e leproso foram objetos de representações de caráter depreciativo que permitiram a utilização de um modelo de tratamento para a doença fundamentado na exclusão do enfermo e no seu confinamento compulsório em instituições asilares. O artigo procura discutir a relação entre representações abstratas e práticas de poder a partir das medidas adotadas no combate à lepra no Brasil do século XX.Palavras-chave: lepra, representações, segregação, práticas de poder, violência.: In history, leprosy and leprous were subject (...) to depreciative representations which allow the usage of a leprosy treatment model based on patients exclusion and confining asylum institutions. This essay aims to discuss the relationship between abstract representations and power practices from the description of measures introduced with reference to leprosy in Brazil, 20th century.Key-words: leprosy, representations, segregation, power practices, violence. (shrink)

Pretendemos aqui mostrar que o vínculo indissociável entre crítica da inteligência e intuição da duração acarreta a nova definição da metafísica: “experiência integral”, segundo Bergson. A relação entre o trabalho de desqualificação de ilusões racionais e a redescoberta do ser como duração expõe, desse modo, como a consciência pode voltar a seus próprios dados e neles encontrar uma experiência real e inegável, a da presença do ser e de nosso pertencimento ao ser. A filosofia bergsoniana procura, nesse âmbito, conjugar reflexibilidade (...) e sensibilidade. Em suas duas primeiras obras, pelo estudo profundo e detalhado dos processos psicológicos, Bergson defende que a consciência à qual a duração apareceria é a mesma que se toma como objeto, “espectadora e atriz”. A consciência age e vê, é o ver do fazer — ou, antes, do fazer-se. A duração que apareceria à consciência é a própria consciência: a consciência da duração e a duração da consciência estariam identificadas nessa visão. (shrink)

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is well known as one among the protagonists of India’s political history in the 20th century, as he played a major role in the struggle against the caste system, and in designing a pluralist and egalitarian democracy. Ambedkar’s intellectual legacy is a crucial tool for investigating the contradictions of the contemporary Indian political experience, and as such has much to offer to the international political-philosophical debate. This essay presents the main aspects of Ambedkar’s thought, focusing on themes (...) such as his non-majoritarian conception of democracy, the tension between universality and difference in political citizenship, social and political equality, as well as his reflection on religious identity. Ambedkar’s intellectual profile will also be assessed in light of the ongoing debate on the status of a non-derivative Indian political thought. (shrink)

Research shows the experience of awe is associated with a variety of benefits ranging from increased well-being and prosocial behavior to enhanced cognition. The adaptive purpose of awe, however, is elusive. In this article, we aim to show that the current framework used to conceptualize awe points towards higher-order cognition as the key adaptive function. This goes against past evolutionary positions that posit social benefits or unidimensional behavioral adaptations. In the second half of the article, we highlight a distinct cognitive (...) advantage of awe. The literature connecting awe and cognition is surveyed and used to develop a view that situates awe as a critical component in the cognitive success of the human species. (shrink)

RESUMO A definição de arte desenvolvida por Arthur Danto pressupõe que algo é uma obra de arte por ser o correlato de uma interpretação, inscrita em uma rede de significações históricas, teóricas e sociais, que lhe atribui o estatuto de obra de arte. Trata-se de uma definição essencialista que, no entanto, não se funda em algo que é percebido no objeto, mas no objeto percebido como arte. Levando em consideração que o conceito de “interpretação” é um dos pontos cardinais da (...) definição de arte de Danto, aprofundo neste artigo uma investigação específica sobre o assunto. Argumento que o modo como o autor o desenvolve comporta uma ambiguidade, isto é, que há uma confusão entre dois sentidos de interpretação nos textos dantianos, e que seu papel fundamental na definição de arte é inseparável da contextualização histórico-social possibilitada pelo mundo da arte. ABSTRACT Arthur Danto’s definition of art claims that something is a work of art because it is the subject of an interpretation that is inscribed in a network of historical, theoretical and social meanings, which is responsible for assigning the status of artwork. It is an essentialist definition which however, is not based on something that is perceived in the object, but on the object being perceived as art. In this paper, I develop a specific investigation about the concept of “interpretation”, taking into account that it is one of the cardinal points in Danto’s definition of art. I argue that the author develops this subject in an ambiguous way, in other words, that there is confusion between two different meanings of interpretation in his texts, and that its fundamental role in the definition of art is inseparable from the historical and social contextualization guaranteed by the artworld. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Route Finding and the Creation of a Commons Creating Value, Building Community Property Rights and Climbing Conclusion Notes.

While systems concepts had a tremendous impact on social thought in the1950s and 1960s, they are increasingly under attack in the current postmodem climate with its emphasis on particularity and difference. The idea of the system is associated with technocracy, hierarchical forms of social organization, and the suppression of individual difference. However, there is a significant body of work within the systems tradition that fosters an appreciation of diversity through its ecological orientation, and supports more participatory forms of social organization (...) based on its understanding of the self-organizing nature of living systems. While the issue of cultural diversity is often addressed in oppositional terms, I suggest that it might be more effectively served through an appreciation of the global interdependence between all peoples and between humans and nature that can only be sustained on a cooperative and participatory basis. (shrink)

This anthology surveys important issues in Western political philosophy from Plato to the present day. Its aim is to show both the continuity and the development of political thought over time. Each unit begins with readings on the fundamental theoretical principles underlying political discourse. Theory is then connected to practice in readings on contemporary issues as well as court cases and other political documents.