This study delved into the Senior High School Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) track in Bohol Province for the 2022-2023 school year, aiming to evaluate policy implementation, recognize barriers, and propose interventions. Employing a mixed-method approach, integrating quantitative-descriptive surveys and qualitative-descriptive research methods as recommended by Creswell and Plano Clark (2017), the findings unveiled a predominantly positive perception of policy implementation across various dimensions of the TVL track. These encompass curriculum development, teacher training, resource allocation, industry partnerships, assessment and evaluation, student support services, (...) monitoring and quality assurance, policy adaptation and improvement, stakeholder engagement, legal framework and compliance, data collection and analysis, and inclusivity and equity. Despite variations among teachers and administrators, a general commitment to policy implementation emerged. The study identified barriers in curriculum and instruction, readiness and preparedness, resource limitations, and teaching and learning, emphasizing evidence-based strategies and interdisciplinary approaches to surmount challenges. It underscores the crucial role of research and policy development in elevating the quality and efficacy of TVL education. (shrink)

In this paper, we argue that lesbian couples who wish to have children who are genetically related to both of them should be allowed access to mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs). First, we provide a brief explanation of mitochondrial diseases and MRTs. We then present the reasons why MRTs are not, by nature, therapeutic. The upshot of the view that MRTs are non-therapeutic techniques is that their therapeutic potential cannot be invoked for restricting their use only to those cases where a (...) mitochondrial DNA disease could be ‘cured’. We then argue that a positive case for MRTs is justified by an appeal to reproductive freedom, and that the criteria to access these techniques should hence be extended to include lesbian couples who wish to share genetic parenthood. Finally, we consider a potential objection to our argument: that the desire to have genetically related kin is not a morally sufficient reason to allow lesbian couples to access MRTs. (shrink)

Recent breakthroughs in stem cell differentiation and reprogramming suggest that functional human gametes could soon be created in vitro. While the ethical debate on the uses of in vitro generated gametes (IVG) was originally constrained by the fact that they could be derived only from embryonic stem cell lines, the advent of somatic cell reprogramming, with the possibility to easily derive human induced pluripotent stem cells from any individual, affords now a major leap in the feasibility of IVG derivation and (...) in the scope of their potential applications. In this paper we develop an ethical framework, rooted in recent scientific evidence, to support a robust experimental pipeline that could enable the first-in-human use of IVG. We then apply this framework to the following objectives: (1) a clarification of the genetic parenting options afforded by IVG, along with their ethical underpinnings; (2) a defence of the use of IVG to remedy infertility, broadening their scope to same-sex couples; (3) an assessment of the most far-reaching implications of IVG for multiplex parenting. These include, first, the liberation of parenting roles from the constraints of biological generations in vivo, allowing multiple individuals to engage in genetic parenting together, thus blurring the distinction between biological and social generations. Second, we discuss the conflation of IVG with sequencing technology and its implications for the possibility that prospective parents may choose among a hitherto unprecedented number of potential children. In view of these perspectives, we argue that, contrary to the exhausted paradigm according to which society lags behind science, IVG may represent instead a salient and most visible instance where biotechnological ingenuity could be used in pursuit of social experimentation. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that some human reproductive genome editing interventions can be therapeutic in nature, and thus that it is false that all such interventions just create healthy individuals. I do this by showing that the conditions established by a therapy definition are met by certain reproductive genome editing interventions. I then defend this position against two objections: (a) reproductive genome editing interventions do not attain one of the two conditions for something to be a therapy, and (b) (...) some reproductive genome editing interventions are therapeutic but in a nonstandard way. In the Conclusion I call for a more nuanced discussion of the nature of reproductive genome editing interventions. (shrink)

In this paper, we argue that a rich phenomenological description of ?sweet tension? is an important step to understanding how and why sport is a meaningful human endeavour. We introduce the phenomenological concepts of intersubjectivity and horizon and elaborate how they inform the study and understanding of human experience. In the process, we establish that intersubjectivity is always embodied, developing and ethically committed. Likewise, we establish that our horizons are experienced from an embodied, developing and ethically committed perspective that serves (...) as the possibility for new intersubjective engagement. What follows is a discussion of the explanatory role of intersubjectivity and horizon in elucidating experiences of sweet tension in and through sport. The phenomenological account of sweet tension provides insights into the significance of our sporting experiences. Indeed, taking phenomenology seriously represents a commitment to descriptively elucidate what makes such experiences of sport significant and why we long for them. Recognising that sweet tension is a form of intersubjective horizon opens up new avenues for addressing ethical issues in sport as well as in crafting well-balanced games. (shrink)

The capability approach is gaining momentum as a theory of corporate responsibility and business ethics at a time when the UN Guiding Principles have become a most important framework. A novel approach is now emerging that seeks to understand and specify human rights obligations of businesses within the framework provided by the capability approach. This article partially examines the triad corporate responsibility–human rights–capability approach by exploring the relationship between human rights and capabilities. Thus, it offers conceptual and practical implications for (...) a human rights perspective on corporate responsibility. The bulk of our thesis focuses on studying Nussbaum’s and Sen’s claim that human rights are entitlements to capabilities by means of a discussion of the notion of human dignity. In particular, we show the capability approach’s ability to dissipate theoretical and practical challenges posed by the notion of dignity. This article does not offer a detailed explanation of the implications of our investigation for human rights responsibilities of business. However, an outline of its potential contribution toward unfolding those obligations, conceptually and practically, is provided. (shrink)

News about the first baby born after a mitochondrial replacement technique (MRT; specifically maternal spindle transfer) broke on September 27, 2016 and, in a matter of hours, went global. Of special interest was the fact that the mitochondrial replacement procedure happened in Mexico. One of the scientists behind this world first was quoted as having said that he and his team went to Mexico to carry out the procedure because, in Mexico, there are no rules. In this paper, we explore (...) Mexico's rule of law in relation to mitochondrial replacement techniques and show that, in fact, certain instances of MRTs are prohibited at the federal level and others are prohibited at the state level. According to our interpretation of the law, the scientists behind this first successful MRT procedure broke federal regulations regarding assisted fertilization research. (shrink)

To articulate the past historically does not mean to recognize it “the way it really was”. It means to seize hold of a memory as it flashes up at a moment of danger. Ever since the advent of the May Fourth Movement in 1919, which marked a turning point in the process of intellectual modernization in the Republic of China, voices were raised against Confucian mores because they were considered cannibalistic, and against the influence they exerted upon the freedom and (...) mobility of women,2 who were reduced to a secondary position in society. Although the fact remains that many so-called “vulgar” traditionalists were the real pioneers of women’s rights in the late Qing and early Republican period,3... (shrink)

This paper examines whether there are moral differences between the mitochondrial replacement techniques that have been recently developed in order to help women afflicted by mitochondrial DNA diseases to have genetically related children absent such conditions: maternal spindle transfer and pronuclear transfer. Firstly, it examines whether there is a moral difference between MST and PNT in terms of the divide between somatic interventions and germline interventions. Secondly, it considers whether PNT and MST are morally distinct under a therapy/creation optic. Finally, (...) it investigates whether there is a moral difference between MST and PNT from a human embryo destruction point of view. I conclude, contra recent arguments, that regarding the first two points there is no moral differences between PNT and MST; and that regarding the third one MST is morally preferable to PNT, but only if we hold a gradualist account of the moral value of human embryos where zygotes have slight moral value. (shrink)

Si, pour Heidegger, Nietzsche représente le dernier penseur de la métaphysique, ce n’est pas seulement en raison de son appartenance à la conceptualité de l’onto-théologie ni des limites intrinsèques à sa tâche d’un renversement du platonisme. La lecture des traités et des cahiers posthumes concernant la pensée de l’ Ereignis précise la critique heideggérienne et la complète par l’opposition totale à la tentative d’un élevage ( Züchtung ) de l’être humain supérieur. En effet, Heidegger voit dans la notion d’élevage la (...) fixation voire la radicalisation, à l’époque de la fabrication ( Machenschaft ), de la définition métaphysique de l’être humain comme animal rationale. Contre la Züchtung nietzschéenne, il pense la possibilité d’une préparation ( Vorbereitung ) du Da-sein, comme la plus haute transformation de l’essence humaine. Ce sont les rapports de ces deux notions, l’élevage tel qu’il apparaît dans la critique heideggerienne de Nietzsche, et le concept qu’il lui oppose, la préparation, que nous analysons dans cet article, en exposant non seulement la manière dont l’un répond à l’autre, mais également les limites de ce couple de concepts. Par là, nous cherchons d’une part à mieux comprendre la place de Nietzsche dans le projet de l’histoire de l’Être, et, d’autre part, à déterminer la portée de son dépassement. (shrink)

Several objections against the morality of researching or employing mitochondrial replacement techniques have been advanced recently. In this paper, I examine three of these objections and show that they are found wanting. First I examine whether mitochondrial replacement techniques, research and clinical practice, should not be carried out because of possible harms to egg donors. Next I assess whether mitochondrial replacement techniques should be banned because they could affect the study of genealogical ancestry. Finally, I examine the claim that mitochondrial (...) replacement techniques are not transferring mitochondrial DNA but nuclear DNA, and that this should be prohibited on ethical grounds. (shrink)

In this text, I explore the issue of the accuracy of experiential memories, focusing on the fit between the imagistic elements of an experiential memory and the experience that is remembered. My starting point is the taxonomy of memory, which clarifies what I am talking about, as I will only focus on long-term memories that involve mental imagery. Having clarified this, I will move on to a discussion of the normative requirements of memory, focusing on the requirement that a memory (...) conforms to what was previously experienced by the subject. I then discuss how this requirement is treated by two contemporary philosophical views on the nature of memory: causalism and simulationism. Next, I discuss two ways memory can adjust to the past: by adjusting to the remembered event (alethism) or the past perception of the event (authenticism). Finally, I present descriptivism and pictorialism, two views on how the mental imagery that constitutes an experiential memory can adjust to the past, and defend the explanatory superiority of pictorialism. (shrink)

Some Comments on de Melo-Martin and Harris.

In response to the COVID‐19 pandemic philosophers and governments have proposed scarce resource allocation guidelines. Their purpose is to advise healthcare professionals on how to ethically allocate scarce medical resources. One challenging feature of the pandemic has been the large numbers of patients needing mechanical ventilatory support. Guidelines have paradigmatically focused on the question of what doctors should do if they have fewer ventilators than patients who need respiratory support: which patient should get the ventilator? There is, however, an important (...) higher level allocation problem. Namely, how are we to ethically distribute newly obtained ventilators across hospitals: which hospital should get the ventilator(s)? In this paper, we identify a set of principles for allocating newly obtained ventilators across hospitals. We focus particularly on low and middle income countries, who frequently have limited pre‐existing intensive care capacity, and have needed to source additional ventilators. We first provide some background. Second, we argue that the main population healthcare aim during the COVID‐19 pandemic should be to save the most lives. Next, we assess a series of potential heuristics or principles that could be used to guide allocation: allocation to the most densely populated cities, random allocation, allocation based on the ratio of patients to ICU personnel, prioritisation in terms of intrahospital mortality, prioritisation of younger populations, and prioritisation in terms of population mortality. We conclude by providing a plausible ranking of the principles, while noting a number of epistemological challenges, in terms of how they best further the aim of increasing the probability of saving the most lives. (shrink)

Este artículo se propone identificar los rasgos centrales de la reconciliación y sus relaciones con la historia y el perdón. La reconciliación se manifiesta como un modo de la comprensión graciasal cual resulta posible en primer lugar aceptar la irrevocabilidad eirreversibilidad de las acciones y actividades humanas en general.En segundo término, la reconciliación se caracteriza por tener unefecto terapéutico o de catarsis, mediante el cual las experienciasde sufrimiento y de dolor son superadas y permiten el restablecimientode la confianza de las (...) víctimas en sí mismas y en el mundo,entendido éste como el tejido de relaciones interpersonales. (shrink)

In this paper we derive a theorem which proves that the physical interpretation implied by the first postulate of quantum mechanics is inconsistent with the orthodox formalism. In order to expose this inconsistency we will analyze how the concept of ‘physical system’ is built within classical theories through the notion of invariance and explain in what sense a vector in Hilbert space is not capable of fulfilling these same mathematical conditions. Through an analysis of the mathematical formalism we derive a (...) No Dynamical Invariance theorem which proves that, contrary to what is claimed in the first postulate, a vector in Hilbert space cannot be interpreted coherently as the state of a physical system. We conclude the paper by analyzing the consequences of the NDI theorem with respect to several ongoing debates in QM. (shrink)

O Fisicalismo tem sido a posição filosófica monista mais aceita no mainstream do debate contemporâneo sobre a natureza do mental. Mas o que significa dizer que tudo o que existe é “físico”? O presente trabalho busca responder à pergunta: Como as teses fisicalistas contemporâneas têm definido o termo ‘físico’ em suas proposições? Para respondê-la foi realizada uma investigação teórico-filosófica baseada em revisão bibliográfica e análise lógica e conceitual. Quatro categorias gerais de definição do termo ‘físico’ foram identificadas numa revisão da (...) literatura. Existem igualmente fortes críticas às propostas de definição em toda a discussão filosófica. Não temos uma definição incontroversa do que seja uma propriedade física, tampouco consenso sobre qual deveria ser a formulação mais adequada da tese fisicalista. Assim, a questão que se coloca é: Por que estamos discutindo o valor de verdade de uma tese que nem mesmo tem conseguido ser formulada de forma adequada? (shrink)

Centrado en el análisis de la primera de las «Cuestiones a la Metafísica de Aristóteles» de Duns Escoto, este artículo indaga el camino que sigue Duns Escoto para establecer que Dios es el objeto de la metafísica. En este lugar, Duns Escoto asume una posición novedosa con respecto al objeto de la metafísica, pues en sus obras sobre lógica, había señalado que el objeto de esta disciplina es la sustancia, y en la Ordinatio había sostenido que es el ente en (...) cuanto ente. En la primera parte, se muestra el planteamiento de la pregunta y la estructura de la referida cuestión; la segunda parte expone las objeciones de Escoto a Avicena y Averrroes y su propuesta inicial de que la sustancia es el objeto de la metafísica, correspondiente a la primera redacción de la primera de las «Cuestiones Metafísicas». Luego, la tercera parte expone cómo llega Escoto a la tesis de que Dios y el ente en cuanto ente son el objeto de la metafísica, a partir de la renovación del concepto aristotélico de ciencia. Finalmente, se pondera hasta qué punto esta ampliación significa un cambio radical en la concepción metafísica de Escoto. (shrink)

É a metafísica uma ciência a priori ou a posteriori’? Suárez e a fundamentação da metafísica Resumo: Contra a interpretação de François Courtine, Rolf Darge afirma que para Francisco Suárez a metafísica é uma ciência que trata do ente entendido não como aquilo que pode ser objeto para a mente humana, mas como aquilo que é apto a existir de fato. A metafísica seria uma ciência real, entre outras razões, porque ela é uma ciência a posteriori. Este artigo pretende verificar (...) melhor a afirmação de que a metafísica de Suárez é uma ciência a posteriori. Pois, se de fato for assim, a interpretação realista que Rolf Darge oferece da metafísica de Suárez adquire maior plausibilidade. Palavras-chave: objeto da metafísica; empirismo; realismo. Is metaphysics an a priori or an a posteriori Science? Suárez and the foundation of metaphysics. Abstract: Against the interpretation of François Courtine, Rolf Darge affirms that for Francisco Suárez metaphysics is a science that deals not with being as that which can be an object for the human mind, but with being as that which is apt to actually exist. Metaphysics would be a real science, among other reasons, because it is a posteriori science. This article aims to verify the claim that Suárez's metaphysics is a posteriori science. If this is so, the realistic interpretation that Rolf Darge offers of Suárez's metaphysics acquires greater plausibility. Key-words: object of metaphysics; empiricism; realism. La métaphysique est-elle une science a priori ou a posteriori? Suárez et le fondement de la métaphysique. Résumé: Contre l'interprétation de François Courtine, Rolf Darge affirme que pour Francisco Suárez la métaphysique est une science qui traite de l'étant compris non comme ce qui peut être un objet pour l'esprit humain, mais comme ce qui est susceptible d'exister réellement. La métaphysique serait une vraie science, entre autres raisons, car c'est une science a posteriori. Cet article vise à mieux vérifier l'affirmation selon laquelle la métaphysique de Suárez est une science a posteriori. S'il en est ainsi, l'interprétation réaliste que propose Rolf Darge de la métaphysique de Suárez acquiert une plus grande plausibilité. Mots-clés: objet de la métaphysique; empirisme; réalisme. Data de registro: 16/09/2021 Data de aceite: 20/10/2021. (shrink)

Este artículo pregunta por el sentido de la misión de la universidad, y por la manera como ella se hace eficaz, tanto en relación con las facultades y unidades académicas que la integran, como en la relación que ella establece con su mundo entorno. Esta pregunta lleva a intentar establecer el lugar ..

En 2011 se cumplió el centenario de la publicación del artículo de Husserl “La Filosofía como ciencia rigurosa”; este artículo presenta algunos problemas centrales a que tendría que responder la fenomenología en la actualidad. Los tres campos temáticos son los siguientes: 1) Cuál es la motivación que llevan a la epoché y en qué medida intervienen en ella los actos voluntarios. 2) Hasta qué punto la ampliación de la conciencia es un resultado de un procedimiento reflexivo, o en qué medida (...) participan allí procesos inconscientes. En esta parte se impone revisar las relaciones entre la fenomenología y el psicoanálisis. 3) Cuál es el sentido de los acontecimientos y en qué medida ellos permiten la ampliación o reducción del mundo de la vida. La consideración de la relación entre acontecimiento y acción exige replantear la pregunta por la responsabilidad social de la filosofía. (shrink)

A questão relacionada ao método, na obra de Michel Foucault, é uma problemática na qual alguns pesquisadores têm se debruçado, tendo em vista a diversidade dos caminhos de pesquisa trilhados ao longo de sua produção intelectual. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo, através de uma discussão teórica, pretende colocar em pauta o conceito de anarqueologia, desenvolvido pelo filósofo francês no curso Do governo dos vivos, de 1980. A hipótese que se pretende desdobrar é a de que o conceito em voga se (...) inscreve em um percurso teórico-metodológico particular, abarcando um encadeamento dos três domínios ou eixos (ser-saber, ser-poder, ser-consigo) da obra de Foucault, viabilizando assim certa reformulação da interpretação foucaultiana acerca do sujeito. (shrink)

A compreensão originária da paidéia grega sempre acompanha a formação de educadores e de pesquisadores em Educação. Trata-se de um tema que nos remete às origens da Educação e da compreensão do discurso filosófico e político sobre a Educação e suas dimensões. Apresenta-se a paidéia como princípio fundante voltado para o entendimento da formação social, política e cultural do povo grego a partir da problemática em torno da constituição histórica e filosófica dessa matriz Educacional. O objetivo foi abordar sobre os (...) ideais de alguns filósofos e educadores que contribuíram para o pensamento do modelo grego de educação, entre outros aspectos, para a elaboração conceitual caracterizando e contextualizando-os em seu tempo e espaço histórico. Este artigo foi desenvolvido por pesquisa de caráter bibliográfico. Entre as contribuições desse estudo, estão os conceitos e fundamentos da arete e da paidéia, que direcionaram ou foram direcionados a pensar uma educação para a vida na pólis, portanto, para a vida em sociedade de maneira universalizada, por meio de uma educação com base na cientificidade, na virtude, na política. A essência da educação grega está na sua própria cultura e organização política que vai sendo evidenciada pela sociedade em praticamente três milênios. (shrink)

Mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs) are a new group of biotechnologies that aim to aid women whose eggs have disease-causing deleteriously mutated mitochondria to have genetically related healthy children. These techniques have also been used to aid women with poor oocyte quality and poor embryonic development, to have genetically related children. Remarkably, MRTs create humans with DNA from three sources: nuclear DNA from the intending mother and father, and mitochondrial DNA from the egg donor. In a recent publication Françoise Baylis argued (...) that MRTs are detrimental for genealogical research via mitochondrial DNA because they would obscure the lines of individual descent. In this paper, I argue that MRTs do not obscure genealogical research, but rather that MRT-conceived children can have two mitochondrial lineages. I argue for this position by showing that MRTs are reproductive in nature and, thus, they create genealogy. (shrink)

Cultural diversity is an inescapable reality and a concern in many businesses where it can often raise ethical questions and dilemmas. This paper aims to offer suggestions to certain problems facing managers in dealing with cultural diversity through the inspiration of Thomas Aquinas. Although he may be perceived as a voice from the distant past, we can still find in his writings helpful and original ideas and criteria. He welcomes cultural differences as a part of the perfection of the universe. (...) His systemic approach leads one to place the problem in its proper context, and to reflect on it from the perspective of virtue ethics, with a central role for practical wisdom and giving primacy to neighborly love and natural moral law. Rather than a set of rigid standards with no consideration of diversity Aquinas focuses on the common human ground, which allows for the indispensable dialogue between different positions. When dealing with practical questions, the problem is one of finding the right balance between general principle and cultural specifics, tolerance, and dialogue, always guided by practical wisdom. In this way, Aquinas’ approach is neither rigid ethical universalism with no consideration for diversity nor moral relativism with no place for any transcultural and absolute morals. (shrink)

The present paper offers a libertarian reading of one of the most important Chinese novels of the twentieth century, The Travels of Laocan, written by Chinese entrepreneur Liu E between 1903 and 1906. I start with an exposition of the ideas associated with the concept of “Asian values,” the evident cultural unviability of this notion, and how “Asian authoritarianism” has been rationalized and justified on the basis of a Hobbesian conception of human nature. Next, I examine Liu E’s life and (...) career as an entrepreneur in a highly interventionist society. Finally, I focus on his magnum opus, The Travels of Laocan, a fictionalized autobiography that explains Liu E’s philosophical and libertarian ideas. (shrink)

Anti-exceptionalists about logic claim that logical methodology is not different from scientific methodology when it comes to theory choice. Two anti-exceptionalist accounts of theory choice in logic are abductivism and predictivism. These accounts have in common reliance on pre-theoretical logical intuitions for the assessment of candidate logical theories. In this paper, I investigate whether intuitions can provide what abductivism and predictivism want from them and conclude that they do not. As an alternative to these approaches, I propose a Carnapian view (...) on logical theorizing according to which logical theories do not simply account for pre-theoretical intuitions, but rather improve on them. In this account, logical theories are ameliorative, rather than representational. (shrink)

Este trabajo intenta dar contenido a los derechos de la naturaleza desde los pensamientos filosóficos de los pueblos indígenas, así como desde la interacción o encuentro entre diversas formas de conocimiento; en especial el de la Amazonía y el kichwa; pretendiendo construir otro saber-poder con el que se propone una crítica al dominante. Para ello el trabajo se estructura en tres partes: crítica, reconstrucción y aplicabilidad. La crítica consiste en un diagnóstico teórico desde la aproximación al fundamento filosófico dicotómico que (...) separa el ser humano de la naturaleza cosificándola evidenciando como esta dicotomía atraviesa los estudios disciplinares y transdisciplinares sobre sus derechos. La reconstrucción se elaborará desde la meta-física dusseliana y, finalmente, se intentará demostrar las implicaciones de la aplicación fáctica de esta propuesta, relacionada con: aprender, aprehender y desaprender a través de una perspectiva transdisciplinar y analéctica capaz de abarcar personas, plantas, animales, agua, piedras, etc. como un todo en armonía. (shrink)

Background: Nurses who practice limitation of therapeutic effort become fully involved in emotionally charged situations, which can affect them significantly on an emotional and professional level. Objectives: To describe the experience of intensive care nurses practicing limitation of therapeutic effort. Method: A qualitative, phenomenological study was performed within the intensive care units of the Madrid Hospitals Health Service. Purposeful and snowball sampling methods were used, and data collection methods included semi-structured and unstructured interviews, researcher field notes, and participants’ personal letters. (...) The Giorgi proposal for data analysis was used on the data. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the Ethical Research Committee of the relevant hospital and by the Ethics Committee of the Rey Juan Carlos University and was guided by the ethical principles of voluntary enrollment, anonymity, privacy, and confidentiality. Results: In total, 22 nurses participated and 3 themes were identified regarding the nurses’ experiences when faced with limitation of therapeutic effort: (a) experiencing relief, (b) accepting the medical decision, and (c) implementing limitation of therapeutic effort. Conclusion: Nurses felt that, although they were burdened with the responsibility of implementing limitation of therapeutic effort, they were being left out of the final decision-making process regarding the same. (shrink)

In recent decades, investigation of brain injuries associated with amnesia allowed progress in the philosophy and science of memory, but it also paved the way for the hubris of assuming that memory is an exclusively neural phenomenon. Nonetheless, there are methodological and conceptual reasons preventing a reduction of the ecological and contextual phenomenon of memory to a neural phenomenon, since memory is the observed action of an individual before being the simple output of a brain (or, at least, so we (...) will argue), and there is no good reason to suppose that it is necessary to postulate a more basic reality to memory lying behind the mere individual actions. (shrink)

El presente trabajo realiza una breve exposición de las estructuras de relación recíprocas del pueblo kichwa Saraguro en el actuar colectivo de la mukuna; dentro del mismo se devela la ética económica del cuidado de la vida que subyace a tal matriz, así como las normas que rigen su manifestación y desarrollo. Defiende la comunidad como campo de expresión de ciertas individualidades no individuales, de reafirmación comunitaria, de lucha y relación económico que destruye la acumulación del capital.

The article presents the sources and definitions of the concepts «system» and «lifeworld», emphasizing how the colonization of the lifeworld by the system appears as a pathological process, in the presence of which a critical stance must be maintained. Facing the increase of the systemic complexity, it is necessary to ensure the symbolic reproduction of the lifeworld through communicative action. Although we share with Habermas the meaning of his critique of the colonization, we present some objections to the dichotomous opposition (...) of both spheres, inasmuch as it confers the economical and administrative systems with an ontological status that ultimately safeguards them from any possible critique. (shrink)

Este artículo critica la constitucionalización de los derechos de la naturaleza como una construcción del discurso que refleja la colonización jurídica. Los derechos de la naturaleza reflejan una dicotomía cuya genealogía es la división entre naturaleza y cultura. Se propone un cambio de enfoque que consiste en diluir esta dicotomía, dando paso a la inclusión de los terceros provenientes del mundo indígena kichwa Saraguro y amazónico.