Athée de système, athée vertueux, Spinoza a disparu sous le spinozisme, lui-même réduit à une forme d'athéisme, buteur a voulu poser la question de cette résistance à l'Éthique et retrouver Spinoza sous le spinozisme. Il fallait pour cela être dans l'Éthique, dans un livre dont l'écriture more geometrico cache un déplacement inédit. Chez les adversaires de Spinoza, la résistance au texte montre que Spinoza institue un mode nouveau et inouï de positionnement du lecteur. À la lecture de l'Éthique, on comprendra (...) ce que signifie pour le sujet, être effet de texte : le lecteur est construit par sa lecture, ce qui configure une théorie du sujet absolument nouvelle. Il fallait partir des réfutations de Spinoza pour mesurer, contre le prestige du cogito cartésien et de sa méthode, ce que peut être l'assujettissement du moi à un ordre dont il est l'effet et non le principe. Et ordre se prend en deux sens. Ordre de l'infini actuel auquel la puissance du sujet s'intègre, or en proférant une imputation de spinozisme, les adversaires de Spinoza ont privilégié une théorie de la substance sans travailler sur une théorie de la puissance. Ordre d'un livre jouant de la géométrie comme d'une rhétorique et qui procède par allers et retours. Se placer dans l'Éthique pour la lire, c'est assumer cette détermination du lecteur se constituant par ces déplacements réitérés. L'ordre de la lecture est infini et symbolise avec l'infini actuel dont il est l'effet "--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

This paper argues for a view that maximizes in the Stoics' epistemology the starkness and clarity characteristic of other parts of their philosophy. I reconsider our evidence concerning doxa (opinion/belief): should we really take the Stoics to define it as assent to the incognitive, so that it does not include the assent of ordinary people to their kataleptic impressions, and is thus actually inferior to agnoia (ignorance)? I argue against this, and for the simple view that in Stoicism assent is (...) either, in the case of the fool, doxa = agnoia, or alternatively, in that of the sage, epistêmê (knowledge). This view, together with reflection on the appropriate sense of "between" in the relevant reports of SE and Cicero, yields a sympathetic reading of an otherwise problematic challenge Sextus reports Arcesilaus as having prepared for the Stoic claim that katalêpsis, which is the criterion of truth, is between knowledge and opinion; on my view each side is proceeding in a philosophically legitimate way. (shrink)

In this outstanding introduction, Constance Meinwald covers all of Plato's philosophy and shows how he shaped the landscape of Western philosophy. Beginning with a helpful overview of what is known about Plato's life and times, she clearly explains and assesses Plato's fundamental arguments and ideas. These include the importance of Plato's view of what philosophy is and the distinctive way in which his most important arguments are presented in dialogues; his theories of ethics addressed through the fundamental and enduring (...) questions happiness and virtue; his influential treatments of the soul and immortality; the lasting contributions he made to the study of metaphysics and the nature of knowledge through his theory of the Forms; and his enduring and controversial insights into political and social thought in the context of his theories of human nature. Throughout, Constance Meinwwald draws expertly on Plato's most important dialogues to present a thorough and lively picture of his philosophy. Essential reading for students of ancient philosophy and Classics, Plato is an ideal introduction to arguably the greatest of all Western philosophers. (shrink)

Diderot a fréquenté tous les savoirs dans la circulation de l’ Encyclopédie, mais ce pluriel n’est pas simple énumération : Diderot substitue des codes à un ordre des choses supposé naturel, et dont le renversement entraîne la déstabilisation de la conscience de soi. Cette critique du cogito fait éclater l’unité fondatrice du sujet pensant en un pluriel : « l’anatomie métaphysique ». Au lieu de supposer un Diderot matérialiste ou athée, catégorisation indéformable de l’histoire des idées, et des galeries de (...) portraits des grands hommes, on étudiera donc ici le cheminement des arguments, avec ou sans l’aveu de l’auteur. (shrink)

Résumé — En relisant l’Essay sceptique et en suivant le cours, souvent désordonné, de ses arguments, nous avons voulu marquer comment le scepticisme de Jean-Pierre Camus a opéré dans la suite de son œuvre. Dans les romans à fonction édifiante, comme dans la théologie mystique, il développe, de façon explicite ou implicite, une sorte d’anthropologie qui réduit l’illusion de maîtrise du sujet. Une théorie du singulier, de l’événement et de la situation s’oppose à la représentation d’un universel abstrait. Le thème (...) du dessaisissement du sujet et la réflexion sur les rapports entre activité et passivité accompagne, sans la subvertir, la visée apologétique et moralisatrice.— While reading the Essay sceptique and following the course of his arguments, we aim at showing how Jean-Pierre Camus’s scepticism has been at work in his future books. He’s developing, if not always officially, in his novels for edification as well as in mystical theology, a kind of anthropology which tends to lower the illusion of mastering a subject. Far from representing an abstract universal, a theory of singularity, of the event and situation opposes it. The robbing of a subject’s attributes and the reflexion on intercourses between activity and passivity comes along with an apologetic design, without undoing it. (shrink)

The Parmenides is notorious for the criticisms it directs against Plato's own Theory of Forms, as presented in the middle period. But the second and major portion of the dialogue has generally been avoided, despite its being offered as Plato's response to the problems; the text seems intractably obscure, appearing to consist of a series of bad arguments leading to contradictory conclusions. Carefully analyzing these arguments and the methodological remarks which precede them, Meinwald shows that to understand Plato's response we (...) need to recognize his important distinction between two kinds of predication. Read in the light of this distinction, the arguments can be seen to be sound, and the contradictions merely apparent. Meinwald then proceeds to demonstrate the direct application of Plato's crucial innovation in solving the problems of the first part of the dialogue, including the infamous Third Man. On Meinwald's interpretation, the new distinction is associated with developments in metaphysics which take Plato well beyond the problems commonly thought to tell against Platonism. (shrink)

Higher education has not been spared from the effects of the disruptive aspects of technology. MOOCs, teach bots, virtual learning platforms, and Wikipedia are among technics marking a digi...

Four hundred seventy-six nuclear power plants are in operation or under construction around the world. Are concepts for designing and operating plants safely sufficient? Conventional approaches are premised on expectations of predictability and control of radiation release and on assumptions that plant operations are closed systems. Field observations in the industry find, however, that the periodic necessity to refuel, test safety equipment, and continuously upgrade plant designs introduces challenges to control not originally calculated. The social and cultural contexts of markets, (...) regulation, and work systems create additional contingencies. In this dynamic environment, reactor operations produce invaluable data about the states of the entire technology and organizational system. Rereading these dynamics as "experiments" suggests an alternative epistemol ogy that synthesizes science's values of doubt, discovery, and documentation with engineering's values of efficiency, optimization, and problem solving. This redefines plant-based risk handlers as ethologists, geologists, and anthropologists of an ecology of visible and invisible hazards. (shrink)

Machine generated contents note: 1. Astrobiology in societal context Constance Bertka; Part I. Origin of Life: 2. Emergence and the experimental pursuit of the origin of life Robert Hazen; 3. From Aristotle to Darwin, to Freeman Dyson: changing definitions of life viewed in historical context James Strick; 4. Philosophical aspects of the origin-of-life problem: the emergence of life and the nature of science Iris Fry; 5. The origin of terrestrial life: a Christian perspective Ernan McMullin; 6. The alpha and (...) the omega: reflections on the origin and future of life from the perspective of Christian theology and ethics Celia Deane-Drummond; Part II. Extent of Life: 7. A biologist's guide to the Solar System Lynn Rothschild; 8. The quest for habitable worlds and life beyond the Solar System Carl Pilcher; 9. A historical perspective on the extent and search for life Steven J. Dick; 10. The search for extraterrestrial life: epistemology, ethics, and worldviews Mark Lupisella; 11. The implications of discovering extraterrestrial life: different searches, different issues Margaret S. Race; 12. God, evolution, and astrobiology Cynthia S. W. Crysdale; Part III. Future of Life: 13. Planetary ecosynthesis on Mars: restoration ecology and environmental ethics Christopher P. McKay; 14. The trouble with intrinsic value: an ethical primer for astrobiology Kelly C. Smith; 15. God's preferential option for life: a Christian perspective on astrobiology Richard O. Randolph; 16. Comparing stories about the origin, extent, and future of life: an Asian religious perspective Francisca Cho; Index. (shrink)

Applying social construction theory to the study of other animals, this article reports research conducted on ecotourist constructions of orangutans. Two "stories" dominated: Orangutan as Child and Orangutan as Pristine. The cultural and historical specificity of these constructs as well as their implications for conservation are discussed.

I suggest that there are no universally applicable principles for the study of Plato’s philosophy. Different students of Plato have different objects of interest that can make different ways of proceeding appropriate. For me the dialogues are the main object of study; I think they are best approached by interpreting literary elements and obviously philosophical content as working together. The paper includes illustrations of how parts of my picture of the developing theory of forms emerge from this type of engagement.

La pornographie serait-elle l’objet d’un malentendu? Alors qu’elle s’offre une santé particulièrement réjouissante au regard du commerce mondial, il semblerait que les jugements portés sur elle ne parviennent jamais à toucher leur but. C’est que la pornographie brouille cette aptitude à dessiner clairement les limites que l’on souhaiterait repérer entre réel et imaginaire. La condamnation de cette imagerie sous l’étiquette « obscène » révèle ainsi l’incapacité à juger de la place véritable des représentations de la sexualité dans notre société, mais (...) aussi et surtout, elle révèle la difficulté à identifier le réel lui-même, et signe un dialogue de sourds sur le sens que l’on pourrait donner aux choses représentées en général. C’est sans doute qu’il y a méprise sur l’objet même de la représentation. C’est aussi que l’analyse qui ressort de ce phénomène ne parvient que rarement à sortir d’un aveuglement subtilement construit par les appartenances culturelles et les intérêts idéologiques. Effaçant les frontières a priori certaines entre imaginaire et réel, l’image pornographique donnerait au jugement une portée incapable de s’ancrer dans l’un où l’autre monde. (shrink)

Ethnography in the field of postsecondary education has served as a magnifying glass bringing into focus university culture and student life. This paper highlights the ways in which ethnography is especially useful for understanding more recent dynamics and shifts in higher education. The authors utilize existing literature to uphold the relevancy of ethnography, while exploring its opportunities for research on adult students, online education, and for-profit colleges in particular. They conclude with methodological recommendations and directions for both qualitative research and (...) higher education scholarship. (shrink)

Édouard Glissant’s Poetics of Relation is unlikely to strike most readers as a sacred text. True, the design of the 1997 English paperback edition hints at something mysterious within. The seventeenth century map on the cover, glowing green and only partially visible from the front, disrupts the geographic orientation a map might be expected to provide. The seeming clarity of the title, author, and translator, is likewise unsettled by their placement, suspended above the surrounding white expanse. Yet this trace of (...) eeriness is easily dispelled by the physical book’s assertion of scholarly credentials. “Michigan,” the name of the university press publisher, prominent on the spine and back, also announces itself on the front cover, and the text on the back declares the book an aesthetic and political—but not sacred—project, with three blurbs praising the translator’s achievement and the author’s brilliance. The Library of Congress cataloguing information on the copyright page tells us that Poetics of Relation, Glissant’s third monograph, is first and foremost about his birthplace (Martinique--civilization, language, culture, nationalism, and literature of). Secondarily, according to the cataloguers, it is a book about the French connection (“6. Martinique—Dependency on France. 7. West Indies, French—Relations—France. 8. France—Relations—West Indies.”). Scholarly interpretations of Poetics of Relation are of course more expansive and exploratory than cataloguing’s brevity allows. Still, most who write about this strange and beautiful text focus on poetics and politics, with very few lingering over Glissant’s own claims about the importance of the sacred. (shrink)

This essay presents a critique of dialetheist readings of Madhyamaka based on the philosophy of the fifteenth-century Tibetan scholar, Gorampa Sonam Senge (Go rams pa bSod nams Seng ge) (1429-1489). In brief, dialetheism is the acceptance that in a logical system there can be at least some cases in which a statement and its negation are true; that is, it involves the acceptance of true contradictions. Jay Garfield and Graham Priest's "Nāgārjuna and the Limits of Thought" attempts to reconcile apparent (...) contradictions in Nāgārjuna's Madhyamaka writings by appealing to dialetheism.1 Tom Tillemans' response to that article, "How do Mādhyamikas Think?" advocates an interpretation of Nāgārjuna that relies on a weaker .. (shrink)