One major insight derived from the moral twin earth debate is that evaluative and descriptive terms possess different levels of semantic stability, in that the meanings of the former but not the latter tend to remain constant over significant counterfactual variance in patterns of application. At the same time, it is common in metanormative debate to divide evaluative terms into those that are thin and those that are thick. In this paper, I combine debates about semantic stability and the distinction (...) between the thin and the thick by presenting a new seamless inferentialist account of thin and thick evaluative terms which, despite subsuming them under the same metasemantic analysis, can nevertheless account for their varying levels of semantic stability. According to this position of ‘seamless metaconceptualism’, thin and thick evaluative terms do not belong to different categories, but are both understood as metaconceptual devices which do not differ in kind, but in scope. By providing the same analysis for both thin and thick terms, seamless metaconceptualism not only entails that the latter cannot shoulder the philosophical work that some have attributed to them, but also removes much of their surrounding intrigue. (shrink)

This paper offers an account of the property Feuerbach and Marx called “species-being,” the human being’s distinctive tendency to identify herself as a member of her species, and to think of the species as a “we.” It links the notion to Kant’s theory of rights, arguing that every claim of right commits the maker of that claim to something like world government, and therefore to the conception of humanity as a collective agent. It also links species-being to the concept of (...) practical identity, arguing that the conceptions under which we find our lives and actions valuable are ones according to which we make a positive contribution to the life of the species. It then argues that the resulting conception of humanity, together with certain considerations about the nature of the good, provides grounds for challenging the familiar claim that death is generally worse for human beings than for animals. On the other hand, because of species-being, the extinction of our species is a much worse prospect for human beings than for the other animals. (shrink)

International migration has a female face in the beginning of the twenty-first century; since at least 1990, a total of 49 percent of international migrants have been women (UN 2008).1 Many women relocate in pursuit of goals that they can’t realize in their countries of origin, and many women move on their own to developed countries as caregivers to the very old or the very young, as nurses to attend to the sick in hospitals, and as domestic workers.2 How should (...) we regard their decisions to do so? One way of thinking about such moves is to deplore the fact that women have to move in order to attain certain goals in their lives; it would be more desirable to live in a world that would not make such moves necessary... (shrink)

State concussion laws and sport-league policies are important tools for protecting public health, but also present implementation challenges. Both state laws and league policies often require athletes provide written acknowledgement of having received concussion-related information and/or of their responsibility to report concussion-related symptoms. This paper examines these requirements in two ways: an analysis of the variation in state laws and sport-league policies and a study of their effects in a cohort of collegiate football players.

The recent increased prevalence of diseases related to unhealthy lifestyles raises difficulties for healthcare insurance systems traditionally based on the principles of risk-management, solidarity, and selective altruism: since these diseases are, to some extent, predictable and avoidable, patients seem to bear some responsibility for their condition and may not deserve full access to social medical services. Here, we investigate with objective criteria to what extent it is warranted to hold patients responsible for their illness and to sanction them accordingly. We (...) ground our analysis on a series of minimal conditions for ‘practical’ and for ‘moral’ responsibility attribution. By applying these criteria consistently, we highlight that individual responsibility applies to risk-taking life choices rather than stigmatized sickness. We explain that responsibility is a matter of degree, that it varies across life-history, and can be affected by factors beyond the patients’ grasp. We point out that scientific knowledge about the effect of these factors generates responsibilities for other parties such as public health agencies and private industry. The upshot of our analysis is that health policies targeting the ‘liable’ undeserving sick are mostly unwarranted, and tend to increase unequal treatment of already vulnerable groups: the unlucky sick. (shrink)

The personal writings of First World War nurses and VADs (volunteers) provide the historian with a range of insights into the war and women's nursing roles within it. This paper offers a number of methodological perspectives on these writings. In particular, it emphasises two elements of engagement with texts that can act as important influences on subsequent historical writings: authorial intention and scholarly interpretation. In considering the interplay of these two elements, the paper emphasises the motivations both of those who (...) produced primary sources and of those who later used them to ‘serve’ particular historical interpretations. The paper examines letters, diaries and semi‐fictional writings, considering the influences of gender, class and professional background on the ways in which their authors wrote. It then briefly considers the uses to which historians have put these original writings. The paper offers insights into the ways in which complex personal writings can be interpreted and concludes that the writings of First World War nurses and volunteers offer a rich and varied set of perspectives on both the war itself and the nature of wartime nursing work. (shrink)

What would a person look like if she were to possess a virtue like compassion or courage? This is the question that will come to mind when contemplating the hau.

Cette introduction à une collection d'articles sur la normativité propose d'adopter les divisions trouvées habituellement en éthique pour aborder la normativité. Ainsi, il semble utile de diviser les questions en cinq groupes: l'ontologie normative, la sémantique normative, l'épistémologie normative, la psychologie normative, et finalement, les questions normatives substantielles.

In der gegenwärtigen Forschung wird die Hervorbringung von Kunst und Wissenschaften vor allem unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Abhängigkeit thematisiert, in der sie von ihren Auftrag- bzw. Geldgebern steht. Das Augenmerk gilt den partikularen Interessen, die politisch Mächtige verfolgen, wenn sie Künstler oder Gelehrte alimentieren: Repräsentation, Legitimierung von Herrschaftsansprüchen, Distinktion mit Hilfe von kulturellem Kapital lauten die gängigen Stichworte. Demgegenüber wird in diesem Band gezeigt, dass umgekehrt auch die Mächtigen von den Kulturschaffenden abhängig sind. Denn Wissenschaft und Kunst können -- statt (...) als Propaganda und schöner Schein -- auch als spezifische Formen universalistischer Rationalität aufgefasst werden. So begriffen, sind sie es, die in ihren Ausdrucksformen und Diskursen über die Vernünftigkeit einer Herrschaft verhandeln. Indem sie politische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Geltungsansprüche argumentativ bzw. ästhetisch durchdeklinieren, stellen sie diese zugleich auf den Prüfstand und sie geben als Experten für die Erzeugung von Neuem den Herrschern unbekannte, fremdartige Ideen. (shrink)

The integral role of royal women in political systems structured by diplomatic marriage is revealed in a series of legal verdicts from a case that involved the rulers of Late Bronze Age Ugarit, Amurru, and Ḫatti. These verdicts adjudicate the divorce, loss of political status, and execution of a royal woman who was the wife of the king of Ugarit, the daughter and sister of two successive kings of Amurru, and the granddaughter and niece of two successive Hittite Great Kings. (...) The undoing of her multivalent political status destabilized the regional and imperial system in which she was enmeshed. Protracted negotiations were required to restore equilibrium to the system. Examination of the rhetorical and legal strategies through which these negotiations took place reveals the extent to which the relative power of royal men depended on their relationships to royal women. (shrink)

The interlocutors of Plato’s Cratylus agree that “it is far better to learn and to inquire from the things themselves than from their names”. Although surprisingly little attention has been paid to these remarks, at least some commentators view Plato as articulating a preference for direct, nonlinguistic cognitive access to the objects of inquiry. Another commentator takes Plato simply to recommend first-hand, yet linguistic, experience in addition to instruction from experts. This paper defends, in contrast to both interpretations, the view (...) that inquiry without names is dialectical, linguistic inquiry into metaphysical first principles. As such, inquiry without names is prior to inquiry from or through names. Inquiry without names is a form of transcendental metaphysics. (shrink)

The Cratylus contains Plato's most extensive study of the relation of language to reality and to the pursuit of wisdom. Yet the dialogue has remained relatively neglected in efforts to understand Plato's deepest metaphysical and epistemological commitments. The blame for such neglect lies largely in the dialogue's extensive, difficult, even mysterious etymological section. Recent attempts to make sense of the bulk of the Cratylus are shedding much welcome light on the important roles that the etymological analyses play in the dialogue (...) and in Plato's philosophy more generally. The article outlines three strategies of interpretation before concluding with the author's own proposal. (shrink)

Nicht selten wird zum Beispiel in Diskussionen um „Political Correctness“ oder „Cancel Culture“ Kritik an bestimmten Positionen geübt und im Namen der Meinungsfreiheit zugleich Kritik an der eigenen Meinung zurückgewiesen. Offenbar besteht Klärungsbedarf in Bezug darauf, ob und, wenn ja, wann Kritik ebenso wie ihre Zurückweisung berechtigt sind. Hierzu gilt es insbesondere den Zusammenhang eingehender zu betrachten zwischen dem universellen Recht auf Redefreiheit, dessen gesetzlicher Kodifizierung und den ethischen Anforderungen, denen Redebeiträge und deren Kritik unterstehen. In sieben Beiträgen wird aus (...) unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln das Thema des Schwerpunkts „Redefreiheit und Kritik: Müssen wir alles tolerieren, was andere sagen?“ beleuchtet. Dabei soll auch die öffentliche und nicht nur die akademische Debatte über das Recht auf Rede- bzw. Meinungsfreiheit sowie die normativen Grenzen von Kritik bereichert werden. (shrink)

The integrative memory model formalizes a new conceptualization of memory in which interactions between representations and cognitive operations within large-scale cerebral networks generate subjective memory feelings. Such interactions allow to explain the complexity of memory expressions, such as the existence of multiples sources for familiarity and recollection feelings and the fact that expectations determine how one recognizes previously encountered information.

This chapter contains sections titled: Notes.

This paper reviews the main pricing policies in Latin American countries, discussing their shortcomings. It also gives an overview of the most common pricing and reimbursement policies in Europe and describes in detail three well-established approaches — international price referencing, value-based pricing, including setting up of health technology assessment, and generic and biosimilar policies — building on country examples.

One factor that impedes medical students from speaking up about ethical situations is the lack of sufficient knowledge and skills in conflict resolution. This may also affect students’ decision and timing to intervene. This article will provide practical ways to effectively and efficiently address the medical student’s ethical case presented in August A. Culbert et al.’s “Navigating Informed Consent and Patient Safety in Surgery: Lessons for Medical Students and Junior Trainees.”.

Quand Colbert fonda l’Académie des sciences dans le but de dynamiser l’industrie, aucun chimiste de l’Académie n’était encore susceptible de rationaliser l’art très empirique de la teinture. Au XVIIe siècle, la teinture n’était pas un sujet traité lors des séances de l’Académie, en revanche l’intérêt des académiciens pour cet art chimique a pris de l’ampleur dans les années 1750 sous l’impulsion de Pierre-Joseph Macquer et du Bureau du Commerce. Dans cet article, la présentation de l’art de la teinture à l’Académie (...) des sciences au XVIIIe siècle est centrée principalement sur les premiers travaux académiques sur la teinture, sur les mémoires de Macquer, ainsi que sur les prix et les publications sur la teinture proposés par l’Académie.Au cours du XVIIIe siècle, la teinture abandonnera le monde des artisans teinturiers pour intéresser le monde savant et les académiciens. La teinture acquerra ses lettres de noblesse, sortant des ateliers pour entrer à l’Académie avant de s’enseigner comme la chimie. (shrink)

Le syntagme « philosophie de la danse » fait surgir une tension aporétique : soit le philosophe esthéticien évince le _danser_ pour réduire la danse à la réception de son spectacle, soit il assimile la danse à une pensée ou un langage – ce qui est bien mal connaître l’absentement du concept en danse, supplanté par autant d’intuitions locomotrices. À titre alternatif, je soutiendrai que la pratique de la danse est révélatrice des dimensions non conceptuelles de la vérité, qualifiables d’ (...) « intuitions claires et évidentes » et posées comme condition même de toute connaissance par Descartes ; ou « vérités du cœur » de même valeur que les connaissances rationnelles selon Pascal. (shrink)

Managerialism impacted North American churches long before South and Central American churches, due to both the greater affinity for managerialism in Protestant ecclesial structures, and to the earlier development of advanced capitalism in North America. The most recent managerialist developments in Catholic churches of both continents have manifested themselves in the curial and Episcopal treatment of the clerical pedophilia scandals, while the developments in Pentecostal churches, especially in Latin America, have emanated from lower structural levels. Most of these emanate from (...) pastors in churches on a growth trajectory that utilizes mass media, especially televised services and sermons. (shrink)

What is cognition? Despite the existence of a science of cognition there is no clear agreement on what makes certain phenomena cognitive, and others not. Within cognitivism the issue was neglected. Human intelligence was used as a standard, and any process—natural or artificial—that fitted this standard sufficiently could be considered ‘cognitive’. For post-cognitivist psychology the situation is different. It cannot rely on the ‘human standard’ in the same way. One might even say that the need for a post-cognitivist psychology arose (...) because cognitivism began with this most complex of all cognitive systems without a good understanding and appreciation of more basic, biological cases. Embodied cognition approaches remedy this anthropocentric bias by addressing a more varied set of processes that are not strictly limited to humans. Under these circumstances the question what we take cognition to be is more urgent. Are phenomena like insect walking (Brooks) and goal-seeking missiles (O’Regan and Noë) examples of cognition or not? What criteria do we use to answer such questions? Given this problem, the notion of perception-action coupling (or sensorimotor contingencies) becomes an important and fairly obvious option to provide a foundation for the notion of cognition. However, and intriguingly, the same problem occurs again: What are perception-action couplings? What would make something an example of perception-action coupling? Where are we to draw a line, if anywhere? It is self-evident that O’Regan and Noë’s (2001) example of a goal-seeking missile is controversial, but why exactly? What is missing? Can we ever do more than making intuitive judgments here? A way out of this dilemma may be found by developing the claim that perception-action coupling must be grounded in a biological context (Keijzer, 2001), and following what Lyon (2005) calls a biogenic approach. This option raises a whole new field of issues and topics that is of central concern for a postcognitivist psychology. (shrink)

Cet article explore l’utilisation que font certains musées des avancées technologiques et communicationnelles les plus actuelles. En prenant appui sur des théories et des exemples tirés principalement du contexte nord-américain, il s’agit d’examiner la présentation d’une œuvre d’art contemporain, No Woman, No Cry, de Chris Ofili, sélectionnée par la Tate Britain dans le Google Art Project. L’étude de ce cas récent montre comment l’institution muséale reconduit, sur le Web, les principes de pratiques qu’elle applique, depuis longtemps, dans les salles d’exposition (...) et dans les messages adressés au public.This article explores the use made in certain museums of the very latest advances in communication and technology. Drawing on primarily North-American theories and examples, we examine the presentation of a particular work of contemporary art, Chris Ofili’s No Woman, No Cry, selected by Tate Britain from the Google Art Project. Our study of this recent case shows how museums apply the same principles of practice on the web as those they have applied for years in their exhibitions and their messages to the public. (shrink)

The enforcement of the alkali acts by the chief inspectors Robert Angus Smith and Alfred Evans Fletcher indicates how scientific ideals of neutrality and impartiality were placed under strain by their state‐sanctioned role as arbitrators between environmental and industrial interests. Previously unused or unexploited sources reveal the precise ways in which they sought to resolve the conflicts between ‘muck and brass' intrinsic to environmental regulation and illustrate the value‐laden and discretionary implementation of scientific public policy. Through an analysis of the (...) ethical considerations and decision‐making strategies of the first chief alkali inspectors this study highlights the social negotiation of regulatory science and shows the extent to which the cultural values of actors can shape the implementation of technical policy. (shrink)

We consider questions related to the rigidity of the structure R, the PTIME-Turing degrees of recursive sets of strings together with PTIME-Turing reducibility, pT, and related structures; do these structures have nontrivial automorphisms? We prove that there is a nontrivial automorphism of an ideal of R. This can be rephrased in terms of partial relativizations. We consider the sets which are PTIME-Turing computable from a set A, and call this class PTIMEA. Our result can be stated as follows: There is (...) an oracle, A, relative to which the PTIME-Turing degrees are not rigid . Furthermore, the automorphism can be made to preserve the complexity classes DTIMEA for all k 1, or to move any DTIMEA for n 2. From the existence of such an automorphism we conclude as a corollary that there is an oracle A relative to which the classes DTIME are not definable over R. We carry out the corresponding partial relativization for the many-one degrees to construct an oracle, A, relative to which the PTIMA-many-one degrees relative to A have a nontrivial automorphism, and one relative to which the lattice of sets in PTIMEA under inclusion have a nontrivial automorphism. The proof is phrased as a forcing argument; we construct the set A to meet a particular collection of dense sets in our notion of forcing. Roughly, the dense sets will guarantee that if A meets these sets and we split A into two pieces, A0 and A1, in a simple way, and then switching the roles of A0 and A1 in all computations from A will produce an automorphism of the ideal of PTIMA-degrees below A. We force A0 and A1 to have different PTIME-Turing degree; this will then make the automorphism nontrivial. An appropriately generic set A is constructed using a priority argument. (shrink)