I. The Problem of ‘Truth’ in the Logic of Truth.

Nicht nur die Rezeptivität unseres menschlichen Erkenntnisvermögens, sondern auch seine Spontaneität, womit es von sich aus reine Vorstellungen a priori hervorbringt, machen gerade darin seine Grenze offenkundig, weil es nur seinen subjektiven Vorstellungen gemäss etwas erkennen kann und muss. Ein solches allein, was unseren apriorischen Vorstellungen gemäss uns erscheint, können wir als einen Gegenstand erkennen. Diese apriorischen Vorstellungen konstituieren also die Gegenständlichkeit von etwas als einem so-und-so erkannten Gegenstand. Ein von uns so-und-so erkannter Gegenstand ist aber nur eine Erscheinung von (...) etwas, was an sich uns unbekannt ist, was jedoch gerade in seiner Erscheinung sein Dasein bekundet. (shrink)

Buddhism became established as a state religion in Korea during the sixth century, and was able to maintain that status with relatively little opposition throughout the Unified Silla and Koryô periods. However, at the end of the Koryô, the Buddhist establishment ended up in a serious confrontation with a rising Korean Neo Confucian polemical movement, a confrontation in which it would end up being the clear loser. The nature of the developing Neo Confucian polemic was twofold. The first aspect was (...) an outcry against the economic privileges and excessive government influence of the Buddhist church. The second was a philosophical/religious opposition to Buddhist doctrine and practice, which had developed out of the writings of the Sung Neo Confucian architects, most important of whom were the two Ch'eng brothers and Chu Hsi. (shrink)

본 논문은 칸트가 『순수이성비판』초판 A99~110에 간단히 기술만 하고 더 이상 파고들지 않은 ‘인식의 삼중적 종합(dreifache Synthese von Erkenntnis, KrV A99~110)’ 체계에 주목하며, 칸트가 비판서 이전부터 전제한 시간의 구성적 의미를 「교수취임논문」을 통해 규명한다. 그리고 시적 직관 속에 구체화된 시간의 반추를 통해서 시에 현시된 내적 시간 의미를 ‘직관에서의 각지의 종합(Synthesis der Apprehension in der Anschauung)’ 관점에서 재구성하고 재해석한다.BR 본론 앞부분에는 시간 개념의 출현과 관련하여 외재적 시간에 대한 문제제기를 한다. “변화라는 개념[도] 오직 경험에서만 얻을 수 있는 개념”이기 때문이다. 본론 두 번째 절은 내적으로 (...) 연결되는 표상들의 시간에 관해 고찰한다. 이 절에는 칸트가 말한 단일한 시간의 “내적이고도 실재적인 형식”을 정현종의 시적 직관 속에 재경험해 보는 시도를 한다. 끝으로 본고는 단일하면서도 임의적인 시간 의미를 고은(高銀)의 시 한편을 빌려와 풀어보고자 한다. 마지막 절에서는 고정되어 있지 않은 임의적 시간이 뜻하는 바에 관하여, 이를테면 시간의 끝없는 생성에 관하여 시적 상상력을 접목해본다.BR 칸트에 따르면, “세계 내 관찰가능한 모든 사건들, 모든 운동들, 모든 내적 변화들”(Diss. §14-6)과 매 순간 공간적이든, 비공간적이든 동시적으로 우리 앞에 펼쳐지는 수많은 것들은 시간의 문을 반드시 거친다. 시간은 “모든 감각에 앞서서 표상되는 직관의 형식이며, 동시에 모든 감각 가능한 것들에 나타나는 관계들의 조건들”(Diss. III, §14-3)로 파악된다. 다른 말로 하면, 시간은 어떤 대상의 현존을 통해서 내감에 촉발된 표상들에 나타나는 관계들의 조건이다.BR 칸트가 뜻하는 시간 관계의 조건에는 두 가지가 있다. 다양한 내용들을 직각적(intuitiv) 으로 포괄하는 동시적 관계조건(혹은 병렬 형식, co-ordinatio, Diss. I, §1)과 “우연적인 것 까지도 통틀어”(Diss. III, §15, Folgesatz) 상이한 내용들이 차례로 잇따르는 계기적 관계조건(순차적 형식, successio, Diss. I, §1)이다. 동시적이거나 잇따르는 시간의 형식 속에서 다양한 내용들은 서로 연결되고 정립됨으로써 일정 꼴을 띄고 개념에도 테두리가 생긴다. 그러므로 이런 의미에서 직관에서의 각지의 종합은 시간의 근원적 질서를 전제한다. 마치 우리가 정현종 시인과 고은 시인의 시를 통해서 그 안에 다양한 ‘시작’을 보고 ‘하나’의 시작에 대해 다시 생각해볼 수 있는 계기의 시간을 이어가는 것, 시간의 이러한 국면은 우리에게 언제 어디서나 새로운 인식의 바탕을 제공한다. (shrink)

This question is the theme uniting all these essays by lead Chinese and Western philosophers.

본 연구는 칸트가 『순수이성비판』 초판에 짧게 개략만 하고 더 이상 연구를 진척시키지 않은 “직관에서의 각지의 종합(Synthesis der Apprehension in der Anschauung)”에 주목하며, ｢교수취임논문｣에서부터 전제한 ‘표상들의 관계조건’으로서의 시간 의미를 규명한다.BR 지금까지 직관에서의 각지 종합에 대한 국내 연구는 적은 수를 차지한다. 시간의 관점에서 해명한 논문도 드물 것으로 생각된다. 더욱이 1770년 논문에 대한 연구 역시 국내⋅외로 아직까지 소수이며, 그중 시간론을 독립적으로 다룬 논문은 찾기 어렵다. 이러한 점에서 본 연구는, 사유의 한 과정으로 구성되는 각지의 종합과 그에 함축된 시간의 의미를 취임논문과의 연계 속에 분석하는 한편, (...) 개념의 현시적 측면에서 논리적 개념어가 재현할 수 없는 시간의 내적 직관을 시 예시를 통해 구체적으로 고찰한다.BR 『순수이성비판』 초판 초월 감성론의 시간 편은 “선험적 개념들의 객관적 타당성”을 입증하는 데 주력한 반면, 취임논문은 공상을 포함한 상상과 경험 가능한 모든 표상내용을 시간 영역 안에 포함시켰다. 그런데 1770년 논문이 의미하는 대로 계기적 시간이 ‘표상들의 관계 조건’으로서 규정된다면, 시간의 범위는 무한정 폭넓어진다. 왜냐하면 1770년 논문의 시간론에는 표상내용이 무엇이 되었든, 어떻게 상이한 표상들의 틈 사이로 또 다른 표상이 잇따라 관계 맺을 수 있는지가 관건이기 때문이다. 따라서 본고는 취임논문의 시간론을 고찰함에 있어, 다양한 표상들에 대한 시간의 순수 관계 논리가 무엇인지를 정초함과 동시에, 각지의 종합 내용을 시간 관점에서 재구성하고 취임논문을 바탕으로 논구한다.BR 본 논문에서, 시적 반추를 통한 시간론 연구는 간학문적 철학연구이다. 이는 단순 논리적 이해를 넘어, 칸트가 포착한 직관의 통일성을 시의 직접적 직관 속에 재현하고 재경험하는 단초를 제공한다. 특히 박주택 시인의 ｢배경들｣은 칸트가 더 이상 파고들지 않은 생산적이며 점층적인 시간(successio) 개념을 ‘열려있는 계기적 시간의 지평’ 관점으로 확장하는 매개점이 되어준다. 또한 ‘근원적 표상으로서 시간’의 의미를 성찰하게 하는 고은의 ｢무제 456｣ 시편은, 한 개념에 함축된 다양한 의미를 개관하게 한다. 프로스트의 ｢가지 않은 길｣ 역시 우리로 하여금 선형적 시간에 대한 새로운 의미를 모색하게 하는 계기가 되어줄 것이다. (shrink)

It is well known that Mozi criticizes the ritual practices of the Ru for being wasteful. However, another criticism has been less appreciated: These practices are merely conventional habituations and violate the Ru’s own moral ideals of ren 仁 , yi 義 and xiao 孝 . Xunzi responds to both criticisms in the Li Lun Pian 禮論篇 . Based on an account of Mozi’s arguments and Xunzi’s replies, this essay discusses the significance of ritual transformation in Xunzi’s moral philosophy.

The term zhen 真 in the Zhuangzi 莊子 is commonly associated with the zhen ren 真人 or "true person." We find metaphorical descriptions such as that he can go through fire and water unharmed. On the other hand, some scholars would claim that there is a more mystical element to the Zhuangzi that is missed if we think that such descriptions are "merely" metaphorical. However, the term zhen is not only applied to the zhen ren, and this essay has the (...) broader aim of investigating its various meanings and uses in the Zhuangzi. We shall situate our understanding of the zhen ren within the context of this broader investigation.Zhen has several applications throughout the text. To begin with, it may be used to affirm that .. (shrink)

This essay examines Zhuangzi's idea, in his dialogue with Hui Shi in the De Chong Fu, of being without human qing. This idea is situated within the contrast that Zhuangzi constantly makes between heaven and human beings. Some contexts for this contrast are described. The essay concludes that qing should be read as basically referring to “facts" in the Zhuangzi, including certain factual beliefs about (false or mistaken) emotions.

While interdisciplinary work on morality has largely been confined to a dialogue between psychologists and philosophers on the one hand, and economists and philosophers on the other, this volume brings together papers from a wider field ...

: While it is well known that Zhuangzi uses metaphor extensively, there is much less appreciation of the role that it plays in his thought—a topic that is investigated in this essay. At the same time, this investigation is closely concerned with questions about the nature of metaphor. Comparisons are made between a central metaphorical structure in the Zhuangzi on the one hand and contemporary views of the nature of metaphor by Donald Davidson and by Lakoff and Johnson on the (...) other. It is hoped that these comparisons will help to illuminate the central metaphorical structure and its role in the philosophy of the Zhuangzi. (shrink)

While it is well known that Zhuangzi uses metaphor extensively, there is much less appreciation of the role that it plays in his thought-a topic that is investigated in this essay. At the same time, this investigation is closely concerned with questions about the nature of metaphor. Comparisons are made between a central metaphorical structure in the Zhuangzi on the one hand and contemporary views of the nature of metaphor by Donald Davidson and by Lakoff and Johnson on the other. (...) It is hoped that these comparisons will help to illuminate the central metaphorical structure and its role in the philosophy of the Zhuangzi. (shrink)

Under Mencius' influence jen has been regarded as part of a theory of nature. As such, commentators have had difficulty resolving the apparent paradox in "Analects" 9.1 that Confucius rarely talked about jen. No paradox arises if jen is seen as a practice involving self-cultivation as a never-ending task and the immediacy of ethical commitment where a cluster of emotions, attitudes, and values are expressed. Jen is an ethical orientation from which one speaks and acts--not particular qualities that one might (...) enumerate and claim to possess. As such, the internal relation between jen and li does not amount to their being the same thing, as implied by some recent writers. (shrink)

Some commentators hold that Xunzi's criticism of Mencius' thesis that human nature is good depends more on Xunzi's definition of xing or nature than on substantive argument. Some also claim that Xunzi is committed to accepting Mencius' thesis. A more precise account of Xunzi's critique is offered here, based on an elaboration of his distinction in the "Xing e pian" between ke yi (capacity) and neng (ability). Others have noted this distinction, but no one has sufficiently appreciated its role in (...) making Xunzi's critique more systematic and substantive than it is usually thought to be. (shrink)

The issue of human nature or xing 性 was a major philosophical topic of the mid- and late-Warring States period of ancient China. It was famously discussed, for example, in the Mencius. Zhuangzi 莊子 lived around the same time as Mencius and one might expect that he, too, would have discussed it. Surprisingly, the term xing is absent from the Inner Chapters of the Zhuangzi. There have been different responses to this, namely, that Zhuangzi: used different terms equivalent to xing; (...) believed that human nature is bad (despite not mentioning xing); was deliberately silent on xing as an oblique way of criticizing others such as Mencius. I review these claims and provide an analysis of how xing was mainly conceptualized during the Warring States period in essentialist terms. I shall read Zhuangzi’s philosophy as transcending this conceptual framework. Instead of a theory of human nature, Zhuangzi provides stories and descriptions of the different facets of human behavior and their psychological and other complexities. These often have an epistemic focus that stand independently of any theory of human nature. (shrink)

This chapter discusses the relation between Mencius and “Daoism” by taking Zhuangzi (and other authors of the Zhuangzi) as representative of the latter and seeing where each of them stood in response to the cross-current of ideas of the Warring States period. The ideas of some figures mentioned in the Mencius, such as Gaozi, Yang Zhu, and Xu Xing, are extended in the Zhuangzi. Some ideas gathered in the Zhuangzi can be seen to contrast with Mencius’s and these are referred (...) to as “Daoist tendencies” of thought. For instance: self-preservation and nourishment of one’s own life, morality as an artificial construct, moral skepticism, tian (“heaven”) as non-normative, an ideal primitive life free from hierarchy, and that there is no essential (moral) human nature. (shrink)

Blinded by heaven -- The pre-established heart-mind -- The transformation of things -- Zhen, some normative concerns -- The facts of human construction -- Metaphor in the Zhuangzi and theories of metaphor -- Self, virtue (de) and values in the Zhuangzi.

In his essay “Philosophy of Human Nature,” Antonio Cua argues that the term “bad” in Xunzi’s statement that “Human nature is bad” is to be taken in a consequential sense. This goes against a common tendency to read the Xunzi in what I refer to as the essentialist mode of thinking. In this paper, I show how it is that the consequential reading of “bad” and other features that Professor Cua describes offer a significant understanding of Xunzi’s position as a (...) non-essentialist one. (shrink)

Mengzi 孟子 and Zhuangzi 莊子 lived around the same time in the mid–Warring States period of ancient China. The historical relation between them is unclear. There is no mention of each other in the texts named after them. But some authors have claimed that characterizations of deformed bodies, the heart-mind, and qi 氣 in the Inner Chapters of the Zhuangzi are directly critical of Mengzi. I argue that there is no good reason for this claim. Although their philosophies are conceptually (...) opposed, this does not mean that there is a directly critical relation between them. (shrink)

: Some commentators hold that Xunzi's criticism of Mencius' thesis that human nature is good depends more on Xunzi's definition of xing or nature than on substantive argument. Some also claim that Xunzi is committed to accepting Mencius' thesis. A more precise account of Xunzi's critique is offered here, based on an elaboration of his distinction in the "Xing e pian" between ke yi (capacity) and neng (ability). Others have noted this distinction, but no one has sufficiently appreciated its role (...) in making Xunzi's critique more systematic and substantive than it is usually thought to be. (shrink)

This is an introduction to the Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Mencius. It provides a brief account of the life of Mencius, discusses the issue of the authorship of the Mencius, and describes the salient features of Mencius’s philosophy and its influence in the history of Chinese philosophy. Historically, Mencius’s influence spans the classical Pre-Qin period to the present. Philosophically, the Mencius has inspired the examination of issues in social and political thought, ethics and epistemology, moral development and moral (...) psychology. (shrink)

This book is about the philosophical, historical, and interpretative aspects of Mencius. It explores his influence, reception, and relevance in China from the third century BCE to the present, as well as offers comparative studies of Mencius and major figures in the history of Chinese and Western philosophy. With 34 accessible articles written by leading philosophers and scholars, the Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Mencius provides both broad pictures and in-depth discussions regarding the work of one of the most (...) important and influential Chinese philosophers. It covers his normative ethics, meta-ethics, political philosophy, epistemology and moral psychology. The last section of the volume, “Mencius and Western Philosophers: Comparative Perspectives,” explicitly puts him in dialogue with major Western philosophers. The Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Mencius serves as an essential volume for college students, graduate students, and scholars who study and teach Mencius as well as Chinese philosophy and comparative philosophy in general.​. (shrink)

本书是一本关于陈冲体验人生感悟人生的书法集子。内容包括:悟道篇;明理篇;做人篇;处世篇等。.

Die Urteilskritik, die in Hegels Lehre vom spekulativen Satz enthalten ist, stellt eine radikale Kritik der traditionellen Auffassung des prädikativen Urteils dar. Sie betrifft nicht nur dessen logische Form, sondern insbesondere dessen ontologische Implikationen. Der Form nach ist das prädikative Urteil für Hegel unfähig, das Wahre angemessen darzustellen. Hegels Konsequenz ist aber gerade nicht, stattdessen eine "spekulative" Sprachform zu erfinden, die der Endlichkeit der natürlichen Sprache enthoben wäre. Er will vielmehr die Sprache durch sich selbst, in einer konsequent kritischen Umgangsweise, (...) über ihre Grenzen und Voraussetzungen aufklären. Den ontologischen Implikationen nach leistet Hegel eine radikale Revision jener Substanzontologie, die im Hintergrund des prädikativen Urteils steht. An die Stelle der These von der Selbständigkeit der Einzeldinge setzt Hegel eine monistische Subjektivitätsphilosophie, die sich im holistischen System des Begriffs realisiert. (shrink)

『모호한 군중』은 현대인의 도덕성에 전하는 철학적 메시지를 담았다. 바쁜 일상 속에서 자칫 잊기 쉬운 ‘그대 안의 도덕성’을 일깨워야 한다는 저자의 외침들은 우리로 하여금 많은 생각을 하게 한다.

Alters the landscape of Lacanian film theory by revealing an "emancipatory drive" in transnational cinema.

ABSTRACT In recent years, progressive activists around the world have fought to remove ‘problematic’ commemorations – typically, monuments commemorating and honoring individuals responsible for injustice, or even unjust events. Many of these problematic commemorations are vandalized before they are eventually removed. In this essay, I consider how the vandalism of problematic commemoration can transform the public honoring of a target, to a public repudiation or humiliation of that target. I discuss four obstacles to realizing the transformative potential of vandalism, and (...) how they may be mitigated or overcome. (shrink)

In analysing the problems with commemorative artefacts, philosophers have tended to focus on objectionable monuments that honour inappropriate subjects. The problems with such monuments, however, do not exhaust problems with a society’s public commemorative landscape – the totality of public commemorative artefacts in general, and the institutions involved in their creation and maintenance. I argue that a public commemorative landscape can implicate authoritative ideas, including stereotypes about people in virtue of their group membership. This contributes to what I term hermeneutical (...) constriction – a situation in which people are given reason to rely on an authoritative subset of the totality of hermeneutical resources that they actually have access to. Critiquing and resisting these problems with a public commemorative landscape that contributes to hermeneutical constriction is fraught with difficulties. Attempts to do so render activists vulnerable to a range of serious criticisms. (shrink)

What should we do about “tainted” public commemorations? Recent events have highlighted the urgency of reaching a consensus on this question. However, existing discussions appear to be dominated by two naïve opposing views – to remove or preserve them. My aims in this essay are two-fold. First, I argue that the two views are not naïve, but undergirded by concerns with securing self-respect and with the character of our engagement with the past. Second, I offer a qualified defence of vandalising (...) tainted commemorations. The defence comprises two parts. I consider two prominent suggestions – to install counter-commemorations and to add contextualising plaques – and argue that they are typically beset with difficulties. I then argue that in some circumstances, constrained vandalism is a response to tainted commemorations which effectively adjudicates the demands of the two opposing views. (shrink)

Figure originale de la pensée chinoise, Wang Chong passe en revue, dans cet ouvrage, les conceptions de son temps. Alors que dans leur majorité les penseurs chinois se préoccupent en priorité de morale, il se donne un programme d'ordre épistémologique : la lutte contre l'erreur et le mensonge.

Malaysia had its first four patients with COVID-19 on 25 January 2020. In the same week, the World Health Organization declared it as a public health emergency of international concern. The pandemic has since challenged the ethics and practice of medicine. There is palpable tension from the conflict of interest between public health initiatives and individual’s rights. Ensuring equitable care and distribution of health resources for patients with and without COVID-19 is a recurring ethical challenge for clinicians. Palliative care aims (...) to mitigate suffering caused by a life-limiting illness, and this crisis has led to the awareness and urgency to ensure it reaches all who needs it. We share here the palliative care perspectives and ethical challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. (shrink)