We should not admit categorial restrictions on the significance of syntactically well formed strings. Syntactically well formed but semantically absurd strings, such as ‘Life’s but a walking shadow’ and ‘Caesar is a prime number’, can express thoughts; and competent thinkers both are able to grasp these and ought to be able to. Gareth Evans’ generality constraint, though Evans himself restricted it, should be viewed as a fully general constraint on concept possession and propositional thought. For (a) even well formed (...) but semantically cross-categorial strings often do possess substantive inferential roles; (b) hearers exploit these inferential roles in interpreting such strings metaphorically; (c) there is no good reason to deny truth-conditions to strings with inferential roles. (shrink)

This article summarizes the main ideas for formalizing categorial languages genrated by classical categorial grammar originated by K. Ajdukiewicz [1935,1960].This formalization is presented in detail in the author's monographs in Polish "Teorie Języków Syntaktycznie Kategorialnych" ("Theories of Syntactically Categorical Languages"), PWN, Warszawa-Wrocław 1985 and in English "Theory of Language Syntax, Categorial Approach", Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston-London-Dordrecht 1991.

Relativistic locality is interpreted in this paper as a web of conditions expressing the compatibility of a physical theory with the underlying causal structure of spacetime. Four components of this web are distinguished: spatiotemporal locality, along with three distinct notions of causal locality, dubbed CL-Independence, CL-Dependence, and CL-Dynamic. These four conditions can be regimented using concepts from the categorical approach to quantum field theory initiated by Brunetti, Fredenhagen, and Verch (2003). A covariant functor representing a general quantum field theory is (...) defined to be causally local if it satisfies the three CL conditions. Any such theory is viewed as fully compliant with relativistic locality. We survey current results indicating the extent to which an algebraic quantum field theory satisfying the Haag–Kastler axioms is causally local. (shrink)

[1]. Recently renewed interest in non transformational approaches to syntax [2] suggests that it might be well to take another look at categorial grammars, since they seem to have been neglected largely because they had been shown to be equivalent to context free phrase structure grammars in weak generative capacity and it was believed that such grammars were incapable of describing natural languages in a natural way. It is my purpose here to sketch a theory of grammar which represents (...) a generalization of categorial grammars of the sort invented by Ajdukiewicz (1935) and further elaborated especially by Bar Hillel (1953) and Lambek (1961). (shrink)

Dieter Lohmar: Husserls concept of categorial intuition Husserl’s theory of categorial intuition is presented in the 6.th Logical Investigation. It starts with the question: what fulfills the specific categorial elements of thinking and language? Husserl’s analysis of the structure of categorial intuition opens up with a confrontation of simple acts of perception in contrast with complex, founded acts of categorial intuition. This is illustrated by the difference between simple synthesis of identification in continuous perception in (...) contrast to the thematic identification of the same object. Then the crucial “fulfilling” function of the “synthesis of coincidence” between implicite and explicite (partial-)intentions in categorial intuition is very carefuly presented. The source, the special character and the special mode of givenness of the synthesis of coincidence is characterized: They are non-sensual contents which are nevertheless given to us in the transition of the perceptual acts within the whole structure of a categorial act. This leds to a detailled categorial act. In the end there is to be found a critical evaluation of the procedure of seeing essenses (Wesensschau) viewed as a special case of categorial intuition. The performance and the limits of this central phenomenological method are discussed. (shrink)

This major study examines the most fundamental categories in terms of which we conceive of ourselves, critically surveying the concepts of substance, causation, agency, teleology, rationality, mind, body and person, and elaborating the conceptual fields in which they are embedded. The culmination of 40 years of thought on the philosophy of mind and the nature of the mankind Written by one of the world’s leading philosophers, the co-author of the monumental 4 volume _Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations_ Uses broad (...) categories, such as substance, causation, agency and power to examine how we think about ourselves and our nature Platonic and Aristotelian conceptions of human nature are sketched and contrasted Individual chapters clarify and provide an historical overview of a specific concept, then link the concept to ideas contained in other chapters. (shrink)

In his article "categorial consistency in ethics" ("the philosophical quarterly," october, 1967, Pages 289-297) alan gewirth argues that he can catch the fanatic in an inconsistency by a unique application of the generalizability principle. The fanatic, He says, Operates under "...A second order rule that agents or persons who are going to act have the right to decide...." the fanatic is inconsistent, According to gewirth, Because he fails to apply this second order principle to those he will subjugate. Unfortunately, (...) The fanatic has a way out. The second order principle he operates under need not be the one gewirth forces upon him. Rather, With perfect consistency, The fanatic can operate under the second order principle 'superior (not all) agents have a right to decide'. (shrink)

The paper contains an overview of the most important results presented in the monograph of the author "Teorie Językow Syntaktycznie-Kategorialnych" ("Theories of Syntactically-Categorial Languages" (in Polish), PWN, Warszawa-Wrocław 1985. In the monograph four axiomatic systems of syntactically-categorial languages are presented. The first two refer to languages of expression-tokens. The others also takes into consideration languages of expression-types. Generally, syntactically-categorial languages are languages built in accordance with principles of the theory of syntactic categories introduced by S. Leśniewski [1929,1930]; (...) they are connected with- the Ajdukiewicz’s work [1935] which was a continuation of Leśniewski’s idea and further developed and popularized in the research on categorial grammars, by Y. Bar-Hillel [1950,1953,1964]. To assign a suitable syntactic category to each word of the vocabulary is the main idea of syntactically-categorial approach to language. Compound expressions are built from the words of the vocabulary and then a suitable syntactic-category is assigned to each of them. A language built in this way should be decidable, which means that there should exist an algorithm for deciding about each expression of it, whether it is well-formed or is syntactically connected . The traditional, originating from Husserl, understanding of the syntactic category confronts some difficulties. This notion is defined by abstraction using the concept of affiliation of two expressions to the same syntactic category. (shrink)

La hermenéutica existencial crítica comprende los elementos que integran la explicación, la comprensión y la actualización en los fundamentos transcendentales de la realidad y que se expresan de forma inmanente en el ámbito espaciotemporal de sentido categorialmente. Así las cosas, el objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es presentar un análisis acerca de la relación entre los valores inmanentes y transcendentales en el ámbito espaciotemporal cotidiano de la acción humana. Esto con el fin de, en primer lugar, reconocer la superación (...) empírica de las contradicciones éticas y lógicas del mundo social y de la vida y, en segundo lugar, identificar, en la expresión categorial de los fundamentos axiológicos transcendentales, la posibilidad de la transformación personal y colectiva del género humano desde la hermenéutica existencial crítica, cuyo dinamismo comprende al ser humano como un buscador en la resolución existencial del sentido, en su doble tensión entre lo oculto y luminoso a través del cultivo de la vida espiritual, para descubrir en el interior de sí el llamado que acontece en el silencio. (shrink)

The ‘syntax’ and ‘combinatorics’ of my title are what Curry (1961) referred to as phenogrammatics and tectogrammatics respectively. Tectogrammatics is concerned with the abstract combinatorial structure of the grammar and directly informs semantics, while phenogrammatics deals with concrete operations on syntactic data structures such as trees or strings. In a series of previous papers (Muskens, 2001a; Muskens, 2001b; Muskens, 2003) I have argued for an architecture of the grammar in which finite sequences of lambda terms are the basic data structures, (...) pairs of terms syntax, semantics for example. These sequences then combine with the help of simple generalizations of the usual abstraction and application operations. This theory, which I call Lambda Grammars and which is closely related to the independently formulated theory of Abstract Categorial Grammars (de Groote, 2001; de Groote, 2002), in fact is an implementation of Curry’s ideas: the level of tectogrammar is encoded by the sequences of lambda-terms and their ways of combination, while the syntactic terms in those sequences constitute the phenogrammatical level. In de Groote’s formulation of the theory, tectogrammar is the level of abstract terms, while phenogrammar is the level of object terms. (shrink)

The equivalence of (classical) categorial grammars and context-free grammars, proved by Gaifman [4], is a very basic result of the theory of formal grammars (an essentially equivalent result is known as the Greibach normal form theorem [1], [14]). We analyse the contents of Gaifman's theorem within the framework of structure and type transformations. We give a new proof of this theorem which relies on the algebra of phrase structures and exhibit a possibility to justify the key construction used in (...) Gaifman's proof by means of the Lambek calculus of syntactic types [15]. (shrink)

A superficial glance at the philosophies of Hegel and Whitehead reveals some not insignificant thematic parallels and/or convergences: Both take process rather than static substance to be central, and both conceive it as a social, organic whole; both share a critique of the philosophical tradition of substance metaphysics, and both reject the substance-accident scheme. The question arises whether such thematic parallels are merely fortuitious, or grounded in yet more fundamental convergence. A formidable obstacle in making such a determination is created (...) by the vastly different philosophical terminology. Both Hegel and Whitehead generate new terminology partly as a result of their critique of the tradition and partly as a result of their construals of the philosophical task. Hegel’s terminology resists successful translation into English. And Whitehead’s terminology is anti-idealistic. Yet Whitehead himself acknowledges Hegel’s influence and characterizes his own argument in Process and Reality as an “Hegelian development of an idea.” Hence it is not surprising or difficult to find thematic and topical parallels between Whitehead and Hegel. The real problem is to determine what such parallels mean. Much work remains to sort this problem out, and the sorting out requires that fundamental questions concerning the possibility of speculative philosophy, as well as philosophical method, be addressed. (shrink)

Alan gewirth has argued that the fanatical defender of discriminatory moral principles can be convicted of inconsistency by appeal to the principle of categorial consistency (pcc). The pcc requires that equal weight be given to everyone's possession of the categorial features of action, I.E., The capacity to act voluntarily and the capacity to act purposively. In reply, I argue that, Contrary to gewirth, It has not been shown either that the fanatic is committed to the pcc or that (...) the pcc is a presupposition of rational moral evaluation. (shrink)

-- 2. La Gnoseología como filosofía de la ciencia (parte I, sección 2) ; Historia de la teoría de la ciencia (parte I, sección 3) -- 3. El Sistema de las doctrinas gnoseológicas ; Las cuatro familias básicas (parte II, sección 1) -- 4. El sistema de las doctrinas gnoseológicas ; Descripcionismo (parte II, sección 2) ; Teoreticismo (parte II, sección 3) -- 5. Adecuacionismo (parte II, sección 4) ; Circularismo (parte II, sección 5) ; Glosario.

Contributed papers presented at an international conference held during July 16-22, 1997 in Shimla.

En este trabajo exponemos algunas categorías modales orientadas al estudio y comprensión de los sistemas autoorganizados que muestran complejidad. Para ello centramos nuestra investigación en el área de la ecología y, más en particular, en el ámbito de la ecología aural, es decir, en el estudio de los sonidos que componen los ecosistemas. Las categorías modales aquí desarrolladas son, por un lado, la «repertorialidad», referida a la coherencia y estabilidad interna de todo sistema autoorganizado; la «disposicionalidad» o experimentación y variación (...) inherente a estos sistemas y, finalmente, el «paisaje», que tiene en consideración lo realmente efectivo, lo dado. Este conjunto de categorías nos lleva a explorar el sistema modal de necesidad-contingencia-posibilidad-imposibilidad, el cual, aplicado a los estudios sonoros se convierte en el juego de señales-redundancia-ruido-silencio. Estas categorías, aplicadas a ejemplos en la naturaleza, nos ayudan a comprender el devenir inherente a todo ecosistema. Finalmente, descubrimos cómo la investigación categorial de los paisajes sonoros aporta información sobre el comportamiento evolutivo y el estado de conservación de estos sistemas. (shrink)

이 글은 100년 전 일본의 간토(관동)지역과 43년 전 한국의 광주에서 발생한 국가폭력과 민간인 학살을 사회철학적으로 재조명한 연구이다. 이 글은 국가폭력을 계엄령 이후의 비상사태에서 발생하는 군경의 물리적 폭력만이 아닌 평범한 일상의 정상상태에서 발생하는 범주적 살인으로 규명한다. 학살은 범주적 살인의 도구인 추상화⋅표본화⋅본질화를 통해 평범한 일상에서 특정 개인과 집단의 사회적 가시성을 제거하는 것에서 시작한다. 범주적 살인은 규범화된 사회적 공간에서 ‘이미 그리고 항상’ 발생하며, 이는 범주적 살인이 물리적 학살로 전화될 수 있는 폭력의 촉진제임을 의미한다. 이러한 맥락에서 학살은 예외가 아닌 상례이며, 제노사이드는 불연속이 아닌 연속체가 (...) 된다. 이 글은 학살을 사회적 파국을 수단으로 삼아 사회를 총체적으로 통제하는 관리된 살인으로 규명하고, 그 목적은 학살 자체가 아니라 권력이 추구하는 질서의 구축에 있다고 해명한다. 이를 통해, 이 글은 범주적 살인이 평범한 일상과 물리적 학살을 잇는 제노사이드적 연속체임을 주장할 것이다. (shrink)

It is proved that for any k, the class of classical categorial grammars that assign at most k types to each symbol in the alphabet is learnable, in the Gold (1967) sense of identification in the limit from positive data. The proof crucially relies on the fact that the concept known as finite elasticity in the inductive inference literature is preserved under the inverse image of a finite-valued relation. The learning algorithm presented here incorporates Buszkowski and Penn's (1990) algorithm (...) for determining categorial grammars from input consisting of functor-argument structures. (shrink)

In this paper we show that the membership problem for second order non-linear Abstract Categorial Grammars is decidable. A consequence of that result is that Montague-like semantics yield to a decidable text generation problem. Furthermore the proof we propose is based on a new tool, Higher Order Intersection Signatures, which grasps statically dynamic properties of λ-terms and presents an interest in its own.