Background Participants' understanding of clinical trials is important in informed consent. However, little is known about what information participants really want to know. Aims To demonstrate the existence of a discrepancy between participants' understanding and their desire to know. Methods The participants in clinical trials at Seoul National University Hospital were surveyed. The survey consisted of 11 statements based on the essential elements of informed consent. The participants gave two responses to each statement on a five-point Likert scale to rate (...) their subjective understanding and desire to know, respectively. Information discrepancy was defined as the difference between these two ratings: if understanding exceeded desire to know for a particular item, it was defined as ‘over-informed’; if desire to know exceeded understanding for a particular item, it was defined as ‘under-informed’. Results Participants reported good understanding of ‘voluntariness’, ‘duration’, ‘study involves research’ and poor understanding of ‘confidentiality’, ‘compensation’, ‘benefits’, ‘procedures’ and ‘risks or discomforts’. For ‘risks or discomforts’, ‘who to contact’, ‘voluntariness’, ‘duration’ and ‘procedures’, participants reported high desire to know compared with ‘confidentiality’, ‘purpose’, ‘study involves research’ and ‘benefits’. The elements ‘study involves research’, ‘voluntariness’, ‘duration’, ‘purpose’ and ‘who to contact’ were over-informed, while ‘compensation’, ‘risks or discomforts’, ‘procedures’, ‘confidentiality’ and ‘benefits’ were under-informed. Participants over 50 years of age, those without a college education and those whose participation was less voluntary were relatively less informed about the clinical trials. Conclusions An information discrepancy was observed between the participants' understanding and their desire to know. By putting more emphasis on under-informed elements, the quality of informed consent could be improved. (shrink)

This article presents how Paul, in 1 Thessalonians, executes the process of the formation of the Thessalonian community. Using the sociological concept of symbolic boundaries, it is argued that the resources – (1) the kerygmatic narrative, (2) the local narratives, and (3) the ethical norms – that Paul incorporates into the letter take an essential role to promote the converts to derive a cooperative identity from the community to which they belong and to strengthen the distinction between them and (...) the larger society. By providing internal consensus and external separation, the resources serve to construct and maintain the Thessalonian community that is internally united and externally distinct. (shrink)

Cho-Gye Kim's poetry, spanning from 1931 to 1945, captures the quintessential experience of colonial subjugation, marked by a profound sense of pessimism and oppression. Yet, despite the thematic continuity of despair, a significant transformation in emotional expression is evident in his works before and after his immigration. This transition—from a loss of spirit, through escapism, to a renewed engagement with reality and eventual revival of spirit—illustrates a profound spiritual journey. Kim's poetry evolved from expressing the melancholy of homesickness, identity confusion, (...) and the anxiety of belonging to an unwavering determination to 'strive for survival amidst adversity.' His post-immigration works, devoid of earlier decadence and despair, reflect a silent resistance against Japanese colonial oppression and an unwavering faith in the triumph of justice. This paper delves into the philosophical and religious dimensions embedded in Kim's poetry, highlighting how his works serve as a medium for social criticism and ideological evolution. Analyzing the historical events, societal phenomena, and character portrayals within his poems unveils the shifting ideological perspectives and social consciousness across different epochs. Initially, Kim's poetry voiced discontent with feudal injustices and empathy for the afflicted masses, gradually shifting focus towards existential themes such as human nature, freedom, and dignity. The study seeks to uncover the intersections and collisions between philosophy, religion, and history through Kim's poetic oeuvre, emphasizing how his artistic expressions contribute to understanding historical and cultural transformations. In doing so, it provides insights into the philosophical and theological undercurrents of his era and illustrates how poetry can encapsulate complex spiritual and moral questions, offering reflections relevant to the philosophical and religious discourse. (shrink)

朝鮮社会に流れ続けた儒教的民本主義思想の地下水が生み出した独自の近代思想とは?日本的・近代主義的な政治思想史では理解されえ...

1. 19-segi mal Rŏsia ŭi sasang chihyŏng kwa Nik'ollai Kŭrot ŭi Nich'e wa T'olsŭt'oi haesŏk -- 2. Konisi Masŭt'aro ŭi Nich'e wa T'olsŭt'oi suyong kwa Ilbon chŏngsinsachŏk ŭimi -- 3. Tak'ayama Chogyu ŭi 'Michŏk saenghwal ŭl nonhada' wa Nich'e sasang -- 4. Uk'it'a Kajŭ t'ami ŭi aegi/aet'a haesŏk kwa yullijŏk chegukchuŭiron -- 5. Ryangch'ich'ao sahoe chinhwaron kwa Nich'e sasang -- 6. Lu Shwin kwa Sŏn Ch'ong-wŏn ŭi Nich'e haesŏk -- 7. 1910-yŏndae singminji Chosŏn esŏ Nich'e sasang ŭi suyong.

v. 1. Insa p'yŏn -- v. 2. Ch'ŏnmun p'yŏn.

On Buddhist doctrinal and philosophical interpretation of Sakyapa tradition.