In introductory logic courses the authors often limit their considerations to the truth-value operators. Then they write that conditionals and biconditionals of natural language ("if" and "if and only if") may be represented as material implications and equivalences ("⊃" and "≡"), respectively. Yet material implications are not suitable for conditionals. Lewis' strict implications are much better for this purpose. Similarly, strict equivalences are better for representing biconditionals (than material equivalences). In this paper we prove that the methods from standard first (...) courses in logic can be used for testing arguments with strict implications, strict equivalences and other operators which may represent connectives from natural language. (shrink)

The Author is of the opinion that cultural impact of modern theoretical physics is entirely negative. This is so because modern theoretical physics does not have a consistent view of the world. This is to be compared with the blessing of having a consistent and understandable view of the world, as given, for example, by the mediaeval astronomy and theology.

The article attempts to characterize three key doctrinal controversies in the Carolingian Renaissance, namely: the disputes over the Eucharist, the so-called trina deitas, and predestination. The core of the article is an exposition of the controversy concerning predestination, whose main protagonist is Gottschalk of Orbais. The article discusses four crucial issues related to the problem: (i) the concept of God, (ii) the understanding of grace, nature and free will, (iii) the relation of foreknowledge to predestination, and (iv) the doctrine of (...) redemption, i.e., specifically the relationship betweenjustice and mercy. The article is largely an attempt at an interpretation of the texts of the epoch, mainly those of Gottschalk of Orbais and his adversary, Hincmar of Reims. The conclusions point to difficulties in the issues discussed and outline what attempts at solving this problem have taken place in the coming centuries. (shrink)

The Research Topic “On poverty and its eradication” was inspired by the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, first commemorated in Paris in 1987 and formally designated by the United Nations. This day is dedicated to renewing the commitment to universal human development, enabling all individuals to achieve their highest potential, and reflecting on how poverty hinders this progress. The urgency of addressing poverty has increased after the COVID-19 pandemic, which exacerbated existing issues and highlighted the critical need for (...) effective poverty eradication strategies. The studies included in this Research Topic aim to expand knowledge about poverty, its causes, consequences, and connections to crises, inequality, and fairness, and to assess policy measures for poverty reduction. The included contributions use various theoretical, empirical, quantitative, and qualitative approaches to drive sociological and policy-related discussions and initiatives, promoting fair and inclusive societies. (shrink)

SummaryStarting from late Classical-early Hellenistic age a series of witty, lighthearted and irreverent funerary verse-inscriptions aiming to produce some effect of amusement or laughter appeared on a number of monuments, reaching their apogee during Greek-Roman era. Most of them originated in Asia Minor and Rome. Some earliest examples were related to widespread hedonistic exhortations on tombs. Their later ramifications, consisting of ironical or playful expressions, amusing puns and instances of black humour, were written in a more satirical vein, except with (...) inscriptions dedicated for animals that were rife with sentimental motifs. Remarkably diverse as they were, such verse-inscriptions cannot be defined in terms of a distinctly separate, continuous tradition, but they shared some common features. Lacking – for the most part – conventional and formulaic elements, they struck us as heavily individualised, which sets them apart from the mainstream tradition of funerary poetry. This in turn might shed some light on social standing or/and mentality of individuals who opted for such expressive ways of remembering the dead. (shrink)

The subject of this paper is the controversy between cognitivist philosophy and phenomenology concerning the nature of emotions. This article has a limited scope restricted to the domain of the aesthetic emotions usually dependent on the works of art and literature. The author raises the criticism against the cognitivist stance, this criticism based chiefly on the principles of Max Scheler's phenomenology of emotions.

This Research Topic addresses the eleventh Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), which is to “make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.” Several individual targets and indicators measure progress toward this goal. Researchers study, among others, urban inclusion, the influence of urban policy on socioeconomic disparities, and gentrification. This Research Topic primarily addresses the challenges and complexities of sustainable urban planning and development concerning decent work, economic growth, and associated crises due to their significant impact on urban living.

Mereology is as a theory of collective sets (or mereological sums). It was formulated by the Polish logician Stanisław Leśniewski. Collective sets are wholes composed of parts, and the concept of being a collective set itself can be defined with the help of the concept of being a part. Mereology may therefore be considered as a theory of „the relation of a part to the whole” (from the Greek: μέρος – „part”). Leśniewski’s mereology was an untypical conception, for it differed (...) from the standard formulations. However, it can be reformulated in the language of structure theory. In the paper, firstly, I examine existentially neutral theories, in which one may prove the existence of only those mereological sums that it is possible to obtain exclusively via the definition of and fundamental properties of the concept of being a part. Moreover, I examine some existentially involved theories of parts (Grzegorczykian mereology and Leśniewskian mereology). One of the main principles of mereology is the transitivity of the concept being a part. This property is often called into question in the literature. Finally, I present an analysis without the assumed transitivity. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to investigate the causes influencing the length and duration of online media discourse, which may also mean its “quality” or a kind of “attractiveness”. This goal sets out the issues and basic research questions related to these causes. What causes some discourses take a long time and others end as soon as they begin? What makes one discourse attract the attention of other participants in the discussion, and what causes less interest in the proposed (...) topics? In order to obtain answers to the above questions we study the structure of the text, stylistics, topics of discourses and social interaction of forum participants. (shrink)

Artykuł traktuje o etycznym wymiarze filozofii Micheala Foucaulta. Jego projekt, który polega na estetyzacji etyki, próbuję powiązać z całokształtem dokonań francuskiego filozofa. Jest to po części zapis ewolucji myśli, postulatów, a po części chęć wykazania zmiany jakościowej w późnych pismach Foucaulta. Do rozważań nad estetyzacją etyki wybrałem polemikę, jaką sam filozof podjął z Kantem i oświeceniowym projektem. Osią rozważań staje się refleksja nad pytaniem o teraźniejszość. Tłem inspiracje i wpływy filozofii starożytnej Grecji, Oświecenia, dwudziestowiecznego dandyzmu, jak i sugerowanej przeze mnie (...) strategii kulturowej camp. (shrink)

This Research Topic focuses on the first Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) by the UN, which aims to “end poverty in all its forms everywhere.” Progress toward this goal is evaluated through various targets and indicators. The most recent SDG progress report highlighted how poverty reduction has significantly slowed and worsened, mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic (United Nations, 2024). This unprecedented emergency has particularly affected informal workers, young people, and women. With the goal of eradicating poverty by 2030 currently off (...) track, intensified action is crucial. Moreover, amid a growing climate crisis, significant efforts are needed to bring the 2030 targets within reach. This Research Topic examines SDG1 from a sociological perspective, focusing on its framing, geographic adaptations, stakeholder involvement, and the influence of social mobility and stratification studies, especially in the context of the challenges of the post-COVID-19 pandemic. (shrink)

This Research Topic explores Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) eight, which is to “promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.” It highlights the COVID-19 pandemic’s severe impact and triggered global economic recession, worsened gender pay gaps, increased undeclared employment, and significantly raised unemployment (United Nations, 2024). From a sociology-specific perspective, this Research Topic examines the global and local implementation of SDG8, its adaptation to different geographical contexts, stakeholder involvement, and issues related to (...) decent work conditions worldwide. (shrink)

En esta ponencia se pretende mirar de manera crítica las soluciones materialistas al problema mente cuerpo. En mi opinión esas soluciones son un obstáculo en desarrollo de una investigación trans-inter y multidisciplinaria en este campo de saber.

Using two distinct membership symbols makes possible to base set theory on one general axiom schema of comprehension. Is the resulting system consistent? Can set theory and mathematics be based on a single axiom schema of comprehension?