Богословсько-філософське дослідження теми всезагального спасіння піднімає дискусійні питання в області співвідношення вічності й часу, онтології, антропології, ангелології, персоналізму та христології. Повертає у християнське теологічне поле обговорення проблеми джерела та сутності зла, складність трактування вічних пекельних мук та імперативу божественної любові, справедливості, всемогутності та промислу Божого, свободи волі, особистої відповідальності та пам’яті й самоідентичності, що є квінтесенційним, як для теоретичної науки, так і для духовного досвіду. Метою статті є дослідження гострих і невирішених питань концепції всезагального спасіння, спроба відновити науковий дискурс есхатології (...) ісихастської традиції. Завданням – показати Євангельське підґрунтя Новозавітного імперативу Божої любові концепції апокатастасису. Абсолютною новизною є авторське пояснення, як може відбутися всезагальне спасіння на прикладі навернення апостола Павла, називаючи цей феномен Божественним контрнасильством любові, що є діаметрально протилежним насильству людського гніву чи бажанню справедливості, яке основується на помсті. У першому розділі цієї статті аналізується джерельна база дослідників даної теми. У другому розділі автор розвідки показує теологічну та філософську незавершеність аспектів апокатастасису і виявляє недоліки інфернальної концепції з оптики історизму, сучасного богослов’я і традиції ісихазму. Третій розділ присвячений авторській теорії Божественного контрнасильства як одній із можливих форма есхатону. У висновку представлені результати даного дослідження і зроблені наукові інтенції щодо розвитку богословського і філософського дискурсу теми універсалізму й ексклюзивіму. (shrink)

The article explores and formulates the applied functions of the archive. In addition to its function as a resource for understanding the past, the archive has important applied functions in the present. The task of defining the functions of the archive also requires defining the concept of the archive. For this aim, the concept of “archive” in the works of philosophers Alyda Assman, Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida, as well as Ukrainian researchers – Vitaly Turenko, Volodymyr Prykhodko, Serhii Rudenko, Maryna (...) Palienko, was considered and studied. These philosophers have found a methodological connection with regard to the etymology of the ancient Greek term “Αρχη”. Detailed studies of the semantics of the concept of Αρχη allow to investigate the understanding of the origin of the functions of the archive. The French philosopher Michel Foucault considered the concept of the archive as a component of his ontological system, “Archaeology of Knowledge”, which explains the functioning of human knowledge, memory and power. So, Foucault explained the epistemological function of the archive. Another French philosopher, Jacques Derrida, focuses on the human desire to take hold of the past, which he calls “archive fever,” and develops this concept in his famous work “Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression”. Among the general concepts of the archive, Derrida focuses on the main and important political function of the archive, the embodiment of the archive in the body. The way the archive functioning is an important factor in the political regime, but at the same time it ensures the successful operation of the education system. In its various forms, the archive transmits to posterity information that appears as a warning and instruction based on the experience of the past. Based on these conditions, the archive acquires an important educational function in the modern world and forms the key ideological conditions for the functioning of society. (shrink)

У статті автор розмірковує над проблемою феноменологічної деструкції у творчості М. Гайдеґґера, яка отримала остаточне завершення в його фундаментальній роботі "Буття і час". Відтворюючи динаміку методологічних пошуків М. Гайдеґґера, автор статті обґрунтовує, що німецький філософ радше відходить від методу феноменології, аніж творчо розвиває його.

The article is devoted to an evaluation of contemporary cognitive psychology which draws inspirations from current naturalistic epistemology. The author's conclusion is that the philosophical background of some modern psychological theories and conceptions is in midway position between naturalistic and non-naturalistic (anti-psychologistic) epistemology.

Głównym celem artykułu jest ponowne przemyślenie pojęcia Kartezjańskiego cogito, podjęte w kontekście teorii czynności i wytworów, oraz ogólnej teorii ludzkiej twórczości. Końcowy wniosek to stwierdzenie, że Kartezjańskie cogito nie jest podmiotem lecz aktem albo czynnością. Ten akt, albo ciąg aktów (działalność), łączy podmiot z przedmiotem. Taki wniosek jest jednocześnie mostem prowadzącym od kartezjańskiego metodologicznym sceptycyzmu do teorii aktów intencjonalnych zaproponowanej przez Franciszka Brentana i jego następców.

The article offers an empirical analysis of the ways in which Mexican press portrays Ukraine. To do this, this paper focuses on three major daily newspapers of Mexico, El Universal,La Jornadaand Milenio. The article offers a 12-month long diagnosis of the news, which discloses the agenda of objects and attributes regarding Ukraine. Therefore this study helps to explore the processes and factors that generate media image and communicate it to Mexican society. As far as methodology is concerned, a combination of (...) two aspects was employed in this study. The first was a quantitative analysis of news reports. The second was a qualitative interpretation applied to discover the evaluative undertones of the stories based on content analysis. To this end, all the 689 stories analyzed in this paper are classified as positive, negative and neutral and grouped - according to their topic - into 8 major categories: Economy, Politics, International Relations, Society, Culture, Public Security, Sports and Miscellanea. This study focuses on all the news reports on Ukraine, including those, which briefly mention the country, its territories or people. Moreover, the main findings of the paper were contrasted with the aspirations of communicative strategies of current Ukrainian government in order to understand whether the present image of the country in Mexico is adequate or desirable. Therefore, the analysis clearly indicates the dark and bright sides of country's projection in three analyzed newspapers. All the aforementioned efforts aim at better positioning of Ukraine both in Mexican society and internationally. (shrink)

The work of Martin Heidegger, both in the twentieth and early twentieth centuries, remains the most debated in philosophical discourse, and looking at it through the lens of existential tradition opens up new frontiers for its understanding. This conversation, inspired by the interest in the anthropological issues of the two interlocutors, took place the day after the defense of the doctoral thesis of the historian of philosophy Andrew Dakhni in May 2019, which in itself became a momentous event for national (...) philosophical thought. (shrink)

The article examines Ludwig Wittgenstein’s views on the world and human beings in it. It is emphasized that the philosopher, in addition to paying a lot of attention to the study of language, which determined the basis of his method of cognition, followed a number of worldview ideas about reality. They were supported by the achievements of physics of that time, although Wittgenstein himself argued that the study of reality is not possible without understanding the metaphysical issues concerning the unspeakable, (...) supernatural, spiritual, and so on. It shows how Wittgenstein interpreted the world and reality, distinguished between different levels of being, studied logical atoms, not laws, analyzed facts, not things, comprehended not only the macrocosm but also the microcosm, and as a result built a pragmatic ontological-cosmological conception, in which humans and the way of their being in the world occupied a significant place. (shrink)

The article addresses the question whether cybernetic simulations of cognitive processes make the study of actual laws of human thinking possible. The article also draws a comparison between the area of social sciences and the area of formal and natural sciences. The Kaziemierz Twardowski's theory of intentionality and his theory of actions and products provide the conceptual framework of the undertaken analysis.

The term “transcendental” means something which is a necessary and a priori condition of knowledge. In other words, “the transcendental” refers to all presuppositions of a knower who is ready for knowing. These presuppositions are sometimes called “epistemic assumptions”. The paper presents author’s interpretation of the knowledge necessary conditions. The theoretical background for this interpretation is Kazimierz Twardowski’s theory of actions and products, and John Searle’s theory of human action.

W poniższym artykule przypominam kilka kognitywistycznych założeń dotyczących umysłu, mózgu oraz problemu psychofizycznego. Artykuł porównuje też pojęcie procesów umysłowych, jakie wprowadziła kognitywistyka, z zaproponowanym kilka dekad wcześniej przez środkowoeuropejską teorię intencjonalności pojęciem czynności poznawczych.

Research into the history of understanding Heidegger's ideas allows to reveal how different thinkers were likely to grasp the specific subjective positions that defined the meaning of philosophizing as a cultural practice posited by modern era of intellectual history. The figure of Heidegger is crucial because it shed light on the more general context of the evolution of philosophizing within the system of scientific knowledge. A clear contrast between scientific rationalism and philosophical thinking, inherent for Heidegger's philosophy, is now hardly (...) perceived within general coordinates of scientific philosophy of the last century, combining directions of phenomenology, Neo-Kantian tradition and positivism. Understanding the nature of synthesis of phenomenological method with the principles of the philosophy of life that formed the core of Heidegger's thought was the point of reference of such thinkers like Edmund Husserl and Ernst Cassirer. The problem of how to reconstruct the contours of delineation between the aforementioned philosophical trends remains relevant today and, as the latter define the contours of contemporary philosophy so that the barriers between different traditions of philosophy only intensified. Heidegger's desire to find premises of philosophizing, deeper than principles for a positivist and phenomenological science, would find support from Neo-Kantian thinkers, who also stood for autonomy of philosophy. But radical ontologism of Heidegger refused any possibility of dialogue. Husserl and Cassirer made critical remarks on ontologization as the leading motive of Heidegger's thought, which gave starting intention to further reception of Heidegger's work. It is ontology of time that has a threat of all consuming relativism and opportunism, since it deprives ethics from opportunities that would not fit the immanent structure of Dasein. Ontology of language fell prey to similar criticism, as Heidegger suggested lingual turn of existential analytics of Dasein. Cassirer in his own philosophy of symbolic forms forsaw the opportunity of linguistic totalization of being and developed his theory of generic symbolic forms. (shrink)

The article represents the research of the existing stage of Ukrainian language and cultural development, aims both to reveal the peculiarities of up-to-date linguistic and cultural dynamics and to provide the analysis of practical experience of the contemporary nations in terms of protection and preservation their cultural identity. The authors evaluate the influence of globalization processes on the development of national language and culture, outline the prospects for development of the Ukrainian national identity in the conditions of global competition of (...) different language and cultural systems and make the conclusion that globalization and competition of different linguistic and cultural traditions provide significant impetus for the renewal and development of the Ukrainian language and culture, the growth of its information resource and expansion of functional sphere of the Ukrainian language. As a result of investigating the current state and peculiarities of Ukraine's linguistic and cultural dynamics, the authors emphasize the fact, that the peculiarities of the modern Ukrainian language and cultural situation are characterized by the spread of the phenomenon of "bilingualism" among a significant part of its citizens and recapitulate that in the conditions of global competition of different linguistic and cultural traditions, Ukrainian round-the-clock multimedia news sites, various analytical, information-thematic, search-abstract and entertaining Internet resources actively promote the representation of national and cultural identity of the country, represent Ukraine as a modern, independent, and authentic nation. (shrink)

The current global crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic has already become a challenge for individual national economies, as well as the global world system as a whole. The eminent English historian Toynbee wrote that the viability of a civilization depends on the extent to which its elite can mobilize its intellectual, moral, and physical strength to respond adequately to the challenges. Therefore, challenges are necessary for humanity since without them one would deal with spiritual and intellectual stagnation. Indeed, that (...) which does not kill us makes us stronger. This aphorism becomes especially relevant in present times when the world is concerned with what the “post-covid” world will be, what transformations the values and worldview of individuals will undergo. The coronavirus pandemic acts in this case as a catalyst and accelerator for change and forces one to pay attention to them. As Toffler once pointed out, “The inhabitants of the earth are divided not only by race, nation, religion or ideology, but also, in a sense, by their position in time”. The future is rapidly coming, although only a few per cent of the entire human population “live” in the future, that is, are psychologically ready for it. The vast majority of people live with old ideas, stereotypes, and norms of past generations. This does not mean that one should break “the link of times” and recklessly erase the historical past. However, one cannot ignore the fact that a new era is being replaced by a new one. (shrink)

У статті проаналізовано концепції мистецького авангарду Петера Бюрґера, Бориса Гройса та Пітера Осборна на предмет виявлення зв’язку між філософською критикою авангарду та обґрунтуванням його історичного статусу. Ці три погляди збігаються щодо предмета, але відмінні у підходах до його трактування. Аналіз та порівняння цих поглядів дають нам змогу простежити зв’язок теорій авангарду, розроблених у працях цих дослідників, з їхнім баченням історії мистецтва. При цьому враховуватиметься як контекст появи та існування окремих історичних напрямів, так і їхній зв’язок із сьогоденням. Шляхом експлікації та (...) порівняння теоретичних підходів було встановлено, що всі три концепції визнають ключове значення концепції інституції мистецтва для рефлексії та саморефлексії авангарду. Особливе місце відведено питанню «автономності» мистецтва та його включеності у соціальні та політичні процеси через інституційність мистецтва, яка визначає статус художника та специфічність прочитання творів. Також приділено увагу змінам соціальної ролі авангарду, як подоланню «автономності» та функціонуванню в безпосередній близькості до суспільної «життєвої» сфери. Проаналізовано темпоральну самостійність авангарду щодо темпоральних режимів модерну та сучасності, як можливість подолання історицистських схем вписування авангарду до історії мистецтва та його розгляду в умовах темпоральної та історичної самостійності. (shrink)

This article analyzes art as type of representation and illuminates the reasons for its vulnerability to external ideological interventions despite proclaimed social autonomy of art. The author proposes and substantiates the assumption that certain types of mediations in the representation structure determine its openness to ideological intervention and political manipulation. An immanent conflict of several representations inside the art as a social institution; art history construction as conceptual basis of art autonomy; collectively produced visual language – it’s all determine the (...) individual perception of artwork and the appropriate nature reproduction of reality. It means that a direct contact between the viewer and the artwork became impossible. Due to this undetermination with the object, art representation gets its interpretation wideness and becomes more vulnerable to external interventions. Ideology influences on the representation’s mental scheme through a link of ontological, semiotic, and institucional mediations, which is inherent for art representation. Therefore political ideology affects formation of visual reality type which consists it constitutes. To substantiate these theses we involved: the theory of representation, the theory of art as a sign system, the “artworld” concept and the institucional theory of art. With the help of critical application of this theories’ conceptual apparate we justified the unique role of mediation and mediators in the art representation structure. The conclusion stats that inherent for artworks vulnerability to ideological influence follows from the essence of art as representation and sums its claims for autonomy. Interpretation is based on schemes which have external origin from the artwork itself, but programming its understanding is in the interests of certain social groups. As a consequence political ideology gets into art in a roundabout way. That is why art became the battlefield of different representation regimes which underlie certain political ideologies. It is a battle for the right to construct reality. Article received 18.08.2019. (shrink)

The article presents the postanarchist conceptualization of radical politics. The methodology of this study was a critical analysis and use of historical and philosophical methods, the method of contextualism, the method of discursive analysis. In connection with the intensification of protest movements, including those aimed at combating the omnipotence of the state, the spread of the ideology of anti-globalization is growing theoretical interest in anarchism. Anarchism today is not the only political doctrine. This is a large family of like-minded people, (...) united by hostility to uncontrolled power, distrust of the hierarchy and optimistic belief in the ability of ordinary people to control their lives and organize social relations on the basis of freedom, equality and solidarity. In the framework of the announced “anarchist turn”, anarchism is manifested as the basis of radical policy in recent times. The theoretical foundations of modern anarchism remain poorly understood. Modern political radicalism is based on a certain philosophy, which in a new way substantiates the ideas and actions in the socio-political sphere, aimed at radical change of existing social institutions. This is a philosophy of action, struggle, protest. Postanarchism is seen as a new view of radical politics. The features of philosophical essentialism as the basis of conceptual modeling in classical anarchism are formulated. Postanarchism is presented as a philosophy that avoids essentialism, its tools are analyzed. The connection between the left movement of the 1960s and modern post-capitalist movements is analyzed. Political theory here is further developed, ceases to be abstract, filled with human meaning. Within the framework of the “anarchist turn” there is a gradual destruction of the main stereotypes or narratives about anarchism formed over many years in literature and public opinion. It is proved that the theory of anarchism is constantly evolving and updated over time in order to find solutions to acute social, political and economic problems. The author sees the prospects of post-anarchism in its political philosophy, which has certain values. In the modern era, such a philosophy was supplanted by positivist political science in theory and for the triumph of moral nihilism and relativism in practice. The obtained results allow us to find out what distinguishes modern anarchism as a movement and philosophy from the left movements of the past and the features of the theoretical language of description of the modern protest movement. (shrink)

У статті розглянуто суть та особливості формування глобальної фінансової конкуренції. Проаналізовано сучасні тенденції світового валютного ринку та ринку деривативів у контексті світової фінансової системи. Оцінено динаміку розвитку цих ринків за контрагентами, валютами та валютними парами й фінансовими інструментами. Подано сучасні характеристики "фінансиалізації" та визначено її роль і місце у формуванні й функціонуванні глобального фінансового конкурентного середовища.

Metodolohichni studiï Dmytra Chyz︠h︡evsʹkoho -- Ukraïnsʹka filosofii︠a︡ chy filosofii︠a︡ "na Ukraïni"? -- Dmytro Chyz︠h︡evsʹkyĭ i︠a︡k istoryk rosiĭsʹkoï filosofiï -- Dmytro Chyz︠h︡evsʹkyĭ i︠a︡k heheleznavet︠s︡ʹ.

The article analyzes the ethical studies of Hannah Arendt on the origin of totalitarianism. The author considers the conditions for the formation of a “total state” and the role in these processes of both society as a whole and an individual. Based on the works of Hannah Arendt, the author analyzes the features of the totalitarian transformations of the individual and society, as well as their interaction with the regime at different stages of the functioning of the “total state”. According (...) to Hannah Arendt, totalitarianism is a system of mass terror, which is a phenomenon of the twentieth century. Totalitarianism is realized in the conditions of the destruction of political space and human interaction. It is the result of the alienation of a person from political life, that is, the “atomization” of society against the background of a deformation of basic ethical standards and established ideas about morality in general. Considering the problem of the emergence of totalitarianism, Arendt turns to the anthropological plane, where she explores the way in which violence enters the public sphere, and politics turns into an instrument for achieving certain goals and serving private interests. Hannah Arendt also analyzes the phenomenon of the “banality of evil,” which lies at the base of the so-called “respectable society”. Such a society easily becomes a weapon of totalitarianism along with “grassroots executors of orders”, as the example of Adolf Eichmann demonstrates. Hannah Arendt believes that the actions of such “executors of orders” should always be assessed as the actions of a person, and not just a “social tool”, from which responsibility for crimes is thus removed. Hannah Arendt identifies various areas of ethical, where there is a division into personal and political responsibility, and also studies the problems of preventing a possible repetition of totalitarianism. The “means” for such prevention, according to Hannah Arendt, are on an ethical plane. This is, firstly, the possibility of independent judgment and critical thinking, which create personal principles. And secondly, the presence of a public sphere, which provides the possibility of free action in a common social space. This is what actualizes moral issues and ensures the formation of moral principles. (shrink)

Annotation: The article contains the research concerning the possible impact of Karl Barth`s figure and theological issues on the theology of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st century. There is a comparative analysis of how powerful and significant was the level of impact of Barth`s scientific experience on the theologians of his era, in comparison with the most prominent representatives of Christian thought from the earlier centuries, beginning with the times of ancient church, the Middle Ages, (...) the 16th century protestant Reformation, as well as his contemporaries. As it was clarified, Karl Barth made a striking impulse for the further radical deconstruction of what is considered to be the achievements of 19th`s century liberal protestant theology (which made him a lot of detractors among his colleagues), made a loud accent on the necessity of the Christocentric approach to all the spheres of theology, newly updated, actualized and convincingly demonstrated the importance of ancient church creeds and dogmas in the field of Triadology and Christology, as well as in an unusual way he intensified and revived the intellectual search in the protestant universities and academies by his reshaping and changing the paradigms of the whole western theology in a radical way. In the article were taken into account some reviews on Barth`s “Epistle to the Romans” (second edition, 1922), which caused lively discussions and prolonged controversy because of specific and non-standard hermeneutical approaches to the biblical text, which Barth demonstrated in this one of the most eminent theological works of the 20th century. The article reveals not only the attitude towards Barth`s theological heritage that was showed by his protestant colleagues, but also reveals the sincere admiration for his theology from some Orthodox researchers, in particular, the honored professor of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, John Karavidopulos, and the world famous specialist in the history of Christianity and medieval intellectual history, Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr., who converted to Orthodoxy in 1998. In the article`s conclusion there`s a piece of information concerning the fact that the impact of Barth`s dogmatics and hermeneutics on the modern departments of theology is not so noticeable as one might expect. In particular, we can make such a conclusion because of (1) the absence of true consolidation and common vision about the methods of theologizing between the western universities and church seminaries, (2) the popularity of so called “natural theology” which nowadays often seems to be regarded as an important prerequisite for all further theological researches, while Barth himself was a categorical opponent of this discourse, (3) the domination of binary opposition between conservatives and liberals in context of some modern theological discussions, while Karl Barth always tried to organically combine his devotion to the protestant orthodoxy with his efforts to be relevant and adequate to the requirements of his time. (shrink)

The article is a translator’s commentary to the Ukrainian translation of E. Husserl’s Cartesian Meditations. The task of this article is twofold: On the one hand, to reveal the historical context of the writing and publishing of Cartesian Meditations, on the other hand, to outline the strategic and terminological aspects of the Ukrainian translation of this work. The first part of the article is devoted to the history of creation of the text of Cartesian Meditations. In particular, the author answers (...) the question of why the German text of Cartesian Meditations was not published until 1950, almost twenty years after the French translation of the book was released. The historico-philosophical investigation conducted in the article shows that Husserl considered the publication of Cartesian Meditations as an opportunity to systematically present his phenomenological philosophy and, eventually, recognized the impossibility of embracing the complexity of his doctrine within this work. The difficulty of this systematic presentation led to the enhancement of the role of Husserl’s assistant, Eigen Fink, in the editing of Cartesian Meditations and, ultimately, to the creation of Fink’s Sixth Meditation. The latter, as the author of the article demonstrates, puts previous developments in the phenomenology of static and genetic types into a new theoretical perspective, mainly by introducing the method of constructive phenomenology. In the second part of the article, the author offers one of the possible strategies for translating Husserlian texts that consists in structural simplification and stylistic improvement of the text. This strategy is proposed to be implemented by using simpler grammatical structures, by supplementing the text with translator’s comments, as well as by consistent usage of the Ukrainian phenomenological terminology. During the analysis of the terminological discourse of contemporary Ukrainian phenomenology, the author revises some of the established Ukrainian translations, such as the translation of the phenomenological terms Ausschaltung and Zeitbewusstsein and introduces the translation of new terms, such as Vergemeinschaftung, Person, reell and ideell. (shrink)

The study deals with one of the most important episodes of the history of the twentieth century - the beginning of the Cold War. The focus is on the peculiarities of the formation of the image of the external enemy for the USSR on the pages of periodical media, namely, the political cartoon magazine "Perets". It is revealed that the main ideological adversaries of the Soviet apparatus of propaganda were the United States and Great Britain, the countries that formed the (...) basis of the anti-Hitler coalition. Due to the analysis of materials of the publication - political cartoons, short stories, satirical poems - the characteristic features of the image of these two states are revealed. It is proved that the images of the opposing countries were filed by the magazine "Perets'" in the form of three categories. The first block is the image of the American and English leaders, which began to appear massively in the journal in connection with the Fulton speech of Churchill and the implementation of the "Marshall Plan". The emphasis is placed on political cartoonists' tendency to compare the leaders of the United States and Great Britain with the leaders of Nazi Germany. The second unit features personalized images of the United States and the Britain. A characteristic feature of this group is the demonstration of the domination of American symbols over the British, which was to show the Soviet reader an American-dependent position of the United Kingdom and other Western European countries. The last block of images combines works that demonstrate the relations between "capitalist" countries. In order to create the desired effect on the reader, the Soviet propaganda machine emphasized the emergence of territorial or economic disputes between the United States and Britain, presenting this as a stage of aggravation of relations between "imperialist countries." All of these features in the images of external enemies were aimed at elevating patriotic sentiment among the Soviet society and confidence in the actions of the ruling Communist Party. (shrink)

In this paper, I critically approach the essence of Dewey’s philosophy: his method. In particular, it is what Dewey termed as denotative method is at the center of my attention. I approach Dewey’s denotative method via what I call the “genealogical deconstruction” that is followed by the “pragmatic reconstruction.” This meta-approach is not alien to Dewey’s philosophy, and in fact was employed by Dewey himself in Experience and Nature. The paper consists of two parts. In Part 1, I genealogically deconstruct (...) the philosophical foundation of the denotative method: the doctrine of immediate empiricism. The latter was originally stated in Dewey’s 1905 seminal “The Postulate of Immediate Empiricism” article, and fully developed twenty years later in his Experience and Nature. I claim that Dewey’s immediate empiricism is essentially incompatible with his pragmatism (instrumentalism) and with pragmatism overall. In Part 2, I pragmatically reconstruct Dewey’s denotative method from the perspective of what I term as the “hermeneutic empiricism” which is grounded in Dewey’s 1896 “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology” article. As opposed to the immediate empiricism’s main thesis “things are what they are experienced as,” the motto of the hermeneutic empiricism would be “things are what they are interpreted as”/“things are experienced what they are interpreted as.” The above-mentioned pragmatic reconstruction also leads to the transformation of the notion of “common sense” which is vital to Dewey’s method, into the notion of sound reason. (shrink)

У статті визначено основні загрози збереження культурної спадщини країн, що виникають при переміщенні їх культурних цінностей через митний кордон. Обґрунтовано, що для України такими загрозами є: а) відсутність нормативно-правових актів, які б регулювали питання проведення митного контролю за ввезенням культурних цінностей в Україну; б) відсутність системи розрізнення культурних цінностей та предметів культурного призначення; в) неврегульованість у законодавстві принципів ідентифікації культурних цінностей; г) відсутність спеціалізованого органу, який вирішує питання можливості переміщення культурних цінностей через митний кордон країни; д) невідповідність національного свідоцтва на (...) право вивезення культурних цінностей міжнародним стандартам та встановленим відповідним документам; е) відсутність електронного реєстру виданих свідоцтв на право вивезення культурних цінностей з України; є) слабкість та неефективність організації митного та іншого видів контролю за ввезенням культурних цінностей, що сприяє розвитку нелегального ринку культурних цінностей та використання України як транзитної території. Проаналізовано заходи Інтерполу, ЮНЕСКО та Міжнародної ради музеїв щодо боротьби із незаконним обігом культурних цінностей. Здійснено оцінку існуючого порядку переміщення культурних цінностей через митний кордон України та обґрунтовано ймовірні ризики. (shrink)

In this paper, I critically approach the essence of Dewey’s philosophy: his method. In particular, it is what Dewey termed as denotative method is at the center of my attention. I approach Dewey’s denotative method via what I call the “genealogical deconstruction” that is followed by the “pragmatic reconstruction.” This meta-approach is not alien to Dewey’s philosophy, and in fact was employed by Dewey himself in Experience and Nature. The paper consists of two parts. In Part 1, I genealogically deconstruct (...) the philosophical foundation of the denotative method: the doctrine of immediate empiricism. The latter was originally stated in Dewey’s 1905 seminal “The Postulate of Immediate Empiricism” article, and fully developed twenty years later in his Experience and Nature. I claim that Dewey’s immediate empiricism is essentially incompatible with his pragmatism (instrumentalism) and with pragmatism overall. In Part 2, I pragmatically reconstruct Dewey’s denotative method from the perspective of what I term as the “hermeneutic empiricism” which is grounded in Dewey’s 1896 “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology” article. As opposed to the immediate empiricism’s main thesis “things are what they are experienced as,” the motto of the hermeneutic empiricism would be “things are what they are interpreted as”/“things are experienced what they are interpreted as.” The above-mentioned pragmatic reconstruction also leads to the transformation of the notion of “common sense” which is vital to Dewey’s method, into the notion of sound reason. (shrink)

The research aims to analyze the tasks and structure as well as identify the specifics of training and learn tactical employment of Special Activities Center units of the US CIA - the elite of the American Special Operations Forces. The interest in the study stems from the necessity to learn approaches to tasks, forms of and techniques for employment of Special Operations Forces of ground troops in different countries of the world. The Center history is traced from the Operations and (...) Combat Unit of the CIA, which was set up in the first years of the 'cold war' to support the political opposition in the camp of the enemy states, to a polyfunctional unit for overall support to changing the political reality by force in the interests of Washington. A range of functions and tasks of a special CIA unit is analyzed, which includes political and military political intelligence, training and operation control of the political opposition, allied irregular military formations, actions aimed at changing a domestic political situation in a country that is an assault objective, raiding and terrorist sabotage, long-range reconnaissance backed by local allied forces and in the interests of conducting both special operations of armed forces and large-scale combined operations, involvement in a cyberwar, information and psychological operations etc. The priority of the operations and combat function of the Special Activities Center is proved, which, in its turn, naturally results in a closer integration of the Special Activities Center with the Special Operations Forces of the US armed services, employment of 'combat field investigators' of the CIA as an advance guard of army special ops troopers in local wars and military conflicts of a new conceptual type. It is indicated that there is clear operational task sharing between US unconventional units and elements and pointed out that the above tasks are virtually identical to those of the Army Special Forces, though have certain specifics. For example, Special Activities Center groups fulfil tasks by covert means preventing their identification and take operational actions at the initial stage of a future military operation or armed conflict. The author draws attention to requirements for strict selection of people for the Special Activities Center and the specifics of all-around training of field investigators, which is based on careful selection of the best servicemen of the Army Special Operations Forces and graduates of elite universities of the USA. (shrink)

Концепція інтегрального гуманізму французького мислителя Жака Марітена є одним із найбільш вагомих інтелектуальних здобутків в царині католицького соціально-політичного філософування у ХХст. Базове цілепокладання автора цієї розвідки полягало у прагненні висвітлити соціально-орієнтовану філософію Ж.Марітена на ширшому тлі його відданості томістично-арістотеліанській думці, але як живій та відкритій традиції, що містить неабиякий евристичний потенціал і нереалізовану здатність для самоактуалізації в новому ідейному контексті. У статті проаналізовано ставлення Ж.Марітена до спроб ідентифікувати та надати чітку дефініцію тому філософському напряму, до якого належав мислитель. З’ясовано, що (...) креативна томістська філософія Ж.Марітена являла собою виважену серединну позицію між закапсульованим, аісторичним традиціоналізмом та нестримним, знекоріненим модернізмом. До того ж сукупність політичних ідей філософа тією ж мірою являє собою збалансовану концепцію, що пролягає між двома екстремумами, а саме, індивідуалізмом Дж.Локка та колективізмом К.Маркса. Стаття також містить стислий огляд історії формування політичної думки Ж.Марітена під впливом Шарля Морраса та антидемократичного реваншистсько-роялістського руху Action française, розгорнутий аналіз ідей французького філософа щодо незадовільного вплетення євангельських істин у тканину суспільного життя західної цивілізації, а також зображення Марітенової критики тоталітаризму, індивідуалізму та секуляризованої форми натуралістично-антропоцентричного гуманізму. У статті використано першоджерела, а також напрацювання таких дослідників філософії Марітена як Д.Ґалахер, Дж.Маккул, Ф.Коплстон, Б.Дуерінг, Ю.Лонг, Л.Ібарра, Р.Макінерні, В.Шульц і українських знавців Марітенової спадщини – А.Дахнія та С.Шевченка. (shrink)

The article shows that in matters of philosophy of religion, when the sphere of interest of Wittgenstein went beyond logical and linguistic analysis, he attached special importance to a pragmatic approach to the interpretation of religious experience. Wittgenstein’s philosophico-religious studies were largely inspired by the events of his own life, as well as the ideas of individual thinkers, including the pragmatic philosopher William James. In Wittgenstein’s work one can find both a substantiation of the originality of religion and its impossibility (...) of analysis from the standpoint of science, and a conviction in the expediency of religious experience in human life. It is revealed how Wittgenstein, analyzing the main manifestations of religious experience, pragmatically eliminated contradictions in the comprehension of knowledge about God (as unspeakable), pointed out the importance of transition from skepticism to belief as a basis for experience of absolute safety, took into account socio-practical aspects of various ethico-religious experiences such as feeling guilty. The author finds out how Wittgenstein interpreted the practical value of religious experience, analyzed the language of religion, as well as revealed its socio-psychological and ethical aspects. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the evaluation of the ecological alternative in cognitive psychology. The theory of „extended minds” is discussed in this paper as a version of ecological psychology. The authors of the theory of extended mind advocate „active externalism”, based on the active role of the environment in driving cognitive processes. The environment, driving cognitive processes, comprises books, diagrams, language, and other culture products. Władysław Witwicki's psychology and his idea of real presence of persons in cultural products which (...) they create, provide a conceptual framework for the undertaken analysis and evaluation. (shrink)

Cognitive activity, which essentially consistsof the use of signs, does not only depend onthe internal (mental, or brain) processes. Thefirst part of the paper presents severalversions of the idea of the external andcultural organization of individual''s mentalprocesses. The second part of the paperconsiders a future development of cognitivescience as a science of the extended andsocially constructed mind. KazimierzTwardowski''s theory of intentionality and histheory of actions and products provide theconceptual framework of the undertaken analysis.

According to the modern widespread approaches to the nature of external debt and its effects on economic processes, debt financing is among the distinctive features of the liberalization-oriented world of nowadays. Accordingly, unrestricted capital flows signify orientation at macroeconomic balance, since under the conditions when administrative barriers are absent capital distribution is even and symmetric, enabling leveling of factor prices. Associated with these arguments is a claim that prices of goods and services do not indicate non-negligible fluctuations and a financial (...) system gains economic agents' confidence. This research addresses the issues of the phenomenon of external debt and provides an insight into the U.S. external debt and its effects on both the U.S. and world economy. The findings show that the U.S. external debt is of no considerable threat to the world economy in the short-term, since the peace of the world's economic leader's growth exceeds that of debt servicing expenditures. However, an economic decline may turn the status-quo upside down, since the country may face inability to raise enough funds in time to discharge its financial liabilities, especially to non-residents. (shrink)