While COVID-19 vaccines provide light at the end of the tunnel in a difficult time, they also bring forth the complex ethical issue of global vaccine distribution. The current unequal global distribution of vaccines is unjust towards the vulnerable living in low-income countries. A vaccine tax should be introduced to remedy this. Under such a scheme, a small fraction of the money spent by a country on vaccines for its own population would go into a fund, such as COVAX, dedicated (...) to buying vaccines and distributing them to the world’s poorest. A vaccine tax would provide a much-needed injection of funds to remedy the unequal distribution of vaccines. The tax allows for a distribution that, to a lesser degree, reflects the ability to pay and is superior to a donation-based model because it minimises the opportunity for free-riding. (shrink)

Die jungsten Finanzkrisen haben die Diskussion uber die Moral der Markte wiederbelebt: Welche Verantwortung haben Unternehmen, Banken, Politik und letztlich jeder Einzelne in unserer Gesellschaft? Droht die Okonomisierung aller Lebensbereiche, der Ausverkauf des Menschen? Ist der Markt moralfrei? Brauchen wir neue Perspektiven und Werte? Diese drangenden Fragen werden im vorliegenden Buch von namhaften Autorinnen und Autoren wie Franz Muntefering und Rita Sussmuth beantwortet: Der Mensch muss wieder ins Zentrum rucken, Verantwortung und Moral sollten grundlegender Massstab auch des wirtschaftlichen Handelns sein. (...) Mit diesen Forderungen appellieren die BeitragerInnen an einen echten Dialog zwischen Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Ethik. Mit Beitragen von Bernhard Emunds, Jurgen Hardt, Linus Hauser, Esther Junger, Josef Kaiser, Siegfried Karl, Andreas Lenz, Uta Meier-Grawe, Franz Muntefering, Thomas Petersen, Marcus K. Reif, Rainer Schwarz, Rita Sussmuth und Joachim Wiemeyer". (shrink)

Influential theories on affect and emotion propose a fundamental differentiation between emotion and cognition, and research paradigms designed to test them focus on differences rather than similarities between affective and cognitive processes. This research orientation is increasingly challenged by the widespread and successful use of cognitive research paradigms in the study of affect and emotion—a challenge with far-reaching implications. Where and on what basis should theorists draw the line between cognition and emotion, and when is it useful to do so? (...) Should researchers build more global, integrative models of cognition and emotion, or should they rely on local, content-specific models that draw attention to a differentiation between affective and cognitive processes? This special issue compiles different viewpoints on fundamental issues in the relationship between affect and cognition. (shrink)

Nietzsche was a harsh critic of German culture and yet, at the same time, realized he was quite inseparable from it. His disagreement with the Germans began as a dispute with Richard Wagner and then, after renouncing him, increasingly turned into an internal dispute with himself. This subject is important for a philosophical understanding of his thought as a whole.

Dieser Sammelband zeigt anhand von Problemen der Lexik und Grammatik romanischer Sprachen sowie der linguistischen Metasprache, daß die onomasiologische und die semasiologische Perspektive in ihrer Komplementarität unabdingbare Bezugspunkte einer sich als 'kognitiv' verstehenden Sprachwissenschaft sein sollten. Mit im Detail unterschiedlicher Perspektivierung werden Fragen der synchronischen und diachronischen Lexikologie und Grammatik diskutiert, ausgewählte Konzept- bzw. Funktionsbereiche im Detail analysiert und Probleme der Grammatikographie und der Konzeptualisierung von Sprache beleuchtet.

Should we grant a fresh start to those who come to regret their past lifestyle choices? A negative response to this question can be located in the luck egalitarian literature. As a responsibility-sensitive theory of justice, luck egalitarianism considers it just that people’s relative positions reflect their past choices, including those they regret. In a recent article, Vansteenkiste, Devooght and Schokkaert argue against the luck egalitarian view, maintaining instead that those who regret their past choices in health are disadvantaged in (...) a relevant way and should receive compensation. Employing the ideal that people should be made equal as measured by equivalent resources, they purport to show the fairness of such an arrangement through a hypothetical scenario. Relaxing the implicit assumptions of this scenario brings forth several unattractive consequences of the fresh-start idea. The main problem is that in striving to ensure that people’s past choices do not affect their own opportunities, the authors must accept that these choices put heavy strains on the opportunities available to other people. Furthermore, the luck egalitarian position is more compelling than they admit. (shrink)

There is much disagreement among many commentators of Hannah Arendt's work about whether her contributions to politics and philosophy contain a clandestine version of decisionism or, by contrast, represent an explicit attempt to break away from the elements of voluntarism, arbitrariness, and irrationality, which are considered to be inherent to any theory of the decision. Despite the many disagreements that set apart these two interpretations of Arendt, however, there is a common presupposition that both share. They are in agreement concerning (...) the decision: it is a threat and a vice, intrinsically dangerous and potentially totalitarian in nature, which ought to be expelled from any theory of politics with a normative content. As a result, the terms of the debate pertain solely to whether Arendt was a (crypto-) decisionist and not to the nature and evaluation of the decision as such. This paper argues, contrary to Arendt's critics, that although elements of a theory of the decision can be found scattered throughout many of her writings, she was nonetheless unswerving in her opposition to decisionism. But unlike her defenders, it also argues that had Arendt built on these elements to elaborate a systematic theory of the decision, she would have avoided many of the flaws and inconsistencies that plague her concept of politics. (shrink)

Dieser Band formuliert - über den Kontext philosophischer Editionen hinaus - Probleme und Forschungsfragen, die sich in der Edition von Manuskripten zu Vorlesungen, von Nachschriften sowie von Seminarprotokollen ergeben. Der Fokus liegt auf methodischen Lösungsansätzen, die exemplarisch an Editionsvorhaben von Texten des 18. bis 20. Jahrhunderts vorgeführt werden. Damit bildet der Band ein Kompendium, von dem weitere editorische Forschung ausgehen kann. Frank Grunert und Holger Glinka eröffnen den Band, indem sie am Beispiel der Edition einer Nachschrift der Grotius-Vorlesung von Christian (...) Wolff zeigen, dass professionell hergestellte Nachschriften auf eine besondere wissenssoziologische Situation hinweisen: Mit der zunehmenden Emanzipation der Vorlesungen von kanonischen Lehrbüchern hat die Vorlesung selbst Lehrbuchcharakter entwickelt, der den Zugzwang ihrer Hörer noch verstärkt, sich des von Professoren gesprochenen Wortes schriftlich zu vergewissern. Der Handel mit Nachschriften hat hier seinen Grund wie in der Überlieferung besonders elaborierter Manuskripte in den Nachlässen adeliger und vermögender Häuser. Werner Stark stellt die problematische Funktion von Nachschriften als vermeintlicher Stütze für weitgehend ungeschriebene Werke am Beispiel von Kants Physischer Geographie in der Ausgabe Rink heraus und teilt damit spezifische Erfahrungen mit den älteren Editionen von Nachschriften Kantischer Vorlesungen in Königsberg mit. Holden Kelm rekonstruiert im historischen Vergleich, wie unterschiedliche Editionsstandards und v. a. Absichten ihren Autor gerade in der Rekonstruktion seiner Lehre jeweils neu konstitutieren, sodass ein editorisch manifestes theologisches Interesse an Schleiermacher zunehmend von einem philosophischen abgelöst wird. Annette Sell spürt anhand der Edition der Vorlesungsnachschriften zu Hegels Logik der Frage nach Hegels möglicherweise eigenen Überlieferungsabsichten seines in seiner Bewegung vorgetragenen Werkes nach. Johannes Korngiebel nimmt eine Nachschrift zu Friedrich Schlegels Jenaer Vorlesung zur Transcendentalphilosophie von 1800/01 zum Anlass, die Leistungsfähigkeit einer textkritischen Auswertung von Vorlesungsnachschriften für die Edition exemplarisch darzustellen. Christoph Binkelmann teilt aus der Werkstatt Schellings die editorischen Herausforderungen mit, die dessen Vorlesungen über Philosophie der Kunst bedeuten. Daniel Elon beleuchtet Schopenhauers Versuche als Dozent, wie sie sich in den Manuskripten zu dessen Vorlesung von 1820 darstellen. Francisco Arenas-Dolz nimmt Nietzsche als Universitätslehrer ernst und vertieft anhand der Edition der Vorlesung,,Einleitung in das Studium der klassischen Philologie" die Reflexionen über das Verhältnis von Vorlesungen und den sie begleitenden Textarten. Windelbands vor wenigen Jahren in Sendai wiederaufgefundene Manuskripte zur Vorbereitung von Lehrveranstaltungen und Publikationsvorhaben sind Gegenstand von Jörn Bohrs Beitrag. Andrea Leubin und Monika Philippi gewähren einen Einblick in die Edition von Vortragsnachschriften innerhalb der Rudolf Steiner Gesamtausgabe. Max Webers Manuskripte für Vorlesungen dienen Sophia Krebs und Ulrich Rummel als Fallbeispiel für das Ermitteln und Belegen von Krypto-Zitaten und Paraphrasen, einem Hauptgegenstand editorischen Kommentierens. Mit Thomas Kessels Beitrag zu Nicolai Hartmanns Circelprotokollen wird das 20. Jahrhundert in den Blick genommen, als in den Seminaren und Kolloquien die Form des Protokolls Einzug hielt. Dirk Braunstein liefert eingehende Reflexionen über den möglichen Sinn der Begriffe,Autorschaft' und,Authentizität' in der Editionspraxis solcher Seminarprotokolle. - Beigefügt ist eine Bibliographie zum Thema Edition von Kollegheften, Kollegnachschriften und Protokollen. (shrink)

Once Weber's entire conception of science is taken as a basis for an inspection of Kahler's argumentation against Weber, then against Kahler's opinion Weber's positions do not at all appear obsolete or outmoded, but innovative and topical. Depending more upon fundamental axioms of the George-Circle than it has been outlined in scholarship so far, Kahler's own claim for novelty at the same time has to be clearly repudiated.

El artículo presenta algunas razones por las que Agustín no menciona ningún scriptorium en esa obra, pese a estar escribiendo a una comunidad monástica. La clave de la respuesta se toma de op. mon. 37.

In the process of making bedsteads, Plato claimed, makers look towards the ‘idea’ of the bed. But what is that idea? Two candidates come to mind: shape and purpose. The fact that we identify objects of very different shape, not even involving a bedstead, as beds seems to render purpose conceptually superior. But, then, what is a bed’s purpose? An obvious response appears tobe: lying down and sleeping. Yet, first, beds are not needed for that. Secondly, precisely when a bed (...) is slept on, it is not perceived as a design object. Thirdly, beds constitute a kind of existential furniture, associated with giving birth, making love, suffering illness and dying. All such issues humans really care about, however, are strikingly indifferent towards the design of beds. As elsewhere, the maxim that form follows function fails. Design thinking might rather make headway when beds are conceived of as peculiar spaces within spaces. (shrink)

Art is whatever it is mediated through anticipations of diverse kinds. To the temporal art of music such anticipations are crucial. Composers and performers build up expectations in their musical works and interpretations, thwart them, delay their fulfillment, fulfill them. Some of these expectations arise on the level of chosen genre, others are peculiar to the individual composition. Listeners, correspondingly, may adjust their expectations or, alternatively, attempt to uphold them at any price, turning them into prejudices. And, as anything in (...) art, musical anticipations are prone to ambiguities; they may, e.g., be redeemed at a surface level while being countered subliminally. (shrink)

The expulsion of prejudice is the centrepiece of intellectual progress, as it has been understood since the Enlightenment. that this fight has not been successful since is obvious, but this does not invalidate it. There is no reason to believe that people in the 20th century had fewer (rather than merely different) prejudices than people had in the 18th century; yet we might simply conclude that the fight has not been conducted resolutely enough. The question whether or not this might (...) be the right conclusion, however, depends on an answer to a more fundamental question; whether prejudices, as such, are a proper object to fight against in the first place. The argument of this book, is an attempt to show that they are not. The author begins by reconstructing the Enlightenment's main objection to prejudice, challenging the conclusion that all prejudices must be destroyed and focusing on the context of decision and action. The book goes on to consider the relationship between prejudice and experience, and explores a particular defence of prejudice developed in hermeneutics. A final chapter drives home the general conclusion of the book. To make the case for a reinterpretation of the concept of prejudice, it addresses particularly contentious issues, exploring dogmatism, fundamentalism and racist prejudices. (shrink)

Let's get physical -- The metaphysics of physicalism -- Defining physicalism -- A physicalism with bite -- The explanatory gap and consciousness -- Ignorance and knowledge -- The psychological turn.

This paper addresses theoretically the question how virtual communication may affect cooperation in work teams. The degree of team virtualization, i.e. the extent to which interaction between team members occurs online, is related to parameters of the exchange. First, it is assumed that in online interaction task uncertainties are higher than in face-to-face contacts. Second, the gratifying value of peer rewards is assumed to be lower in online contacts. Thirdly, it is assumed that teams are different in the extent to (...) which members depend on their peers for positive affections, operationalized by the extent to which team members are interested in social relationships for their own sake, independently from their work interactions. Simulation results suggest both positive and negative effects of team virtualization on work-cooperation. (shrink)

Machiavelli's 500-year-old treatise The Prince outlined the central features of the realist tradition in international relations. His premises led him to question the likelihood of efficacious and stable international law and international courts, a skepticism that has present-day proponents. Machiavelli's reluctance was due to a combination of features of human nature and a focus on anarchic features of the relations among states. This article challenges these assumptions and implications: Other interpretations of human nature are closer to Machiavelli's text, and current (...) relations among states are significantly different. The revised assumptions should make Machiavelli's followers more optimistic about international law and international courts. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to shed light upon Bitinna's reference to a goddess who is described as ‘tyrant’ in Herondas 5.77. Light is also shed on the delineation of Bitinna's character and social status in terms of the immediate context of mimiamb 5 as well as of the wider Alexandrian cultural context of Herondas' work. Bitinna's reference is for the first time examined in relation to the depiction of her character and it is shown that the goddess-tyrant must (...) be Aphrodite. (shrink)

Die Emanzipation der modernen Menschen von übermächtigen Bedingungen traut Benjamin nicht den Individuen selbst zu, sondern nur einer übersubjektiv-messianischen Instanz.