Este artículo fue presentado en una versión más breve durante el Seminario Internacional «La tradición converso-marrana y el pensamiento político de Spinoza», celebrado en Murcia del 30 al 31 de mayo de 2008. Al hilo de un estado de la cuestión sobre El marrano de la razón, de Yirmiyahu Yovel, planteé un conjunto de problemas teóricos y metodológicos que se publican hoy en forma de artículo. La insistencia continua en la identidad como punto de partida para el análisis del pensamiento (...) spinoziano ejerce una violencia interpretativa que desenfoca la coherencia dentro del la historia intelectual europea de los siglos XVI y XVII de su obra. Esta coherencia, a su vez, está ausente de los principales estudios sobre historia de las ideas políticas del periodo y provoca que en ocasiones se haya visto a Spinoza como un pensador ahistórico y sistemático. Replanteo aquí estos aspectos desde la perspectiva propuesta de Yovel, superponiendo a la lógica identitaria de su narrativa una lógica histórica y sistemática que parte de la filosofía civil renacentista, y adelantando de esta manera algunas de las conclusiones del libro sobre el giro conversacional renacentista que preparo en estos momentos.  . (shrink)

Bribery has previously been viewed as a two-party transaction between the bribe-offerer and the bribe-taker. But there is a third party: the one who has a prior claim on the bribe-taker's loyalty. Breaking the first contract in response to the offer of a bribe is alienation of agency (a category that strictly includes bribes): alienation of agency is the additional immorality of bribery beyond any immorality of the act solicited by the bribe.

_ Source: _Volume 38, Issue 1, pp 64 - 108 The discovery and subsequent edition of the only known sixteenth-century Spanish translation of _The Praise of Folly_ put into question the notion that Erasmus was almost exclusively received as a doctrinal author in sixteenth-century Spain. To bolster this argument, these pages examine the 1536 Spanish translation of Alberto Pio’s _Tres et viginti libri locos lucubrationum variarum D. Erasmi Roterodami_. Though this translation was not unknown to scholars, none realized that book (...) IV, part 1 included a partial translation, paraphrase, and commentary of the _Praise of Folly_. Once recognized, this translation allows us more accurately to date the _Moria de Erasmo_ and in turn demands an explanation of why Pio’s lengthy text was translated into Spanish. Moreover, this material helps to explain what texts the Spanish censors had in mind when referring to the “Moria of Erasmus in romance, Latin, and any other language.”. (shrink)

The affective turn -- Violence against women: perspectives and strategies -- Notes -- References -- PART III: Togetherness and its forms -- 7. Feminist visions and socio-political meanings of non-monogamous love -- Contemporary bonding, plurality of love -- Consensual plurality and sustainability of bonding -- Notes -- References -- 8. The invisible ties We share: A relational analysis of the contemporary loving couple -- The semantics of love and the We -- Love in situation: the WeLR in motion -- Enminded (...) bodies in the WeLR -- Final remarks: the bonds the WeLR creates -- Notes -- References -- 9. Silent love: On Irigaray's suggestion of cultivating sexual difference -- A culture of two subjects -- Listening -- The meaning of the word 'silence' -- Silence as a condition of love -- Cultivating silence -- Silent love -- Notes -- References -- 10. Love, feminism and dialectics: Repairing splits in theory and practice -- Dialectical critical realism -- Benjamin: from existential tension to oppressive contradiction -- Dialectics, necessity and redemptive critique -- The reparative turn and the issue of transformation -- In the pulse of now -- Closing words -- Notes -- References -- Index. (shrink)

Abstract This paper describes the early history of magnetochemistry: the search for chemical effects of magnetism in the nineteenth century. Some early researchers, such as Johann Wilhelm Ritter, attempted to reproduce with magnets the effects that had been produced by electricity and Volta’s battery. For several decades, researchers successively reported positive results and denied claims concerning the effect of magnetism in oxidation, electrolysis, reduction of metals from saline solutions, crystallisation, change of colour of vegetable tinctures and other chemical reactions. In (...) the two last decades of the nineteenth century some effects were accepted as real, and a thermodynamic theory of the influence of magnetic fields upon chemical reactions was developed. Finally, Dragomir Hurmuzescu was able to create reproducible experiments and measured the electromotive force between two electrodes, with or without the presence of magnetic fields, confirming the existence of the phenomenon and obtaining results compatible with the theoretical predictions. Afterwards, this magnetochemical effect was accepted as real, but the effect was weak and its practical importance was negligible. The subject was gradually forgotten. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-26 DOI 10.1007/s10698-011-9127-8 Authors Roberto de Andrade Martins, Department of Physics, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil Journal Foundations of Chemistry Online ISSN 1572-8463 Print ISSN 1386-4238. (shrink)

O termo informação ganhou relevância preponderante nas décadas finais do século passado, quando, a explosão informacional, potencializada pelas tecnologias emergentes, fez com que o seu tratamento ganhasse nova dimensão, devido ao seu ritmo cada vez mais crescente. A informação é um elemento fundamental das empresas que procuram a conquista da vantagem competitiva. Para utilizá-la de forma estratégica é importante saber que informações são adequadas, deixar as informações disponíveis e acessíveis, saber as informações relevantes, sua origem e a quem endereça-las e (...) que sua transmissão seja intensa atendendo aos níveis de pertinência desejados. Entretanto, sua utilização pode não receber a devida atenção o que acarretará prejuízos tanto a eficiência quanto à eficácia organizacional. Considerando a relevância da informação, os ambientes informacionais, bem como a importância dos fluxos de informação para as Organizações, sejam elas públicas ou privadas, desenvolve-se este ensaio procurando apresentar, refletir e a provocar outras considerações e estudos a respeito da relação entre o ambiente organizacional e o ambiente informacional. Apresenta, ainda, conceitos de conjugação dos ambientes organizacional e informacional, bem como a sua dinâmica nas Organizações. INFORMATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS: ESSAY ON THE DYNAMICS OF INFORMATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS IN ORGANIZATIONS AbstractThe term information gained major relevance in the final decades of the last century, when the information explosion, boosted by emerging technologies, made its treatment gain a new dimension, due to its ever-increasing pace. Information is a key part of companies seeking to gain competitive advantage. To use it in a strategically form is important to know what kind of information is suitable, make it available and accessible, know the most relevant information, its origin and to whom address it and its transmission should be intense in view of the desired pertinence levels. Meanwhile, its use might not receive the due attention, what will cause losses in both efficiency and organizational effectiveness. Considering the relevance of the information, the information environments, as well as the importance of information flows for organizations, whether they are public or private, this essay was developed seeking to present, reflect and promote other considerations and works regarding the relationship between the organizational and informational environments. It also presents concepts of mixed organizational and informational environments, as well as its dynamics in organizations. (shrink)

Resenha do livro de: ALVES NETO, Rodrigo Ribeiro. Alienações do mundo: uma interpretaçáo da obra de Hannah Arendt . Rio de Janeiro/Sáo Paulo: Editora PUC-Rio/Edições Loyola, 2009, 216 p.

Resumo: Este artigo busca compreender a situaçáo filosófica de alguns dos autores cujas vidas e cujos pensamentos estiveram entre Kant e Hegel. Romantismo alemáo foi como ficou conhecida esta época. Dentre seus primeiros autores, estiveram Friedrich Schlegel e Novalis, além de Hölderlin. Tais pensadores buscaram superar a crítica feita por Kant à pretensáo do conhecimento filosófico de alcançar a verdade absoluta, as coisas como sáo em si mesmas. Essa superaçáo, contudo, jamais conseguiu, para eles, completar-se – como aconteceria depois no (...) sistema de Hegel, para quem contradições só seriam aceitas como etapas do que chamou de dialética, cuja essência era, ao fim, solucioná-las na figura da síntese. Limitaçáo finita do homem diante do todo do ser, como firmara Kant, era o que ficava para trás com Hegel. Schlegel, Novalis e Hölderlin náo se contentam com a crítica de Kant, mas tampouco acreditam na síntese de Hegel. Parecem sugerir outro caminho para a modernidade ocidental, que náo se jogava na sanha hegeliana pelo saber absoluto sem despertá-la, toda vez, pela consciência crítica kantiana – e que náo se contentava com esta sem sonhar com aquela. Tal caminho é o que este artigo busca compreender. Palavras-chave: Hegel; Kant; Romantismo. (shrink)

This paper presents an analysis of several experimental tests of Einstein's theories, together with their Popperian evaluation and a discussion of Einstein's reaction to these tests. It is shown that several relevant refutations of Einstein's theories were not accepted by Einstein as significant, and that therefore Einstein did not follow Popper's methodological rules. This is regarded as a strong case against Popper's criterion of demarcation.

There is a death by suicide in the world every 40 seconds, and suicide is the second leading cause of death for 15–29-year-olds. Experts say that one of the best ways to prevent suicide is for those in distress to hear from people who care about them. Facebook is in a unique position—through its support for networks and friendships on the site—to help connect a person in these difficult situations with people who can support them. Connecting people with the resources (...) they need is part of Facebook’s ongoing efforts to help build a safe community inside and outside of Facebook. This article provides a brief overview of how Facebook’s work to develop suicide prevention tools started and evolved, and the ethical considerations which surfaced during the process in the form of concrete product decisions around the implementation of these tools. This article is structured into three sections. Section 1 reviews what has been done in this space and lists and briefly describes other suicide prevention apps and tools. Section 2 describes Facebook’s overall approach to suicide prevention. Here, we’ll delve first into how that approach originated and how it was influenced by the external community’s proactive interactions with Facebook, highlighting our unique position to help address the problem. Afterwards, we’ll explain how that approach evolved, describing its various stages and iterations: understanding, reactive reporting, queue prioritization, and proactive reporting. This section describes the tools and resources Facebook has developed for people who may be at risk. Particular attention is devoted to the use of ArtificiaI Intelligence and Machine Learning to detect posts or live videos where someone might be expressing thoughts of suicide. Section 3 will elaborate on the ethical questions addressed when developing our approach and when making concrete product decisions to implement our suicide prevention tools. In this last section, we’ll expound the competing values and interests that were at stake during the product development process, and how we reached ethical balances between them. (shrink)

This article studies the mathematical properties of two systems that model Aristotle's original syllogistic and the relationship obtaining between them. These systems are Corcoran's natural deduction syllogistic and ?ukasiewicz's axiomatization of the syllogistic. We show that by translating the former into a first-order theory, which we call T RD, we can establish a precise relationship between the two systems. We prove within the framework of first-order logic a number of logical properties about T RD that bear upon the same properties (...) of the natural deduction counterpart ? that is, Corcoran's system. Moreover, the first-order logic framework that we work with allows us to understand how complicated the semantics of the syllogistic is in providing us with examples of bizarre, unexpected interpretations of the syllogistic rules. Finally, we provide a first attempt at finding the structure of that semantics, reducing the search to the characterization of the class of models of T RD. (shrink)

Dissertação ANDRADE, Jackson Martins de. Religião, pluralismo e sociedade : uma análise do discurso paulino e sua contribuição para a comunidade cristã atual em seu diálogo com a sociedade de pluralismo religioso e Cultural. 2014. Dissertação – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Religião, Belo Horizonte.

This paper discusses the role of cultural anthropology in Cognitive Science. Culture is described as a very large pool of information passed along from generation to generation, composed of learned “programs” for action and understanding. These cultural programs differ in important ways from computer programs. Cultural programs tend to be unspecified and inexplicit rather than clearly stated algorithms learned through a slow process of guided discovery, and involve the manipulation of content based rather than formal symbol systems. Cultural symbol systems (...) often have affective as well as objective referents, giving them a strong directive effect. The argument is made that in the process of repeated social transmission and use, cultural programs come to take forms which have a good “fit” to the natural capacities and constraints of the human information processing system. (shrink)

Apresentação / Pablo Lorenzano Introdução / Os editores Princípios em cosmologia / Antonio Augusto Passos Videira Aleatoriedad vs. arbitrariedad en la mecánica estadística clásica / Eduardo H. Flichman La teoría galileana de la materia: resolutio e infinitos indivisibles / Fernando Tula Molina Ciencia y música en la obra de Vincenzo Galilei (ca. 1520-1591) / Guillermo Boido & Eduardo Kastika T-invariancia, irreversibilidad, flecha del tiempo: similares pero diferentes / Olimpia Lombardi Mapa das interpretações da teoria quântica / Osvaldo Pessoa Jr. Aspectos (...) epistemológicos y geométricos de la teoría del campo unificado de Schrödinger / Victor Rodríguez & Pedro W. Lamberti. (shrink)

Este trabalho pretende oferecer uma exposição e caracterização de certas marcas do Idealismo Transcendental presente na primeira Crítica de Kant. Para a realização dos presentes propósitos teremos como apoio algumas passagens do Prefácio à segunda edição da Crítica da razão pura, determinados pontos da Estética Transcendental, bem como tomaremos enquanto base de nossas reflexões a sexta seção da antinomia da razão pura, presente na Crítica da razão pura, denominada de “O idealismo transcendental como chave para a solução da dialética cosmológica”. (...) Entendemos que Kant apresenta, nessa parte de sua Crítica, a caracterização específica e a peculiaridade decisiva do Idealismo Transcendental da Crítica da razão pura. Nossa investigação seguirá as seguintes etapas: i) apresentação da Revolução Copernicana em filosofia proposta por Kant, pois consideramos tal revolução – a mudança de método e no modo de pensar o conhecimento em geral, bem como, em específico, o conhecimento metafísico – o primeiro passo do filósofo em direção ao seu idealismo; ii) elucidação de algumas das conseqüências que Kant extrai das considerações realizadas por ele acerca do espaço e do tempo na Estética Transcendental, as quais assinalam, como diz Kant, a “prova direta” do idealismo transcendental, ou seja, da idealidade transcendental dos fenômenos; iii) análise e exposição da já citada sexta seção, na qual Kant oferece o que pensamos ser uma caracterização propriamente dita do Idealismo Transcendental da Crítica da razão pura, isto é, o tipo particular de idealidade que Kant atribui a todos os objetos do nosso conhecimento. (shrink)

El siguiente artículo tiene como objetivo establecer una comparación entre las reflexiones sobre los indígenas en la obra de Diego de Avendaño y Bernardino de Sahagún. Partiendo de las concepciones de la antropología posmoderna, se considera que el interés por y la reconstrucción del Otro tienen prioridad en la época poscolonial. En este sentido, Avendaño es categorizado como un autor que, si bien emprender una defensa de los indígenas, mantiene poco interés por ellos, mientras que Sahagún, con su disposición etnológica, (...) revitaliza el encuentro con los nativos. (shrink)

O presente texto visa abordar a pertinência crítica da filosofia kantiana da história tentando assinalar o lugar transcendental da noçáo de fio condutor da natureza, para nós urn princípio regulativo passível de ser usado pelo discurso filosófico da história, que por isso náo se toma urn conhecimento teórico, mas nem por isso deixa de ser uma espécie de conhecimento, de cunho prático.

Analisar as relações sociais e econômicas efetuadas numa dada sociedade é de vital importância para sua compreensão. Neste artigo o objetivo estará voltado para compreender as estratégias de sobrevivência utilizadas pela família de Antônio Augusto Bicalho Canêdo, o maior proprietário de escravos da freguesia de São Paulo do Muriahé. As fontes utilizadas serão os registros de batismos, casamentos e o inventário post-mortem relacionadas ao nosso personagem.

Shaming is defended by some as a necessary measure of social control. But shaming is unjust to the extent that it is disproportionate, and largely counterproductive. While much progress has been made, people with disabilities are still frequently at the receiving end of shaming. This is manifest in disregard for accommodation requests, condescending attitudes and overall lack of empathy towards people with disabilities. These trends are also manifest in clinical settings. Medical staff and healthcare workers need to seriously consider this (...) state of affairs and embrace attitudinal changes and policies that contribute to a more welcoming atmosphere towards the disabled, and consequently curb the shaming to which they have been traditionally exposed. (shrink)

In Theory Z-style management everybody participates in corporate decision making. This more open process should give us fewer Pintos, Love Canals, and massive international payoffs as executives are forced to expose their reasoning to the moral sensibilities of the whole corporation. So far everything looks good. But we are a long way from showing that only corporations so managed can be fully moral. Yet Dwiggins seems to believe this, putting his faith in the basic goodness of the many while virtually (...) dismissing the managers as mere technicians. This is too slick; even if it describes our average corporation today, there are plenty of less radical changes which can also produce the desired moral corporation. Good leadership which acts on their commitment to improve the company is surely one historically respectable alternative; cynicism about the present crop of leaders should not distract us from investigating this route. Finally, I wonder if Dwiggins can consistently urge us to embrace a full-scale Theory Z organizational structure, given his position on the place of ethics and profitability. (shrink)

General anesthesia provides an alternative to typical laboratory paradigms for investigating implicit learning. We assess the evidence that a simple type of learning—priming—can occur without consciousness. Although priming has been shown to be a small but persistent phenomenon in surgical patients there is reason to question whether it occurs implicitly due to problems in detecting awareness using typical clinical signs. This paper reviews the published studies on priming during anesthesia that have included a measure of awareness or of anesthetic depth. (...) We conclude that perceptual priming, but not conceptual priming, takes place in the absence of conscious awareness. (shrink)

This paper studies the history of teleological thought in Antiquity, after Aristotle, analyzing three relevant episodes: the contribution of Theophrastus – a companion and successor of Aristotle; Stoicism, as described by Cicero in his work On the nature of gods; and Galen’s anatomical and physiological works, especially his book On the utility of the parts of the human body. This analysis exhibits the broad diversity of views concerning final causes in Antiquity, all of them widely different from Aristotle’s one, and (...) the strong influence of theological concerns in some of those philosophers – such as the Stoics and Galen. (shrink)

Max Horkheimer’s intellectual project, known as critical Theory, was crucial to revealing the contradictions and illusions of capitalist modernity. There is no doubt that the contributions from the Frankfurt School continue to be necessary for a critique of the destructive dynamic of the formation of social hegemony: instrumental rationality, cultural industry, a deepening of social antagonisms, the self-destruction of the Enlightenment, the pedagogy of oppression, amongst other things. However, since the decolonial turn, it is possible to observe some limits of (...) its critique of modernity. The object of this article is to point out some geo-political limitations of the Frankfurt School. (shrink)

Bullfighting has a strong historical tradition in Spain, but now it is beginning to be challenged by various sectors in society. The debate about the ethics of bullfighting is by no means new. But,...

This is not merely a theoretical problem, as Fernandes relates it to the very current crisis of nativist/multicultural identity in the West.

This paper discusses the role of analogy in pre-theoretical experimental research, studying a particular historical case (the discovery and early investigation of X rays) and using the methodological ideas of William Stanley Jevons. The historical data and Jevons’ analysis suggest that the discovery of a completely new phenomenon is due to chance, but soon afterwards it is necessary that some assumptions provide a guidance to the research – otherwise, observations and experiments would occur at random, and that would sendom lead (...) to significant results. It is impossible to study all the factors that could possibly affect a give phenomenon, and hence the attention of the researcher must focus upon a small number of features. This choice, in a pre-theoretical context, must be guided by analogies. Contrary to tradicional analyses, this paper associates a peculiar epistemological status with analogies used in that kind of investigation: they are interpreted as originating desiderata, instead of probable hypotheses. RESUMO: A partir do estudo de um caso histórico particular (descoberta e investigação preliminar dos raios X), utilizando as concepções metodológicas de William Stanley Jevons, este artigo analisa o papel das analogias no processo de pesquisa experimental pré-teórica. A análise de Jevons e os dados históricos indicam que a descoberta de um fenômeno totalmente novo se dá ao acaso, porém logo em seguida é necessário que algumas suposições guiem a pesquisa, caso contrário as observações e experimentos seriam realizados totalmente ao acaso, o que dificilmente levaria a algum resultado. É impossível estudar todos os fatores que podem influenciar um fenômeno, e assim a atenção do pesquisador deve ser focalizada apenas sobre alguns aspectos, e essa escolha, em um contexto pré-teórico, deve ser guiada por analogias. Ao contrário das análises tradicionais, este artigo atribui um status epistemológico diferente às analogias empregadas nesse tipo de investigação, interpretando-as como geradoras de desiderata e não de hipóteses prováveis. (shrink)

Cet article aborde le contexte socio-politique et culturel actuel dans lequel se développe la théologie de la libération. Ainsi, en analysant le rapport au marxisme de certains théologiens de la libération (tels que Leonardo Boff, Enrique Dussel et Franz Hinkelammert), il mettra en évidence la place qu’il occupe aujourd’hui dans ce courant de pensée.