The paper explores Islamic morality within labor market realities. It presents Islamic moral axioms that are expected to guide employer–employee relationships. It provides an extensive review of Islamic moral ideals related to fairness in the labor market. Based on survey data from 319 individuals in the Saudi labor market, it tests three hypotheses related to religiosity, secular aspirations, and perception and practice of fairness in the labor market. Using multinomial logistic regression, the findings from several models clearly support all three (...) hypotheses. They show that employers, owners and senior managers were more likely to consider market reality as their reference for describing fairness. Ideally speaking, the regression results confirm that being religious contributes positively to the sense of fairness even in a secular context. However, they also reveal that secular aspirations override religious ideals when it comes to market realities. In other words, when people place great importance on worldly outcomes, religious ideals have almost no impact on their labor market practices even if they ideally support fair practices. The study concludes that religious morality does matter with regard to fairness in employer–employee relationships only if it is not superseded by secular aspirations. Those who have a high-level of religiosity consider themselves to be fairer. However, if they embrace secular aspirations, they are less likely to practice their moral ideals in the labor market. (shrink)

In this paper an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model, for predicting the category of a tumor was developed and tested. Taking patients’ tests, a number of information gained that influence the classification of the tumor. Such information as age, sex, histologic-type, degree-of-diffe, status of bone, bone-marrow, lung, pleura, peritoneum, liver, brain, skin, neck, supraclavicular, axillar, mediastinum, and abdominal. They were used as input variables for the ANN model. A model based on the Multilayer Perceptron Topology was established and trained using (...) data set which its title is “primary tumor” and was obtained from the University Medical Centre, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia Test data evaluation shows that the ANN model is able to correctly predict the tumor category with 76.67 % accuracy. (shrink)

Mitochondrial replacement technology (MRT) is an emerging and complex bioethical issue. This treatment aims to eliminate maternal inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders. For Muslims, its introduction affects every aspect of human life, especially the five essential interests of human beings—namely, religion, life, lineage, intellect, and property. Thus, this technology must be assessed using a comprehensive and holistic approach addressing these human essential interests. Consequently, this article analyses and assesses tri-parent baby technology from the perspective of Maqasidic bioethics—that is, Islamic bioethics (...) based on the framework of Maqasid al-Shariah. Using this analysis, this article suggests that tri-parent baby technology should not be permitted for Muslims due to the existence of third-party cell gametes which lead to lineage mixing and due to the uncertain safety of the therapy itself and because the major aim of the technology is to fulfil the affected couples interest to conceive their own genetically healthy child, not to treat and cure mtDNA disorders sufferers. (shrink)

This book is the culmination of over twenty years of work toward a pedagogical theory that promotes experiential learning of model-laden theory and inquiry in science.

Intersecting authority-language-and-symbolic power, this article tells the story of a group of continental Francophone African youth who find themselves in an urban French-language high school in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Through their narrative, one is confronted by the trauma of one's own language being declared an illegitimate child, hence becoming a ‘deceptive fluency’ in the ‘eyes of power’ thanks to race and post-coloniality. They are fully consciousness of this situation and their ‘linguistic return’, thus gazing back at the eyes of power (...) and declaring themselves ‘subjects’ capable of love and desire. I briefly address questions of hospitality and language ownership and conclude by addressing the need to re-think the connection between race, power and language. (shrink)

The menace of conflicts and natural disasters in different states of the world had spiralled into a global phenomenon of Internally Displaced Persons. These are groups of humans who had helplessly drifted away from their natural and ancestral home due to conflicts and disasters but had not crossed international boundaries into another country. They merely take solace by the protection offered by the spirit and letters of relevant international laws which have domesticated by member states. This paper seeks to answer (...) the question regarding the extent to which the IDPs have become a menace in Nigeria. The paper reveals that many governments’ actions are the primary and the root cause of the IDPs while others are recipient of the domino effect. The paper relies on a panel data elicited from thirteen out of the thirty six states in Nigeria. The paper reveals the need for urgent measures by government to douse the upsurge in the number of IDPs. The political settlement analysis was used to proffer a better way of culminating the crises. Recommendations are directed to the individuals, civil societies and the government at all levels. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether there is a relationship between a person's degree of religiousness and corporate social responsibility orientation. A total of 411 managers and 506 students from seven universities were surveyed. The statistical analysis showed that religiousness does influence students' orientation toward the economic, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities of business. It does not, however, have a significant impact upon the managers' attitudes. When the "low religiousness" students and managers were compared, differences were found with (...) respect to the economic, ethical, and philanthropic components of corporate social responsibility. Similar results were obtained when the "high religiousness" students and managers were compared. The implications of these findings are discussed. (shrink)

This article extends previous research by investigating the basis for attitudes toward codes of ethics. Specifically, its purposes are threefold. First, to examine business managers' attitudes toward codes of ethics. Second, to ascertain whether gender differences do exist with respect to these attitudes. Third, to provide a benchmark for future studies of attitudes toward codes of ethics. A survey of 286 managers revealed significant differences between the female and male managers with respect to six of the eight variables studied.

Etienne Balibar, Olivier Bloch, Jean-Claude Bourdin, Isabelle Garo, Alain Gigandet, Pascale Gillot, Annie Ibrahim, Irène Pereira et André Tosel se penchent dans cet ouvrage sur les problèmes et les perpectives induites par le matérialisme althusserien. " Jamais un coup de dés n'abolira le hasard ". Althusser fait un bref commentaire de cette célèbre sentence mallarméenne dans un texte de 1982 - Le courant souterrain du matérialisme de la rencontre. II y conclut que l'histoire n'est que la révocation permanente du (...) fait accompli par le "fait à accomplir" sans qu'on sache à l'avance ni jamais, ni où, ni comment. Affaire de jeu de dés à jeter sur la table vide... Ainsi est déterminée une position en philosophie et en politique, assiette inédite qui en appelle à l'aléatoire et se donne comme un " chantier " ouvert à nos explorations. De fait, les catégories du sujet, de l'aliénation, de la dialectique, de l'idéologie, sont bradées ou ébranlées au profit du processus hasardeux et de la vicissitude des formes. Pourtant, ni le primat de la lutte des classes ni la thèse de la matérialité objective du monde ne sont sacrifiés au nouvel horizon de la conjoncture. Il se peut qu'il y ait deux voies du matérialisme, aussi légitimes l'une que l'autre - matérialisme de la nécessité et matérialisme de la rencontre. Gageons que ce dernier puisse faire que les éléments vivants d'un ensemble politique"s'accrochent " entre eux et au tout de telle sorte que ce qui est vrai en théorie le soit aussi en pratique. (shrink)

In the study of _Lawāmiʿ al-Naẓar_, Ibrahim Safri presents a history of rational sciences in the Maghribī tradition in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. He also presents a critical edition of the work, which can be considered as an introduction to post-Avicennian studies in North Africa.

Günahın, imanı ve diğer salih amelleri boşa çıkarmayacağı hususunda birleşen Ehl-i sünnet âlimleri, irtidadından sonra yeniden İslâm’a dönen kişinin ilk Müslümanlık devresinde işlemiş olduğu amellerin durumu hakkında görüş ayrılığına düşmüşlerdir. Genel anlamda Hanefî/Mâtürîdîler doğrudan irtidad ile o amellerin boşa çıkacağını savunurken, Şâfiî/Eş’arîler ise bunun için ayrıca riddet üzere ölümü şart koşmuşlar, tek başına irtidad ile kişinin önceki amellerinin zayi olmayacağını ileri sürmüşlerdir. Kelâm, fıkıh ve usûl gibi ilimlerle ilişkisi bulunan bu meselede kapsamlı yorumlar daha çok tefsirlerde kendisine yer bulmuştur. Burada (...) Hanefî/Mâtürîdîler, sadece irtidad üzerinden amellerin boşa gideceğinden bahseden Mâide suresi 5/5. ayetini; Şâfiî/Eş’arîler ise bu boşa gitmeyi riddet üzere ölüm haline bağlayan Bakara suresi 2/217. ayetini esas almıştır. Taraflar, birbirlerine karşı ilgili ayetler üzerinden farklı istidlallerde bulunmuş, muhtelif cevaplar vermişlerdir. Bunların içerisinde en esaslı ihtilaf noktasını ise usul tabiriyle mutlak olan ilk ayetin mukayyed konumda bulunan ikinci ayete haml edilip edilmeyeceği meselesi teşkil etmiştir. Hanefî/Mâtürîdîler ilgili ayetler özelinde mutlakın mukayyede hamil şartlarının oluşmadığı düşüncesiyle bu işleme karşı çıkarken, bu konuda daha esnek tavır alan Şâfiî/Eş’arîler ise oluşan şartlar çerçevesinde bu hamil işlemine onay vermiş, buna bağlı olarak da ilgili görüşlerine ulaşmışlardır. Taraflar, ilgili ayetleri değerlendirirken, açıklamalarını, daha çok tertip itibariyle önce gelen ve mukayyed konumda bulunan Bakara suresi 2/217. ayetinin izahında getirmişlerdir. Şâfiî/Eş’arî ilim ehli zaten ilgili ayeti temel aldıkları için onların konuyu inceledikleri yerin bu ilahi kelamın tefsiri olması gayet anlaşılabilir bir husustur. Hanefî/Mâtürîdî zevat ise, daha çok Şâfiî/Eş’arîlerin ayete yükledikleri manaya cevap vermek amacıyla konuyu burada işlemişlerdir. Şâfiî/Eş’arîler, mutlakı mukayyede haml etmelerinin bir gereği olarak konuyla ilgili iki ayetten, Bakara suresi 2/217’yi esas alarak hükümlerini bunun üzerine bina etmişler ve aslında tek ayeti kıstas kabul etmişlerdir. Buna karşılık Hanefî/Mâtürîdîler ise, ilgili iki ayet özelinde mutlakın mukayyede hamil şartlarının gerçekleşmediği iddiasıyla onların her ikisinden ayrı ayrı hüküm çıkarmışlardır. Bu çerçevede ilk ayetten, irtidad üzere ölümün, ebedi hüsranı gerektirmesi, ikinci ayetten ise irtidadın mutlak şekilde amelleri zayi etmesi sonucuna ulaşmışlardır. Burada iki mezhep arasındaki ayrılığın en tipik semeresi, kişinin Müslüman iken yerine getirdiği örneğin hac ibadetini, irtidad sonrası İslâm’a döndüğünde yeniden yapıp yapmayacağı konusunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Amellerin ancak irtidad üzere ölümle zayi olacağını düşünen Şâfiî/Eş’arîler yeniden hacca gitmeyi gerekli görmezken, ölüm gerçekleşmese de irtidad ile amellerin doğrudan zayi olacağını düşünen Hanefî/Mâtürîdîler ise ilgili kişiyi hac ile sorumlu tutmaktadır. İşte bu çalışmada tarafların savundukları görüşün temel fikri çerçevesi ile muhaliflerine ne tür eleştiriler getirdikleri arka planın izah edilmesine gayret edilecektir. (shrink)

The monstrous power of the blind in Diderot’s 1949 Letter is not due to its ability to make people laugh or afraid, as its most common etymology would indicate: monstrum, monstrare, to point to an abnormal fact. The monstrous power of Diderot’s monster is that of one who shows: monere, monitor, in the manner of a guide or pathfinder. It shows us that everything that lives, and especially the human being, is a hybrid. It takes the idea of a possible (...) mixture of animals and humans into account, thus the boldness of an ‘anti-speciesism’ as presented in the fantastical bestiary of Alembert’s Dream. It brings the humanism of essence to an end and invites us to redefine a new social bond. (shrink)

This study looks at how the seventeenth-century philosopher Sadr al-Din al-Shirazi, known as Mulla Sadra, attempted to reconcile the three major forms of ...

Bu çalışmada Herakleitos’un DK1 numaralı fragmanı ve filozofun felsefesinin temel kavramı olan logos terimi üzerinde inceleme yapılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca Herakleitos’un fragmanda kul-landığı sözcükler, kurduğu cümleler ve kullandığı üsluptan hareketle filozof olmasının yanı sıra aynı zamanda bir kâhin ya da peygamber olarak da nitelendirilebileceği iddia edilmiştir. Buna göre bu çalışma şu hususların ele alınmasından oluşmaktadır: DK1 numaralı fragmanın üç başlık altında incelenmesi suretiyle Herakleitos düşüncesinin merkezini oluşturan logos terimini anla-mak amaçlanmıştır. Logos terimini anlama noktasında sözcüğün sözlükteki anlamları üzerinde durularak ilgili fragmanda (...) sözcüğe yüklenen anlamlar tespit edilmiştir. Böylelikle Dk1 numaralı fragmanda Herakleitos’un logos sözcüğüne yüklediği temel anlamların, akıl, söz, rasyonel pren-sip, yönetici ilke türünden anlamlar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca filozofun frag-manda kullandığı üslubun filozof olmasının yanı sıra kâhinlere veya peygamberlere özgü olduğu iddiasında bulunulmuştur. Bu iddia ise fragmanı oluşturan cümlelerin ve sözcüklerin dile getiri-lişindeki üslup ve jargondan hareketle ve rütbeli Herakleitos yorumcularının ifadeleri ile gerek-çelendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. (shrink)

This study investigates the effectiveness of experiential learning strategies in enhancing science subject competence among fifth-grade elementary students in Anbar Governorate, where traditional teaching methods dominate. Prior research indicates a lack of engagement and critical thinking among students, emphasizing the need for pedagogical approaches that promote active learning and real-world experiences. Employing a descriptive and experimental design, this research included two groups: an experimental group receiving instruction through experiential learning and a control group taught via traditional methods. The sample consisted (...) of 65 fifth-grade students from Al-Mu'min Primary School, chosen to ensure representativeness. Pre-experimental assessments ensured equivalence in variables such as age, intelligence, and previous academic achievement. The study's impact was evaluated using a post-test composed of 40 multiple-choice questions aligned with the science curriculum. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in mean achievement test scores between the groups, with the experimental group achieving a higher average score of 29.90 compared to the control group's 22.55. The calculated t-value was 10.11, surpassing the critical t-value of 2.00 at the 0.05 significance level, indicating strong evidence for the effectiveness of experiential learning strategies. Furthermore, the effect size measured using eta squared (η² = 0.63) confirmed a large impact on student achievement. The findings signify that experiential learning strategies substantially enhance science subject competence among elementary students, fostering greater engagement and understanding of scientific concepts. These results advocate for the integration of experiential learning methodologies in science education, reflecting a shift away from traditional teaching practices to more effective, student-centered approaches that promote critical thinking and real-world application of knowledge. (shrink)

This paper examines the nexus between popular culture and the problem of corruption in Nigeria within the theoretical framework of the Socratic dictum that “the unexamined life is not worth living”. The paper argues that corruption is a social behavior that is propelled by popular culture and sustained by skewed application of logical thinking in critical decision making. Hence, the paper posits that formal education remains the bedrock upon which corruption can be curtailed and also equips people with logical tools (...) to examine their actions as individuals and its consequences on the larger society. (shrink)

The thesis examines the origins and function of legal theory within the context of the development of early Islamic law. I argue against the depiction of the development of law as a series of compromises between traditionalism and rationalism. Rather, by evading the demands of traditionalism, law evolved into a complex doctrinal entity rooted in the social structures of third-century Abbasid society. This revision of the development of law provides a context to evaluate early works of legal theory. Moreover, in (...) context of my analysis of the development of law, I attempt to explain the emergence of legal theory as an independent discipline and its function within the greater structure of law. (shrink)

The terms ‘unity’, ‘integration’ and ‘diversity’ have multiple layers of meaning in the religious context. While religions emphasize unity and integrity, they also address the issues of diversity. When understood properly, unity does not mean uniformity and thus does not invite oppression and closure. By the same token, diversity does not mean chaos and lack of order. Both unity and diversity have a function within the larger context of things. But this context is not confined to the socio-political dimension alone. (...) A broader understanding of these terms will help us understand the religious discourses of unity, diversity and integration. It will also lead to a more critical assessment of the Enlightenment and western modernity. (shrink)

This study explores the history of the Hagia Sophia Mosque and its religious music forms, with a particular focus on how these forms are applied in the newly reopened Hagia Sophia. All genres performed here are executed by imams and muezzins who are highly skilled in their fields, making it a model for both contemporary performers and future generations. The study examines the types of mosque music performed during the five daily prayers, Fridays, holy days, and religious holidays in Hagia (...) Sophia, which has functioned as a mosque since 2020.Analysis reveals that some of these forms are unique to Hagia Sophia in terms of both structure and execution, underscoring the importance of bringing them to light. To this end, extensive research, observation, recording, and notation processes were carried out to document these unique styles. The article provides detailed insights into the maqam (musical mode) dimensions, performance styles, timing, and duration of various mosque music forms, including Qur’ān Tilāwah, Adhān, Ṣalā/Ṣalawāt, Iqāmah, Ilāhī, Mawlid, Miʿrācīyah, Qaṣīdah, Istighfār, Tasbīḥ, and others. The distinct and improvised characteristics of certain forms are also discussed. Furthermore, specific to the Hagia Sophia Mosque, the article includes the notations of the Tasbīḥāt recited at the mihrab after the Fajr prayer on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays, as well as the notations of various Istighfār recited in different maqams collectively by the muezzins after each obligatory prayer. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Semiotica Jahrgang: 2016 Heft: 213 Seiten: 435-455.

. Recent years have witnessed the proliferation of “Christian” companies in the U.S. These firms declare their belief in, and active pursuit of, the successful merging of biblical principles with business activities. Economic success, hard work, and biblical values are seen as capable of existing together in harmony. While the number of such businesses appears to be growing, there has been a dearth of any scientific study of these companies. No empirical research has been conducted to determine whether these religious (...) values and behaviors have any significant impact on a company’s performance. The present study is designed to partially fill this gap. Specifically, it seeks to determine whether there are differences in long-term performance between self-proclaimed “Christian-based” businesses and their secular counterparts. Data were collected from 312 companies. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), followed by univariate ANOVAs, found significant differences between these two groups of firms on three of the four performance variables that were analyzed. Some explanations as well as limited generalizations and implications are developed. (shrink)

Şâfiî müctehidlerin muteber şahsiyetlerinden biri olan Râfiî el-Kazvînî, ilk olarak babası Muhammed b. Abdilkerîm el-Kazvînî (ö. 580/1184) ve annesinin dayısı Ebü’l-Hayr Ahmed et-Tâlkânî’nin (ö. 589/1193) rahle-i tedrisinde bulunduktan sonra alanında uzman birçok kişiden tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh sahasına ilişkin seviyeli bir eğitim almıştır. Yaşadığı asrın ileri gelen ulemasından İslâmî ilimleri okuyarak fıkıh ilminde ihtisas sahibi olan Râfiî, Kazvîn’de ders halkaları oluşturarak tedris faaliyetinde bulunmuş; dönemin halifeleri tarafından Şam ve Mısır baş kadılık görevine atanan Ahmed b. Halîl el-Mühellebî (ö. 638/1240), Zekiyyüddin (...) el-Münzirî (656/1258) ve İbn Sükkerî (ö.713/1313) gibi önemli simalar yetiştirmiştir. Zekâsı, aklı ve özellikle haiz olduğu fıkhî meseleleri ayırt etme yetisiyle Râfiî, doktrin içerisinde yer alan dağınık görüşleri toplayarak ilgili görüşlerden hangisinin daha kuvvetli olabileceğine dair tespitlerde bulunup mezhebi tahrîr/tenkîh etmiş, bir bakıma mezhebin görüşlerini ilmî elekten geçirip ayıklamıştır. Mezhep içerisindeki görüşleri inceleyerek farklı tarikleri birleştirme ve dağınık bilgileri ayıklayıp mezhep birikimini veciz ifadelerle yansıtma faaliyetinden dolayı ulemanın dikkatini üzerine çeken Râfiî, mezhepte iki otoriteden biri anlamına gelen Şeyhân’dan biri olma -diğeri ise Nevevî (ö. 676/1277)- unvanına layık görülmüştür. Bu yüzden onun hayatına ve ilmî kişiliğine Şâfiî terâcim eserlerinde oldukça yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, sonraki dönemlerde mezhep görüşünü temsilde belirleyici olan Râfiî’nin ilmî kişiliği yanında mezhebi tahrîr/tenkîh etmesindeki rolüne yer verilecektir. (shrink)

The semiotic model that disregards the normative context represented by the protagonist examines how we can distinguish the three conceptions of heroism, namely hero, semi-hero, and anti-hero. What are the methodological criteria whereby we can follow the protagonist in the text from beginning to end? To answer them, this article tries to present a model made up of five stages/criteria which constitute a semiotic model by means of which the connection to heroism can be determined. These are: (1) motivation, (2) (...) will, (3) ability, (4) execution, and (5) outcome. These stages can be logically classified into three categories: 1) Pre-action (the first three stages), 2) Action (the fourth stage), 3) Post-action (the fifth stage). The model proposed here suits all types of narrative and drama and all performance and film production arts. (shrink)

The ability to bear witness to human trauma and devastation through technologies in the new media age endorses suffering as a form of mass spectacle which can negotiate distance between an exterior world as well as the unfamiliar and the unknown. Our engagements with these forms of mediated suffering in postmodernity can be public and complex and conditioned by both media power and our ability to domesticate suffering in the private confines of our homes. This article reviews the domestication of (...) suffering historically in mainstream media. It contends that mediated suffering has become an entrenched ritual in the media landscape and is a multi-faceted device which can be functionalist and therapeutic yet too pervasive to be rendered meaningful in people’s everyday lives. (shrink)

On philosophy of history and historiography.

Diderot shares an ancient project of inquiry with the philosophers, physicians, and anatomists of the second half of the eighteenth century in France, a project that generated numerous problems and solutions. By his time it had taken on the shape of a crisis: how might one formulate and analyze the connection between a theory of living being and a speculation on Life, as a unified problematic?

A leading scholar of humanitarian intervention, Brown (2002) refers to British internal politics to satisfy the influential church and other non-conformist libertarian community leaders, and above all ?undermining Britain's competitors, such as Spain and Portugal, who were still reliant on slave labour to power their economies, as the principal motivation for calls to end the slave trade than any genuine humanitarian concerns of racial equality or global justice?. Drawing on an empirical exploration, this article seeks to draw a parallel between (...) this politics of humanitarian intervention which characterised the abolition movement, albeit rarely recognised in the academic literature, and the British intervention to end the almost 11 year civil war in Sierra Leone. The article concludes with a discussion on the implications of this politics of humanitarian intervention in the reconstruction of post-conflict Sierra Leone. (shrink)