La creación de un espacio europeo de libertad, seguridad y justicia en el ámbito civil ha recibido un impulso decisivo con el Tratado de Amsterdam, pero no se trata de una materia absolutamente nueva. En efecto, el art. 220 TCE en su versión original de 1958 dispone que los Estados miembros «entablarán en tanto sea necesario, negociaciones entre sí a fin de asegurar a favor de sus nacionales», entre otras cosas, para «la simplificación de las formalidades a que están sometidos (...) el reconocimiento y la ejecución recíprocos de las decisiones judiciales y de los laudos arbitrales». (shrink)

Un ouvrage récent de L. Villemin, Pouvoir d’ordre et pouvoir de juridiction , se penche sur l’histoire théologique de la distinction entre « pouvoir d’ordre » et « pouvoir de juridiction » pour en éprouver la validité théologique actuelle. Au fil des siècles, ce binôme a décrit des réalités très variables. En distinguant pouvoir sur le corps eucharistique et pouvoir sur le corps ecclésial, il a consacré un déplacement de la relation classique entre ecclesia et ministerium vers une relation entre (...) potestas et eucharistia. Cela n’est pas sans conséquences pour la vie ecclésiale, la théologie et le droit canonique. Or, Vatican II a choisi d’utiliser un concept unitaire du pouvoir dans l’Eglise, à savoir celui de potestas sacra. N’y a-t-il donc pas lieu d’abandonner la distinction entre ordo et iurisdictio ? Dans la foulée des conclusions de l’ouvrage, Alphonse Borras dégage des perspectives fécondes pour penser les ministères – leur attribution autant que leur exercice – et l’habilitation qu’ils impliquent à servir l’Eglise qui porte l’Evangile en ce lieu. (shrink)

This paper examines the situation of rurally rooted cross-border migrant workers from Myanmar during the Covid-19 pandemic. It looks at the circumstances of the migrants prior to the global health emergency, before exploring possibilities for a post-pandemic future for this stratum of the working people by raising critical questions addressed to agrarian movements. It does this by focusing on the nature and dynamics of the nexus of land and labour in the context of production and social reproduction, a view that (...) in the context of rurally rooted cross-border migrant workers necessarily requires interrelated perspectives on labour, agrarian, and food justice struggles. This requires a rethinking of the role of land, not as a factor in either production or social reproduction, but as a central component in both spheres simultaneously. The question is not ‘whether’ it is necessary and desirable to forge multi-class coalitions and struggles against external capital, while not losing sight of the exploitative relations within rural communities and the household; rather, the question is ‘how’ to achieve this. It will require a messy recursive process, going back and forth between theoretical exploration and practical politics. (shrink)

Recent studies reveal that violence significantly contributes to explaining individual’s facial preferences. Women who feel at higher risk of violence prefer less-masculine male faces. Given the importance of violence, we explore its influence on people’s preferences for a different physical trait. Masculinity correlates positively with male strength and weight or body mass index. In fact, masculinity and BMI tend to load on the same component of trait perception. Therefore we predicted that individuals’ perceptions of danger from violence will relate to (...) preferences for facial cues to low-BMI. In two studies in Colombia, men and women from Bogota, Medellin, and surrounding communities were shown pairs of faces transformed to epitomize the shape correlates of men with high or low-BMI. The images were of European, Salvadoran, or Colombian men. Participants were asked to choose the face they considered most attractive. Subsequently, participants answered a survey about their health, media access, education level, and experiences/perceptions of violence in study 1 and about specific types of violence in study 2. Results from both studies showed that women who experienced/perceived higher levels of violence preferred faces of low-BMI Salvadoran men. Preferences for low-BMI facial cues were significantly explained by violence, even after controlling for all other variables. These results may reflect women’s strategy to avoid male partners capable of inflicting harm. (shrink)

Le récent motu proprio Omnium in mentem a modifié le canon 1008 du Code de droit canonique de 1983 et ajouté un troisième paragraphe au canon 1009. Ces changements concernent le sacrement de l’ordre. Ils sont examinés ici sous l’angle du ministère diaconal. Sur l’arrière-fond de la doctrine de Vatican II et de ses développements ultérieurs, l’auteur présente une exégèse des nouveaux canons dont il regrette la déficience de la conceptualité juridique sans pour autant majorer leur portée théologique. Il se (...) réjouit cependant que le service soit désormais le dénominateur commun du ministère ordonné. Les diacres sont habilités à servir le corps ecclésial du Christ pour qu’il réalise sa mission dans le monde. Le souci de cohérence doctrinale est nécessaire mais pas suffisant, encore faut-il savoir pour quoi concrètement on ordonne des diacres. (shrink)

In this paper we introduce the device perspective as a methodological contribution to platform studies. Through an engagement with debates about the notion of affordances, which focus on the relation between the technical and the social, we put forward an approach to study the production of data within platforms by engaging with the material properties of platforms as well as their interpretation and deployment by various types of users. As a case in point, we study how the affordances of Wikipedia (...) are deployed in the production of encyclopedic knowledge and how this can be used to study controversies. The analysis shows how Wikipedia affords unstable encyclopedic knowledge by having mechanisms in place that suggest the continuous negotiation of existing knowledge. We furthermore showcase the use of our open-source software, Contropedia, which can be utilized to study knowledge production on Wikipedia. (shrink)

Der Beitrag untersucht die geschichtliche Entwicklung in ehemaligen Kolonialstaaten nach dem Rückzug der Kolonialmächte. Er unternimmt diese Untersuchung im Ausgang von Hegels Begriff der Sittlichkeit. Mittels dieses Konzepts entwickelt der Autor ein Modell des historischen Prozesses, der durch den Widerstreit zwischen den Ansprüchen der einzelnen Gemeinschaften und denen des Nationalstaats bestimmt ist. Anschließend prüft er dieses Modell unter Rückgriff auf tatsächliche Entwicklungen, etwa in Südamerika.

Convolutional neural networks, which automatically learn features from raw data to approximate functions, are being increasingly applied to the end-to-end analysis of electroencephalographic signals, especially for decoding brain states in brain-computer interfaces. Nevertheless, CNNs introduce a large number of trainable parameters, may require long training times, and lack in interpretability of learned features. The aim of this study is to propose a CNN design for P300 decoding with emphasis on its lightweight design while guaranteeing high performance, on the effects of (...) different training strategies, and on the use of post-hoc techniques to explain network decisions. The proposed design, named MS-EEGNet, learned temporal features in two different timescales in an efficient and optimized way, and was validated on three P300 datasets. The CNN was trained using different strategies and was compared with several state-of-the-art algorithms. Furthermore, variants of the baseline MS-EEGNet were analyzed to evaluate the impact of different hyper-parameters on performance. Lastly, saliency maps were used to derive representations of the relevant spatio-temporal features that drove CNN decisions. MS-EEGNet was the lightest CNN compared with the tested SOA CNNs, despite its multiple timescales, and significantly outperformed the SOA algorithms. Post-hoc hyper-parameter analysis confirmed the benefits of the innovative aspects of MS-EEGNet. Furthermore, MS-EEGNet did benefit from transfer learning, especially using a low number of training examples, suggesting that the proposed approach could be used in BCIs to accurately decode the P300 event while reducing calibration times. Representations derived from the saliency maps matched the P300 spatio-temporal distribution, further validating the proposed decoding approach. This study, by specifically addressing the aspects of lightweight design, transfer learning, and interpretability, can contribute to advance the development of deep learning algorithms for P300-based BCIs. (shrink)

This paper examines the role that population vulnerabilities play in insurance coverage for a representative sample of Latinos and Asians in the United States. Using data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS), these analyses compare coverage differences among and within ethnic subgroups, across states and regions, among types of occupations, and among those with or without English language proficiency. Extensive differences exist in coverage between Latinos and Asians, with Latinos more likely to be uninsured. Potential explanations include (...) the type of occupations available to Latinos and Asians, reforms in immigration laws, length of time in the United States, and regional differences in safety-net coverage. Policy implications are discussed. (shrink)

In this paper we examine the weaknesses of development strategies which have been applied in Puerto Rico. The process of industrialization by invitation, referred to as Operation Bootstrap, was instituted by the United States of America by the end of the 1940s. This involved tax incentives and subsidies for companies and was dependent on industrial peace and low wages in labor-intensive, low-wage industries, especially those of textile and clothing. Naturally, women's labor was encouraged as a result of the lower cost, (...) as well as assumed dexterity, of the female in such areas. While these new activity areas for women also allowed other benefits in the form of legislation and increased social services, the inherent problems of rapid, labor-intensive industrialization also led to displacement and increased underemployment and impoverization of female headed families from the 1960s onwards. The paper explores some of the changes in gender relations which resulted from these policies and looks at the challenges which the feminist movement in Puerto Rico has made, particularly with regard to state processes to bring about beneficial changes in the economic, legal, political and social status of women in Puerto Rico. (shrink)

L’ouvrage de Mgr Rouet et de ses collaborateurs traite de l’expérience des « communautés locales » dans le diocèse de Poitiers, projet diocésain qui repose sur la vocation baptismale des chrétiens et leur capacité de porter la mission de l’Église, en dialogue avec la société. Cette expérience donne à penser en matière de théologie pratique par sa cohérence ecclésiologique et son articulation avec la réalité ambiante. Elle appelle cependant un approfondissement théologique de ses présupposés et quelques précisions canoniques.

Although the rapid growth of digital data and computationally advanced methods in the social sciences has in many ways exacerbated tensions between the so-called ‘quantitative’ and ‘qualitative’ approaches, it has also been provocatively argued that the ubiquity of digital data, particularly online data, finally allows for the reconciliation of these two opposing research traditions. Indeed, a growing number of ‘qualitatively’ inclined researchers are beginning to use computational techniques in more critical, reflexive and hermeneutic ways. However, many of these claims for (...) ‘quali-quantitative’ methods hinge on a single technique: the network graph. Networks are relational, allow for the questioning of rigid categories and zooming from individual cases to patterns at the aggregate. While not refuting the use of networks in these studies, this paper argues that there must be other ways of doing quali-quantitative methods. We first consider a phenomenon which falls between quantitative and qualitative traditions but remains elusive to network graphs: the spread of information on Twitter. Through a case study of debates about nuclear power on Twitter, we develop a novel data visualisation called the modulation sequencer which depicts the spread of URLs over time and retains many of the key features of networks identified above. Finally, we reflect on the role of such tools for the project of quali-quantitative methods. (shrink)

La Biodiversidad biológica implica una gran responsabilidad para el ser humano, y somos quienes debemos cuidar para que no se pierda, pero a veces no está en nuestras manos protegerla, esto debido a que se presenta la pandemia del Covid-19 y el plantel tuvo que ser abandonado. Las plantas existentes en dicho plantel se secaron o están por perderse, así mismo como los animales silvestres de la región; actualmente estamos en semáforo verde y ya se pueden cuidar las plantas regándolas (...) constantemente. Para el cuidado de la biodiversidad es necesario que toda la comunidad tanto del Municipio como los que estamos involucrados en el plantel CECYTEM Valle de Chalco Solidaridad unamos esfuerzos para preservar tanto a plantas como a animales, y que si se llegará a presentar un rebrote de la pandemia formar comisiones para el cuidado de dicha biodiversidad. (shrink)

RESUMEN La filósofa irlandesa Iris Murdoch propone una teoría moral basada en el amor. Esta "ética del amor" se constituye a partir de la atención amorosa y la imaginación. De acuerdo con Murdoch, teorías morales como la kantiana presentan importantes problemas al considerar la moralidad como un asunto de "algoritmos morales". Las éticas dominantes desde la modernidad hasta nuestros días se han centrado en la universalidad, la imparcialidad, los principios morales, etcétera. Murdoch apunta a que la moralidad tiene que ver, (...) más bien, con nuestra capacidad de responder a otros individuos particulares, particularidad que no es reducible a ninguna forma de universalidad o imparcialidad compleja. ABSTRACT The Irish philosopher Iris Murdoch proposes a moral theory based on love. This "ethics of love" is constituted by loving attention and imagination. According to Murdoch, moral theories such as the Kantian one present important problems as they consider morality a matter of "moral algorithms". Dominant ethics from modernity until today have focused on universality, impartiality, moral principles, and so on. Murdoch points out that morality has to do, rather, with our ability to respond to other particular individuals, a particularity that is not reducible to any form of universality or complex impartiality. (shrink)

Comment penser le rapport du droit universel au droit particulier? Au regard du droit universel, la Conférence épiscopale et le Synode diocésain semblent des réalités résiduelles. Cependant, du point de vue ecclésiologique, «particularité» et «universalité» ne sont pas deux réalités différentes mais deux dimensions formelles de la catholica. La catholicité doit s’exprimer dans le droit particulier, sans quoi la pluralité n’est plus honorée et l’unité se mue en uniformité.

Vatican II a donné le feu vert au rétablissement du diaconat permanent sur fond d’une double préoccupation missionnaire et pastorale. Les Pères conciliaires ont appuyé leur décision sur quelques assertions théologiques qui, par la suite, éclaireront le rétablissement de ce ministère en même temps qu’elles offriront la base de développements théologiques ultérieurs, notamment l’affirmation claire et nette de la sacramentalité. La pratique postconciliaire du diaconat nouvellement rétabli a conduit à un approfondissement théologique de sa sacramentalité à l’intérieur du sacrement de (...) l’ordre. La présente étude veut en tirer les implications pour la question du caractère, la configuration au Christ et l’éventuelle qualification de l’action des diacres in persona Christi ainsi que pour la question des potestates, à savoir des pouvoirs liés à la réception du diaconat. Le ministère diaconal n’engage-t-il pas l’authenticité apostolique de l’Évangile dès lors que l’on prend acte de l’effet instituant et habilitant de l’ordination diaconale? L’auteur conclut alors en reconnaissant les diacres comme des garants officiels de la diaconie exercée au nom du Christ et avec son autorité. (shrink)

Devant l’écart possible entre l’action pastorale et des dispositions canoniques, l’auteur propose quelques éléments de réflexion sur le droit en Église. Il s’interroge d’abord sur l’autorité du droit canonique dans l’Église catholique dans le contexte de la crise des héritages culturels. Il présente ensuite les caractéristiques majeures de ce droit et son rôle de promotion de la communion dès lors que celle-ci s’organise en société. Une pratique pastorale du droit implique la prise en compte de la situation ecclésiale à partir (...) de laquelle on lit, interprète et applique les dispositions canoniques. Cela pose la question d’une herméneutique du droit à la lumière de Vatican II, celui-ci interprétant celui-là et non le contraire. Cela pose en tout cas la question d’une réception en Église des dispositions canoniques. Plus un dispositif aura été réfléchi et préparé en Église, plus il aura des chances d’être reçu et appliqué. (shrink)

Gender scholars use the metaphor of the “glass escalator” to describe a tendency for men in women-dominated workplaces to be promoted into supervisory positions. More recently, scholars, including the metaphor’s original author, critique the glass escalator metaphor for not addressing the intersections of gender with other relevant identities or the ways that work has changed in the twenty-first century. I apply an intersectional lens to understand how gender and race shape women’s career paths in tech work, where twenty-first century changes (...) to the organization of workplaces are common. I build on theories of raced and gendered labor and the glass escalator to make sense of women’s careers in a contemporary field dominated by men. I find some evidence that white women, but not women of color, experience something similar to a “glass escalator” where they are promoted into management, but those promotions are a smaller step up—more step stool than escalator. These promotions move women out of technical positions and towards business and management, releasing engineering teams from the pressure to fully incorporate women. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic posed many ethical and practical challenges for academic research. Some of these have been documented, particularly in relation to health research, but less attention has been paid to the dilemmas encountered by educational and social science research. Given that pandemics are predicted to be more frequent, it is vital to understand how to continue crucial research in schools and other learning communities. This article therefore focuses specifically on research ethics in educational and social science during the pandemic (...) of 2020–2022. The research involved interviews and workshops with University College London (UCL) academics, professional staff and graduate students and encompassed those involved in reviewing ethics applications, researchers dealing with ethics in projects that continued despite disruptions caused by COVID-19, and successful research projects specifically designed to study the effects of COVID-19 in various contexts. The article discusses some of the crucial knowledge and practical experiences that were accumulated. The operational and epistemological lessons learned from this particular institution may have wider relevance to research ethics processes in higher education environments where academics and students are grappling with post-COVID-19 ethical dilemmas and inform broader debates about how research institutions can build institutional knowledge to improve practices of ethics review at the times of health emergencies in future. Our evidence points to the significance of inter- and multidisciplinary, collaborative approaches that flatten institutional hierarchies and to the crucial role played by professional staff. In addition, we argue that ethics review processes must be underpinned by critical debates about wider issues of unequal power relationships between research partners, the nature of knowledge production, ownership and utilisation. To enhance equity and epistemic justice in research practices, ethics education should be an ongoing integral part of research ethics within research institutions. (shrink)

Este artículo aborda dos aspectos de la obra de Michel Foucault: 1. La relación existente entre la medicina higienista y la pedagogía, constituyó entre los siglos XIX y XX en Europa, lo que podría denominarse una “nosopolítica”. 2. Utiliza la técnica foucaultiana de rastreo del archivo, es decir, “convertir los documentos en monumentos”, para mostrar cómo durante la misma épistèmé nuestros pueblos latinoamericanos, y en especial Colombia, atravesaban igualmente por un tipo específico de reglas constitutivas del saber, “no dichas y (...) sin embargo no ocultas”, que iban desde la cura del “salvaje y el bárbaro”, hasta la instauración de los buenos modales de la clase educada. Desde la persecución al onanismo y la prohibición del incesto, hasta el paso del monstruo al anormal. (shrink)