The provision of informed consent is a prerequisite for inclusion of a patient in a clinical research project. In some countries, the legislation on clinical research authorizes a third person to provide informed consent if the patient is unable to do so directly . This is the case during acute stroke, when the symptoms may prevent the patient from providing informed consent and thus require a third party to be approached. Identification of factors associated with the medical team’s decision to (...) resort to surrogate consent may help the care team during the inclusion process and enable the patient’s family circle to be better informed about providing surrogate consent. (shrink)

L'humanisme scientifique, par André George.--L'homme nietzschéen, par Henri Mandiney.--L'homme marxiste, par Pierre Hervé.--L'existence et la liberté humaine chez Jean-Paul Sartre, par Gabriel Marcel.--L'humanisme laïque: Gide, Valéry, Alain, Duhamel, par Paul Archambault.--L'homme chrétien, par le r. p. Boisselot.

Contra those proclaiming the end of philosophy, Badiou aims to restore philosophical thought to the complete space of the truths that condition it.

Everywhere, the twentieth century has been judged and condemned: the century of totalitarian terror, of utopian and criminal ideologies, of empty illusions, of genocides, of false avant-gardes, of democratic realism everywhere replaced by abstraction. It is not Badiou's wish to plead for an accused that is perfectly capable of defending itself without the authors aid. Nor does he seek to proclaim, like Frantz, the hero of Sartre's Prisoners of Altona, 'I have taken the century on my shoulders and I have (...) said: I will answer for it!' The Century simply aims to examine what this accursed century, from within its own unfolding, said that it was. Badiou's proposal is to reopen the dossier on the century - not from the angle of those wise and sated judges we too often claim to be, but from the standpoint of the century itself. (shrink)

This is a translation of an essay by Alain Caillé originally published in French in La Revue du MAUSS. It addresses the topical issue of the global rise of the far right and examines its relation to traditional totalitarianism and democracy. It discovers paradoxes in the recent political history: the movement is a neoliberal reaction to neoliberalism. Instead of empowering progressive political appeal, economic conditions have driven people into the embrace of ‘tyrannical buffoons’ who promise the intensification of neoliberal (...) reform. This leads to an ‘inverted totalitarianism’ or ‘parcellitarianism’. (shrink)

Decision making is an area of profound importance to a wide range of specialities - for psychologists, economists, lawyers, clinicians, managers, and of course philosophers. Only relatively recently, though, have we begun to really understand how decision making processes are implemented in the brain, and how they might interact with our emotions. 'Emotion and Reason' presents a groundbreaking new approach to understanding decision making processes and their neural bases. The book presents a sweeping survey of the science of decision making. (...) It examines the brain mechanisms involved in making decisions, and controversially proposes that many of our perceptual actions are essentially decision making processes. Whether looking, listening, hearing, or moving, we choose to attend to certain stimuli, at the expense of others. In some psychiatric disorders the inability to respond selectively to certain stimuli can be harmful - such pathologies of decision making are additionally considered. Berthoz also considers how many decision making processes involve an internal dialogue with our other self, and how this dialogue with our "doppelganger" might be represented in the brain. He considers the important implications that a neuroscience of decision making can have for the judiciary - how we apportion blame and responsibility; for economics - with discussion of the growing field of neuroeconomics; and for theories of management. Lastly he examines decision making and creativity - if perception relies in part on decision making processes, how might this alter our view of the artistic process. Written by a neuroscientist of international fame and accessible for both scientists and non-scientists, this book is the most exhaustive examination of the science of decision making yet. (shrink)

While Logics of Worlds already emphasized that one’s participation in a process of truth is signalized by an affect and already pointed out some of the affects connected with these processes (enthusiasm, joy, pleasure, beatitude), the further elaboration of this topics remains the task of the third part of the Being and Event, which has yet to be written and is entitled The Immanence of Truths. The first part of the lecture discusses the very reasons for this work, its necessity, (...) and its place in my opus thus far. The task of The Immanence of Truths is to elaborate the question of how somebody is incorporated into a truth-process, how this relates to the question of the subject and the very role of philosophy itself. The latter is not the process of truth in a similar manner as its four conditions, it does presuppose them, but not the other way around. A short sketch of the inner structure of The Immanence of Truths follows and the argument in favour of the transformation of the formal category of negation. The role of the paraconsistent logics in The Immanence of Truths is to conceptualize the process of truth. The aleatory, the contingent character of any event namely means that we have to insist that there is a cut and that the truth is in the position of an exception, but which, however, is not something untransmittable. Concerning the question of the transmission and the ineffable, I distance myself in relation to Plato’s as well as to Bergson’s treatment of this question. For me, the category of an exception is a dialectical category. It has to be thought on one hand as a negation, which is not a miracle of some sort, and on the other as something inner, immanent (perhaps that was aimed at by Lacan with the term ‘extimacy’). The negation is namely an operator which simultaneously divides and includes, it is also part of the dialectical thought which includes the contingent and is therefore not deterministic. Everything that has been said so far has consequences for the functions of philosophy and concerns the question of the relationship between philosophy and life. Philosophy for me as a discipline departs from the conviction that there are truths. It is triple, being at the same time the diagnostics of an age, the construction of the concept of truth, and the existential experience of true life i.e. the immanent experiment of what is a true life, “what is it to live”. This is signalled by the affect of true life and by the formula “to live as an immortal”, which does not entail any kind of sacrifice or recompense. (shrink)

Alain Badiou offers a tour de force encounter with a lesser-known seventeenth-century philosopher and theologian, Nicolas Malebranche, a contemporary and peer of Spinoza and Leibniz. The seminar is at once a record of Badiou's thought at a key moment and a lively interrogation of Malebranche's key text, the Treatise on Nature and Grace.

Les deux philosophes débattent sur les sujets de l'actualité politique et intellectuelle : la question de l'identité, la politique sarkozyste ou encore Israël.

This paper examines the relationship between philosophy and its conditions. The affirmation “mathematics is ontology”, which I posited thirty years ago, has certain inconveniences. In this article, I present six varying possibilities for ontology. My own philosophical decision was to proclaim that being is a pure multiplicity, without the One and without any specific attribute such as “matter” or “spirit”. This movement of thought brought me to study the mathematical condition of philosophy and to search for a rigorous structuration of (...) my speculative decision within the field of mathematics. However, my initial postulate that “Being is the multiplicity without the One” is not a mathematical but a philosophical statement. This paper concludes with a presentation of the relationship between mathematics and philosophy in Being and Event, Logics of Worlds, and The Immanence of Truths. (shrink)

Comme première étape pour parler de la philosophie française, je pars d'un paradoxe : ce qui est la ¾philosophie¾ la plus universelle est aussi, en même temps, la plus particulière. C'est ce que Hegel appelle l'universel concret, la synthèse de ce qui est absolument universel, qui est pour tous, et qui à la fois a une place et un moment particuliers. Absolument universel, il a des particularités nationales et culturelles. Il y a ce que j'appellerais des moments de philosophie, dans (...) l'espace et dans le temps. Ainsi, je voudrais soutenir une thèse historique et nationale : il y a eu ou il y a, selon les cas, un moment philosophique français qui a duré pendant la seconde moitié du XXe siècle et je voudrais essayer de présenter le lien entre tous ces philosophes et la littérature dans cette séquence. Et je parlerais aussi de la discussion constante, tout au long de cette période, entre la philosophie et la psychanalyse. Question d'origine, question d'opérations, question de style et de littérature, question de psychanalyse, tels seront mes moyens pour tenter d'identifier cette philosophie française contemporaine. (shrink)

"Le vif intérêt rétrospectif des séminaires de la fin des années 1980 et du tout début des années 1990, y compris pour moi-même, est d'y lire non seulement la présence de L'être et l'événement, mais la façon dont il affecte mon enseignement, comme si ce dernier était désormais consacré à la présentation, défense et illustration d'un livre, par une sorte de guérilla latérale. Ce qui traverse tout cela est la critique de la catégorie d'objet, portée au point où le but (...) de l'analyse est de valider le concept d'un sujet sans objet. Tel doit être en effet, et c'est ce qui justifie le titre finalement donné à ce séminaire, le sujet dont toute vérité se soutient", A. B. (shrink)

La question de la relégation à travers la musique rap.

We prove two results about the embeddability relation between Borel linear orders: For $\eta$ a countable ordinal, let $2^\eta$ (resp. $2^{<\eta}$) be the set of sequences of zeros and ones of length $\eta$ (resp. $<\eta$), equipped with the lexicographic ordering. Given a Borel linear order $X$ and a countable ordinal $\xi$, we prove the following two facts. (a) Either $X$ can be embedded (in a $\triangle^1_1(X,\xi)$ way) in $2^{\omega\xi}$, or $2^{\omega\xi + 1}$ continuously embeds in $X$. (b) Either $X$ can (...) embedded (in a $\triangle^1_1(X,\xi)$ way) in $2^{\omega\xi}$, or $2^{\omega\xi}$ continuously embeds in $X$. These results extend previous work of Harrington, Shelah and Marker. (shrink)

Pourquoi prelever sur la masse considerable des textes qui traitent de la confession clericale et des cas de conscience qu'elle a poses ce petit livre sans doute redige par un franciscain presque inconnu, vers 1265, sans aucune consideration doctrinale directe? C'est qu'il constitue, a sa modeste echelle, un document " exceptionnel et normal ", selon le fameux oxymore d'Edoardo Grendi, rendu celebre par Carlo Ginzburg : enracine en Toscane, entre Florence et Sienne, il offre environ 150 cas de la vie (...) quotidienne des citoyens et des marchands, poses dans un cadre plus ethique et social que strictement religieux. Sur le commerce, il apporte parfois des precisions inconnues par ailleurs, par exemple sur la culture et la vente du safran de San Gimignano, ou sur le negoce des chevaux en Toscane. Il offre un document de premier ordre sur la soccida, contrat d'elevage, espece du metayage, qui nait alors en Toscane avant de connaitre un long et capital developpement en Europe. Le Livre des cas est suivi d'un contrat de donation et d'une consultation, sans doute rediges par Chiaro, de Decisions curiales, auxquelles il a participe et de deux textes de son confrere et ami franciscain Manfredo de Tortona, un Traite sur les restitutions et un autre Sur la diversite des contrats, ainsi que par un extrait du franciscain Guiral Ot, Sur la necessite des marchands. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper was to provide an example from phenomenological research of moving from rich descriptive interview data to coherent revelatory descriptions employing empathic bridges within the narrative structure of storytelling. We used transcribed data from two interviews concerning recovery from severe mental illness: one with an American woman in her early thirties, and the other with a Swedish man in his mid-thirties. Five investigators analyzed the transcribed data into individual first-person narrative descriptions according to existing empirical phenomenological (...) methods including an independent reading, identification of themes relevant to processes of recovery from severe mental illness, temporal ordering of themes meaningfully reflecting the sequence of the recounted events, and consensus development. Our findings support the use of empathic bridges as a methodological tool with the narrative structure of firstperson storytelling, as well as the viability and importance of employing this tool to better understand processes of recovery for persons with severe mental illness. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Kant-Studien Jahrgang: 108 Heft: 1 Seiten: 116-133.