Le Mouvement pour la Liberté de l’Avortement et de la Contraception, permet d’observer le renouveau des pratiques militantes et des rapports de genre dans les années 1968. Il adopte les avortements clandestins comme moyen de protester contre la législation restrictive alors en vigueur, mais aussi dans une démarche de remise en cause de la médecine, de la définition traditionnelle du militantisme et des normes de genre. Ce répertoire d’actions original permet de produire une vaste mobilisation qui marque durablement ceux qui (...) y participent mais qui a aussi ses limites, particulièrement du point de vue des militantes féministes. (shrink)

L’expérience (post)socialiste interpelle la pensée féministe, depuis la définition du sujet collectif des luttes à la variabilité des pratiques émancipatrices et à la diversité des modes de renouvellement et de transmission du militantisme pour les droits des femmes. Après avoir défini l’espace « est-européen » de référence, l’article développe cette idée en trois temps. Il s’agit de revenir d’abord sur les legs des régimes socialistes en matière d’avancement de l’égalité des sexes et sur le traitement réservé à ces efforts étatiques (...) dans la production intellectuelle postérieure à leur effondrement ; de se pencher ensuite sur les mobilisations féministes postsocialistes et sur l’émergence de répertoires académiques, militants et experts appuyés sur le langage internationalisé du « genre » ; enfin, d’évoquer des évolutions récentes qui témoignent de la résurgence du référentiel « est-européen » sous forme de solidarités transnationales répondant aux défis posés par les régimes « illibéraux » et la globalisation néolibérale. (shrink)

Activists from the Femen movement, which emerged in Ukraine in 2008, demonstrate topless. Nudity for political reasons is not unanimously welcomed among feminists. Based on interviews with activists, this article examines the meaning of political nudity for the activists themselves and the gender effects of this mode of action. The analysis of topless mobilization sheds light on how activists overcome the prohibitions of nudity and on the reasons why these activists persevere in an activism that is still perceived as deviant.

L’article synthétise des entretiens avec Fanfan, 60 ans, vivant en communauté depuis trente ans. Elle raconte sa vie familiale, sexuelle, sentimentale… Représentative de la génération « 68 », elle conjugue son travail avec le militantisme (Planning familial, Aides). Comme beaucoup d’autres femmes, elle connaît les difficultés d’accès à la contraception et souffre de l’avortement clandestin. Son mode de vie en couple vivant avec un autre couple et le partage de ses nuits entre son mari et son compagnon – sans exclure (...) d’autres relations – dessinent une alternative au modèle traditionnel originale et plutôt heureuse. (shrink)

À rebours d’une histoire transnationale de la guerre froide centrée sur les acteurs ou les actrices de l’Est et de l’Ouest, cet article considère les militantes africaines comme des protagonistes à part entière de cette histoire, soumises à des contraintes politiques et de genre mais déterminées à faire connaître leurs luttes par-delà les frontières. Il analyse leurs liens avec trois organisations féminines internationales très actives pendant la guerre froide : la Fédération démocratique internationale des femmes, le Conseil international des femmes (...) et l’Alliance internationale des femmes. Par-là, il contribue à une histoire transnationale des femmes d’Afrique comme à une histoire des décolonisations souvent écrite au masculin. En plaçant la focale sur les connexions entre les Africaines et ces organisations, c’est la logique des « blocs » qui est remise en cause. D’abord parce que les Africaines ne suivent pas toujours les choix diplomatiques de leurs pays, qu’ils soient proches de l’Ouest, de l’Est ou non alignés. Mais aussi parce qu’elles entrent souvent en contact avec plusieurs organisations afin d’identifier les interlocutrices les plus susceptibles de soutenir leurs causes et font ainsi preuve de ce que l’on peut appeler un « pragmatisme stratégique ». En s’intéressant à la période antérieure aux conférences féminines onusiennes (1975-1995), il s’agit aussi de proposer une nouvelle chronologie pour penser l’histoire du militantisme international féminin depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale. (shrink)

L'histoire du MLAC (1973-1975) est replacée dans la « bataille de l'avortement » en considérant les différentes expériences sociales et militantes des femmes comme des hommes, en province comme à Paris et en resituant l'action du MLAC illégale, mais considérée comme légitime, dans le cadre du mouvement de contestation des « années 68 » avec l'implication « d'intellectuels spécifiques », médecins et avocats. Compromis et retour à l'ordre, la loi de 1975 sur l'IVG, difficilement acquise, signe la fin (...) du mouvement. (shrink)

Les rapports sociaux de race, de genre, de sexe sont inextricablement mêlés : telle est une idée centrale du féminisme décolonial tel qu’il se déploie depuis Abya Yala, du nom que le peuple kuna donnait au continent américain. L’article situe l’importance de renommer les femmes et féministes d’origine autochtone, une manière de défaire les discours coloniaux (parfois tenus par des universitaires féministes) sur les pratiques de genre avant la colonialité/modernité. Ochy Curiel illustre cette idée à partir de l’expérience du GLEFAS (...) (Groupe latino-américain de formation et d’action féministe) : le décolonial n’y est pas seulement une critique du savoir académique, il est profondément ancré dans des pratiques autogestionnaires de luttes anticapitalistes, dans le lesbianisme politique, dans la rue, dans les associations, dans les organisations communautaires. (shrink)

Comme les meilleures micro-histoires, Lutter “comme les mecs” d’Ève Meuret-Campfort s’appuie sur une étude de cas – une usine avec une main-d’œuvre exclusivement féminine – pour révéler ce que les théories sociales – ici du capital militant et de la conscience de classe – considérées dans leur universalité (implicitement masculine) ne peuvent pas révéler. Lutter “comme les mecs”, expression qu’Ève Meuret-Campfort emprunte à l’une des ouvrières, adopte une approche intersectionnelle, non pas p...

Cet article introductif de la majeure « Évangeliques : combien de divisions? » entend brosser le paysage de la diversité des engagements politiques des évangéliques. Si des réseaux promeuvent activement des projets d’extrême-droite, notamment depuis le Brésil et les États-Unis, la mouvance évangélique apparaît politiquement clivée, des minorités de différents bords idéologiques promouvant, au nom de leur foi, des projets politiques articulés à des revendications de justice sociale, raciale, ou de genre. Il ne s’agit pas ce faisant de leur donner (...) plus de poids qu’ils n’en ont réellement, puisque leur influence demeure très restreinte, mais simplement de souligner la diversité interne des militantismes évangéliques, que l’on ne saurait réduire à une équation simple entre théologie littéraliste et conservatisme droitier. (shrink)

Autour du genre, l’anthropologie s’est historiquement intéressée davantage aux effets de murs qu’aux effets de frontières. Sur fond de féminisme puis de politisation de la sexualité, les sciences sociales entamaient pourtant un tournant. Deux types de problématiques prennent de l’ampleur : celles associées aux effets du déplacement transfrontalier, celles qui questionnent la mise en proximité physique de femmes et d’hommes issus d’origines possiblement dissemblables. Une crainte émerge alors, celle de la mise en place et de l’incorporation progressive d’une police mondialisée (...) du genre.Where gender is concerned, anthropology has always taken more interest in the effects of divisions than of boundaries. Yet, with the advent of feminism and the subsequent politicising of sexuality, the social sciences were nevertheless coming to a turning point. Issues of two kinds gained increasing importance: those linked to the effects of transboundary movements and those concerned with the women and men of possibly dissimilar origins being brought into physical proximity. A concern then emerged over the establishment and gradual incorporation of globalised gender policing. (shrink)

Le mouvement des femmes en Turquie n’a jamais été homogène. Son évolution doit plutôt être envisagée comme l’histoire de solidarités et de divergences à différents moments, souvent en interaction avec les débats politiques du pays. Cet article a pour objectif de présenter la trajectoire du mouvement féministe en Turquie, à commencer par ses racines à l’époque ottomane jusqu’à aujourd’hui, en se focalisant sur les moments charnières qui ont jalonné son histoire. Il insiste notamment sur le mouvement antiféministe et anti-genre qui (...) se reflète dans le débat « égalité des genres ou justice de genre » opposant les féministes laïques aux islamistes. (shrink)

Bien que la Tunisie lutte pour les droits humains, la diversité sexuelle et de l’identité de genre reste frappée par l’exclusion et les discours stigmatisants. Les personnes appartenant à la communauté lgbt continuent à subir un traitement dégradant. Elles sont exposées à un système rejetant qui les place dans les marges et justifie leur maintien dans l’invisibilité et l’illégitimité sociales. Sur la base d’une analyse qualitative de discours de personnes concernées par la diversité de genre, bénéficiant d’une prise en charge (...) thérapeutique et fréquentant le réseau associatif tunisien, les auteurs traiteront de la loi du silence liée à ces systèmes sociaux maltraitants. Les stratégies élaborées par les homosexuels face à la violence subie viennent interrompre ce non-dit et se laissent voir à travers l’accablement et l’introversion et/ou la révolte, la revendication et le militantisme. (shrink)

Résumé Cet article retrace les changements multiples et rapides apparus au cours des quinze dernières années dans la théorisation des rapports entre sexe et genre. Il porte, en deuxième lieu, sur la réception, l’application et par-dessus tout la modification de ces théories par certains spécialistes de la production culturelle dans l’Europe médiévale, où la différence s’exprime sous des formes variées qui n’existent pas nécessairement dans les sociétés modernes. La déconstruction du système binaire masculin/féminin (qu’il soit considéré comme une différence sexuelle (...) ou de genre) fit son apparition parmi les penseuses féministes dans les années quatre-vingt dix et aboutit à la « queerisation » des discours universitaires en déstabilisant les étiquettes qui avaient été naturalisées, notamment l’identité genrée systématiquement attribuée à l’individu dans la société médiévale ou moderne. Nous montrerons que les théories queer et post-coloniale, loin d’être aux antipodes de la théorie féministe, en émanent et existent parallèlement à elle. Les partisans de chacune de ces théories s’intéressent aux forces sociétales, y compris notre propre discours, qui maintiennent la différence et créent des communautés d’oppression. Cependant, il est également nécessaire de soulever une question, à savoir quand se produira la prochaine rupture radicale et comment elle engendrera de nouvelles théories. (shrink)

Cet article restitue le mouvement décolonial à sa lignée améfricaine et féministe. Prenant pour point de départ les contestations que soulèvent les célébrations des 500 ans de l’arrivée de Colomb en Abya Yala, le féminisme décolonial prend racine dans une critique anti-impérialiste des institutions internationales, mais il est aussi une dénonciation des impasses des pensées décoloniales qui négligent la « colonialité du genre ». S’appuyant sur les travaux de María Lugones, l’article montre comment la binarité de genre et l’hétérosexualité obligatoire (...) fonctionnent comme des technologies coloniales/racialisantes, et comment la lutte anti-capitaliste pour la justice sociale ne peut faire l’économie d’une critique intersectionnelle des oppressions. (shrink)

A partir d’une enquête empirique auprès de « soixante-huitards », cet article revisite la question des générations politiques sous l’angle du genre. Le genre s’avère en effet essentiel pour appréhender les effets différenciés qu’ont pu avoir les événements de Mai-Juin 68 sur les trajectoires des enquêtés. En partant du constat que les femmes sont significativement plus nombreuses que leurs homologues masculins à revendiquer le sentiment d’appartenir à une « génération de 68 », l’article rend compte de l’influence du genre sur (...) les formes de politisation postérieures à Mai 68 et sur les incidences personnelles et quotidiennes du militantisme en Mai 68. (shrink)

Hegel’s viewpoint on Greek tragedy is a valuable way-station in any theoretical as well as practical consideration of dramatic play. Hegel considered Greek tragedy from the perspective of his dialectical system, thereby indirectly influencing dramaturgical practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. This is why the paper explores Sophocle’s tragedy Oedipus Rex from the viewpoint of Hegel’s theoretical perspective, as well as practical perspectives based on an influential textbook on playwriting by Lajos Egri. The paper further explores the different understandings (...) of dialectics in philosophical and dramatic dialogue. Also, it addresses the kind of applied dialecticism in the work of Greek artists of the 5th century BC. Finally, the text explores the early Greek literary form gnome, which is – hypothetically speaking – the source of the later Greek understanding of dialectics. (shrink)

This article will consider the unique contribution that the dramatic arts can make to philosophical practices of communication and reflection. While argumentation typically advocates a particular position over and against less plausible options, dramatic performance can convey the rich possibilities and tensions among conflicting points of view without ultimately taking a definitive stance. This genre, as a performed narrative involving multiple perspectives, can illuminate the complexity and legitimacy of a plurality of—often competing—theoretical commitments, whereas direct argumentation, by its very nature, (...) must weaken the opposition by putting it in a less compelling light. Theater, by its very methods, can .. (shrink)

The genre of advice to parents about children’s sleep proliferated between the mid-1980s and the beginning of the twenty-first century. This article reads that genre against itself, as symptomatic of larger political trends—the end of the privilege of the normative mid-century nuclear family and the advent of neoliberal ideology and political economy. Specifically, it argues that this wave of advice reflects an ambivalence about the autonomous individual within neoliberalism versus the need for attachment and the dependence of kinship. Returning to (...) Jessica Benjamin’s object-relations feminism, it shows how the oscillation between methods of sleep training that stress independent sleeping against those that align with attachment parenting reveal the same subject-object relations of power (with concomitant gender roles) that Benjamin outlined as central to domination. By embedding this analysis in its contemporary material conditions of class, race, and gender, the article argues that sleep practices try—and must necessarily fail—to create workers and family members who are both entirely autonomous and mutually supportive. It combines examination of the psychodynamics of family relationships as mutually informed by neoliberal rationality and an established critique of the politics of intensive mothering, with recognition of a post-2008 anxiety distinctive of millennial parenting, to show how children’s sleep has become a part of (gendered) work—a technology of the self—that carries the burden of forming the future citizen worker. (shrink)

La période 1890-1950 a été marquée en France par la crainte de la dépopulation et une obsession à propos du taux de natalité décroissant. C’est dans ce contexte qu’un groupe de militants s’est lancé dans une lutte contre les avortements, politisant cette question, tentant de modifier la loi et d’accentuer la répression policière pour en réduire le nombre. Ce sujet a depuis longtemps attiré l’attention de spécialistes de l’histoire du genre et de la sexualité, qui ont montré l’intervention de...

To date, the genre of al-Ashʿarī’s (d. 936 CE) Adab al-jadal as a document of Islamic argumentation theory remains unclear. Modern scholars paid little attention to this important document preserved in Ibn Fūrak (d. 1015 CE)’s Mujarrad maqālāt al-Ashʿarī. Scholars disagree on whether the main constituent elements of al-Ashʿarī’s Adab al-jadal are they theological or philosophical. Based on the terminology, the procedure and the purpose of dialectical questions and answers in al-Ashʿarī’s Adab al-jadal, I argue that this document borrows its (...) method to juridical dialectics. (shrink)

L’œuvre de Judith Butler est l’un des principaux foyers du renouveau de la pensée critique dans le monde. Dans cette introduction claire et engagée, Hourya Bentouhami en propose une relecture vivifiante. Jusqu’ici, en France, les dialogues que la philosophe a engagés avec les principales figures des théories postcoloniales et critiques de la race ont été tendanciellement ignorés. Or, selon Hourya Bentouhami, les élaborations théoriques de Butler attestent du nouage complexe entre sexe, genre, race et nation. Les discours de la différence (...) sexuelle et de la différence raciale sont articulés, et leurs généalogies sont étroitement entrelacées: impossible dès lors de déconstruire l’un sans déconstruire l’autre. Revenant sur les formulations clés de la philosophe – sur le féminisme, la performativité, la mort sociale, la mélancolie, la vulnérabilité... – à l’aune des théories critiques de la race, Hourya Bentouhami fait ainsi émerger le portrait d’une Judith Butler théoricienne critique de la violence et des identités, mais aussi, indissociablement, des mobilisations et des alliances minoritaires contre les assignations identitaires et les politiques de dépossession et de vulnérabilisation. (shrink)

The subject of the study is the process of many aspects of audiovisual creativity that must be taken into account when creating a video. The object of the work is to create a movie trailer through the use of design elements and graphics in the video sequence. The study examines the trailer of a post-apocalyptic fantasy genre called "Genesis", in which the two main characters are depicted as opposites. The work examines and describes in detail all the stages of creating (...) a video trailer for the film, including visual representation, audio accompaniment of the video sequence. The paper notes that the main goal of all the stages of trailer development considered in the article is to create an audiovisual project of professional quality. The main methods used in the study are visual effects modeling and 3D modeling in Houdini, creating realistic matte paintings in Photoshop and video compositing in Nuke. The main conclusions of the study are those specialized programs that allow you to create a high-quality author's product. This software will become the core of the project, since it is in it that all the elements will be combined into one final clip due to the high-quality integration of various objects of the scene. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that within the framework of the work, the characteristics of the possibilities of working with various video editors and graphic programs were carried out, which together help the creators of movie trailers and other similar products to realize the tasks of entertainment and quality of the projects produced. (shrink)

La condition diasporique implique une confrontation culturelle qui oblige les populations exogènes à redéfinir les composantes symboliques de leur identité. Le cas des Syro-Américaines au xixe siècle montre en particulier que cette transplantation peut être l’occasion de réélaborer les frontières de l’identité et de négocier une restructuration des rapports de genres. Encouragées et inspirées par leurs homologues proche-orientales, les féministes syro-américaines ont ainsi enrichi leurs aspirations nationalistes d’une nouvelle réflexion sur le statut et le rôle des femmes en territoire d’accueil.

La psychiatrie est souvent présentée comme la science sexiste par excellence, les experts du psychisme ayant non seulement nourri les discours sur l’infériorité du « sexe faible », mais aussi très concrètement contribué à l’exclusion des femmes en acceptant « d’hospitaliser » celles qui refusaient de se conformer aux désirs masculins. Sans pour autant mettre en cause ce constat du rôle détestable joué par les psychiatres dans la répression des femmes, cet article propose de voir cette histoire sous un autre (...) angle en réfléchissant aux répercussions de cette prise de position sexiste sur l’agencement du savoir médical et, inversement, sur celui des représentations des patientes. L’exemple britannique montre en effet que les théories sur l’infériorité mentale des femmes n’ont pas été partagées par l’ensemble du corps médical et ont, en outre, parfois été fortement combattues par les malades – poussant ainsi à nuancer l’image d’un « pouvoir psychiatrique » univoque et tout-puissant. En retraçant les débats qui ont entouré l’émergence de la thèse du « cerveau faible » dans la Grande-Bretagne du xixe siècle, il s’agit donc de jeter un autre regard sur la construction (et la déconstruction) des catégories du savoir psychiatrique et de comprendre comment les sujets de ce savoir – les patientes – ont pu, par « en bas », influencer leur évolution. (shrink)

Les sciences humaines se distinguent les unes des autres par leurs méthodes et leurs objets privilégiés. En élaborant des procédures d’enquête spécifiques, elles s’efforcent de comprendre la vie psychique ou les pratiques collectives, la distribution des populations ou les rapports entre groupes, les idéaux sociaux ou les échanges matériels. Leur fin commune est toutefois d’éclairer de leurs lumières croisées une même réalité humaine et sociale. Leurs objets ont donc vocation à se rejoindre, leurs méthodes à se compléter. En interrogeant leur (...) pluralité sans la reconduire à une illusoire unité, la philosophie peut éclairer l’espace conceptuel et problématique qu’elles ont en commun. Elle ne ressort toutefois pas indemne d’une telle étude : ses propres questionnements, épistémologiques et politiques, se trouvent radicalement altérés par leur confrontation à ces disciplines. Les contributions réunies dans le second tome de cet ouvrage analysent, dans cette perspective neuf concepts essentiels : la population, le psychisme, la pratique, les classes, le genre, la comparaison, les statistiques, le public et la critique. -/- Ont contribué à ce volume : Ét. Bimbenet, J. Christ, I. Drouet, R. Fanciullacci, S. Ferrando, Ch. Girard, F. Hulak, A. Le Goff, L. Paltrinieri, L. Perreau. (shrink)

La biologie expérimentale et causale a pour tâche d’apprendre à connaître le genre de rapports qui existent entre toutes les parties de l'organisme. A côté de la reproductibilité des phénomenes de détail dépendant de causes, il у a la reproduction naturelle de l’événement de la vie dans sa totalité. La reproductibilité du résultat de causes nombreuses suppose, comme donné, l’ordre ou la structure de ces causes. La biologie est, en première ligne, la science de ces structures causales. L’on peut montrer (...) diverses sortes de formes de ces structures. Il n’y a pas d’explication causale de la vie ; eile est seulement décrite comme ensemble de rapports. La biologie n’est pas science des effets de causes ordonnées ; elle est science de la manière d’être ou de l’origine de ces causes. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Aëtıana. The Method and Intellectual Context of a Doxographer, Volume One: The Sources by J. Mansfeld and D. T. RuniaA. A. LongJ. Mansfeld and D. T. Runia. Aëtıana. The Method and Intellectual Context of a Doxographer, Volume One: The Sources. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997. Pp. xxii + 371. Cloth, $135.50In this book, the first of a projected series of volumes, Mansfeld and Runia have begun a massive investigation (...) of the (mainly Greek) authors on whom we moderns rely for information about the numerous Greek philosophers whose works have not survived. The thousand-year tradition of Greek philosophy, extending from the Presocratics to Neoplatonism, is largely a story told via quotations, biographies, classifications, epitomes and criticisms. A few great works survive intact, including especially the dialogues of Plato, the technical writings of Aristotle, the sceptical books of Sextus Empiricus, and the Enneads of Plotinus; we also have most of the work on lost philosophers composed by such prolific authors as Cicero, Plutarch and Galen, and there are other well-known “sources,” such as the ten books of Lives and Doctrines, compiled by Diogenes Laertius. The present volume, however, deals with more recondite material: a work (P) on the physical doctrines of the philosophers, misattributed to Plutarch; a similar work, misattributed to Galen (G); the anthology of the Byzantine scholar Stobaeus (S); some chapters of Eusebius’ Praeparatio Evangelica (E); a work of Christian apologetics by the Syrian bishop Theodoret (T); and (in less detail) a few further writers from later antiquity.What unifies this set of authors is the thesis put forward by Hermann Diels in his monumental Doxographi Graeci (1879), to the effect that all of them, directly or indirectly, are derived from a single work composed in about 100 CE by Aetius. According to Diels, Aetius derived his material from a much older collection (Vetusta Placita), and this, in its turn, was ultimately dependent on an extensive work by Aristotle’s pupil and successor, Theophrastus. Diels’ thesis, which underpins his collection of testimonia for the Presocratics (the “A” fragments of Diels/Kranz Vorsokratiker), has been the foundation of all subsequent work on the sources of fragmentary Greek (especially Presocratic) philosophers. Diels gave the name “doxography” to the genre of writing he took to be represented by Aetius and the authors of similar accounts of philosophical doctrines.The volume under review explains, tests, supplements, and revises just that part of Diels’ thesis which invokes Aetius and the subsequent sources supposedly derived from this lost work. Mansfeld and Runia are uniquely qualified for this daunting task. Each of them has worked extensively on the historiography of Greek philosophy. As a Dutch duo in this volume, they bring unrivalled expertise to bear on revisiting the work of the formidable Diels.The good news is that Diels’ Aetian hypothesis has been vindicated for the most part. Although the name Aetius is attested to by only Theodoret, Diels was quite right to deduce that Aetius’ compilation was the source of the material common to P, S, and T, and that E and G make extensive use of P. Hence scholars of ancient philosophy can continue to impose confidence in that part of Diels’ work which takes the story from Aetius into later antiquity. This finding means that the work of Mansfeld and Runia will hardly change one’s judgment concerning what can be known about the actual doctrines of fragmentary philosophers.What it will particularly affect is one’s understanding of the lost Aetius himself and [End Page 523] the surviving authors whose work is directly derived from him. The core of this book (primarily composed by Runia) is a set of chapters on P, S, and T, in which these three authors are studied for their own sake and their different methodologies carefully set out. Diels, under the influence of nineteenth-century philology, treated P, S, and T as if they were variant manuscripts rather than distinct authors. This misled him into regarding the doxographical tradition as much more uniform than it actually is. In earlier works both Mansfeld and Runia have greatly illuminated the dialectical and classificatory ways in which philosophical doctrines were... (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Women Philosophers: Genre and the Boundaries of PhilosophyLorraine CodeCatherine Villanueva Gardner. Women Philosophers: Genre and the Boundaries of Philosophy. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2003. Pp. xv + 198. Paper, $22.00.In a tradition which "trains us to read purely for content" (xii), Catherine Gardner wonders how to read the philosophy of five women who write in "non-standard philosophical forms" (xiii): Mechthild of Magdeburg's poetry, Christine de Pisan's allegory, Catharine Macaulay's (...) epistolary form, and Mary Wollstonecraft's and George Eliot's fiction. Asking how these authors' gender and their works' genre bear on their exclusion from canonical philosophy with its reliance on rigorous argument unsullied by stylistic considerations, she argues that form is integral to understanding philosophy, and can impede its recognition as philosophy. Specifically, she wonders what these historical writings can offer present-day feminist ethics?Gardner's readings and her thesis about style and genre as conditions of philosophical legitimacy are provocative. She urges "reading past" forms deemed inhospitable to moral truth—such as Macaulay's epistolary style (44-45)—to encounter the author as moral philosopher, and explain her invisibility as such. Eliot's philosophy "demands the form of a novel" (123), she proposes, and Wollstonecraft's principles of style "are ultimately principles of morality as well" (92). More complex is the poetically articulated moral epistemology in Mechthild's The Flowing Light, with God, speaking through Mechthild, as its author (154-56). Because these forms—epistolary, allegorical, mystical-poetic, fictional—have been most accessible to women, Gardner urges feminists to consider how these authors' gender bears on their exclusion from moral philosophy. Owing to women's "greater capacity for emotion and... weaker capacity for reason" (155), mystics such as Mechthild were deemed well-suited to write as they did; yet works attributed to God stand immune to philosophical argument. Macaulay's thoughts on government and social reform were judged secondary to her "feminine" ones about educating women for marriage and domesticity (26-27). Gardner is persuaded and persuasive about the philosophical stature of the works she discusses. Yet if a thinker's gender denies her philosophical status, how can she bypass those exclusionary structures—even if, like Eliot, she chooses a male name? If a work's genre removes it from the sustained argumentative debate that is the hallmark of western philosophy, how can it claim a place there?There are no easy answers, but the questions spark numerous others. Perplexing is Gardner's contention that these women are ignored because they defy norms of style and method. But how would she classify Plato's dialogues, Voltaire's Candide, Pascal's and Nietzsche's aphorisms, Wittgenstein's numbered propositions,or Sartre's, Camus' (and Beauvoir's) philosophical novels, given their maverick styles? Style alone cannot effect or explain the exclusions she deplores. More puzzling are Gardner's conceptions of standard method and dominant form (e.g., 24, 120, 175), since she does not elaborate, apart from indicating that both require rigorous prose argument. But formal and methodological orthodoxy varies historically, as in the influence of scholasticism, for Christine, which receives no mention, or Gardner's ahistorical suggestion that the absence of a "normative subject as an independent, autonomous individual" (171) is a lacuna in Mechthild's work. Why would a thirteenth-century writer presuppose an Enlightenment subject? These issues demand attention in a work of historical scholarship.A different question troubles the method discussion. The author regrets certain women's exclusion from the canon despite the philosophical nature of their work, maintaining that [End Page 215] works whose styles/forms diverge from the standard count, nonetheless, as philosophy. These women demonstrate that philosophy need not be couched in formal argument: poetry, allegory, novels can also articulate philosophical theories. But—if my reading is correct—here Gardner is inconsistent. She commends the philosophy in Macaulay's Letters, claiming it "can and does contain the sort of sustained argument... uncontroversially identifiable as... philosophical" (44), and makes similar claims for Wollstonecraft and Eliot. But in legitimating these works by received standards of argument after all, Gardner weakens the force of her claims that philosophy—good philosophy—need not be presented in orthodox form, thus... (shrink)

Emmanuel Beaubatie vient poser la question brûlante de la sociologie des parcours transgenres en adoptant une perspective originale : son ouvrage articule genre et classe sociale de manière à penser ce que représente le fait de « devenir » un homme (une ascension sociale) ou une femme (une déchéance sociale). Un des apports de l’ouvrage est de s’appuyer sur le féminisme matérialiste de Christine Delphy (L’ennemi principal, 1999) et l’irréductible inégalité des rapports de sexe pour analyser e...

The philosophy suggested by Jan Zwicky's expanded understanding of lyric and use of the fragment-as-method inspired this notebook of misunderstanding. Seeking to read Zwicky in the tradition of the aleatory genre and its basic form, the fragment, Roberts finds that her own sense of poetics and ethics accords generally with Zwicky's lyric philosophy and epistemology of imagination. Roberts's resonance with Zwicky's theory is conflicted by Zwicky's choice to isolate her fragment-method from the larger history of the aleatory genre and its (...) complex political evolution. Misunderstandings are compounded by Zwicky's disengagement from her contemporaries in the aleatory genre, the instability of her definitions by way of gestalt, and the impossible scale of her “ontological imperative.” In the end, Roberts is disappointed by this tempting but failed affinity. (shrink)

L’article réunit les premiers résultats d’une enquête en cours sur l’histoire des femmes et du genre au Brésil. Il est basé sur des interviews réalisées auprès d’historien-ne-s ayant une production reconnue dans ce champ, et sur l’étude de leurs itinéraires. Les entretiens, d’abord oraux, se sont poursuivis par courrier électronique. Ces derniers échanges étant à mi-chemin entre le dialogue oral et l’échange épistolaire, duquel ils se différencient par leur rapidité et par leur caractère informel. Les onze historien-ne-s interrogé-e-s appartiennent à (...) trois générations : les pionnières (3), qui ont commencé leurs travaux et leurs enseignements pendant la décennie 1970 ; celles qui ont été formées par celles-ci ou par leurs contemporains (4), et les plus jeunes (4), qui témoignent de certains développements actuels de l’histoire des femmes et du genre au Brésil. (shrink)

L’objectif de ce travail est de faire une analyse des moments de tension exacerbée dans les rapports entre les genres à Rio de Janeiro, depuis la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, jusqu’à la fin des années trente. Je cherche à y analyser quelques-unes des formes d’opposition masculine aux revendications féminines. Les hommes combattaient ces prétentions de plusieurs manières, depuis les justifications subtiles, faisant appel à la fragilité féminine, jusqu’au ton caustique, ironique, railleur, présent dans plusieurs discours qui essayaient de ridiculiser (...) les femmes luttant pour la conquête de leurs droits. Celles-ci, pourtant, faisant appel à des formes subreptices ou agissant directement à travers des mouvements organisés, ont peu à peu construit leur autonomie. Je mets en relief l’importance du carnaval comme étant l’instrument qui a procuré aux femmes l’occasion d’assumer leur corps et leur sexualité dans la vie de tous les jours. (shrink)

Anarchism, almost everyone when they hear the word in general must interpret it as a negative thing. Today anarchy is always interpreted as an act that smells of destructiveness, chaos, irregularity, freedom and even rebellion. Historically anarchy meant as a political theory aimed at creating anarchy or the absence of a master, without a ruling king. This research is library research, which seeks to examine the thinking of Emma Goldman, especially in the idea of Anarcho-feminism. The primary source of the (...) study was Emma Goldman's book 'Anarchism & The Other Essay', published in 1910 by Mother Earth Publishing, New York which was translated by Bima Satria Putra as 'This Is Not My Revolution: A Collection of Anarcho-Feminism Essays' and emma Goldman's other books. Secondary data of this study is taken from various references such as books, journals, and articles relevant to this study. Primary data and secondary data are researched by descriptive methods, methods of understanding and interpretation. (shrink)

Issu d’une thèse de doctorat soutenue à l’Université de Caen en 2011 et primée par l’Assemblée nationale, l’ouvrage d’Anne-Sarah Bouglé-Moalic reprend avec ambition un sujet déjà abordé par d’autres, politistes ou historiens et historiennes des femmes et du genre : l’histoire du suffrage universel et son questionnement sur le long écart de près de cent ans entre l’accès des hommes et celui des femmes à la citoyenneté politique en France. L’originalité, qui atteste d’un patient travail de rech...

Françoise Thébaud, en posant la question de savoir comment le genre structure les politiques de guerre, présente une intervention qui fait le point sur la « barbarisation » de la guerre dans le cadre de l’histoire du genre, à partir de la mise en évidence du passage du problème de l’émancipation, ou de l’autonomisation (cf. travaux des années 1960-1970), des femmes à celui de la réflexion plus récente sur la violence de guerre (depuis les années 1980) qui conteste la thèse (...) de la guerre « émancipatrice » (si provisoire et superficielle qu’ait été cette émancipation). Dans ce cadre-là, la guerre en ex-Yougoslavie a pu jouer un rôle d’accélérateur de la prise de conscience du caractère très relatif de l’émancipation des femmes par la guerre des hommes. Certains historiens récents de la Première Guerre mondiale en viennent à travailler sur la culture de guerre qui serait le fondement d’une « brutalisation » du conflit au nom d’une « ethnicisation » de l’ennemi. Leurs thèses sont contestées par ceux qui rejettent l’idée d’un simple consentement à la guerre au profit d’un mélange complexe de contraintes, fraternité, patriotisme et refusent que la « culture de guerre » prenne le pas sur les autres cultures pré-existantes. La place des femmes et du genre dans la guerre est d’abord abordée par F. Thébaud à la lumière d’une double mythologie sexualisée (l’équation pureté nationale/pureté sexuelle et la féminisation de l’ennemi comme décadent) et de l’autre mythe de la femme « naturellement » pacifiste en tant que mère potentielle. Or, les féministes ont adhéré massivement à l’effort de guerre et l’internationalisme « féministe » s’est effondré. Par ailleurs, la relative « humanisation » du conflit dont sont porteuses les femmes aux armées se fait toujours au service exclusif de la patrie. Dans un dernier volet de son intervention, F. Thébaud s’attarde sur la réalité des violences faites aux femmes et les réactions qu’elles ont pu susciter. Les viols ont eu lieu pendant l’invasion plus que pendant l’occupation et le débat sur l’« enfant de l’ennemi » s’il a été animé d’un point de vue discursif ne permet pas d’en savoir beaucoup plus sur la réalité. Les déportations de femmes hors des villes occupées suscitèrent, quant à elles, suffisamment de réactions violentes pour que les Allemands mettent fin à cette pratique dès 1916. Certaines interventions féministes visèrent à modifier les lois de la guerre mais on en sait peu sur la place des femmes dans l’humanisation de la guerre. Par ailleurs, une comparaison s’avérerait nécessaire entre les histoires respectives de la guerre dans les pays dits occidentaux et dans les pays de l’Est. (shrink)

A long tradition of research including classical rhetoric, esthetics and poetics theory, formalism and structuralism, as well as current perspectives in (neuro)cognitive poetics has investigated structural and functional aspects of literature reception. Despite a wealth of literature published in specialized journals like Poetics, however, still little is known about how the brain processes and creates literary and poetic texts. Still, such stimulus material might be suited better than other genres for demonstrating the complexities with which our brain constructs the world (...) in and around us, because it unifies thought and language, music and imagery in a clear, manageable way, most often with play, pleasure, and emotion (Schrott and Jacobs, 2011 ). In this paper, I discuss methods and models for investigating the neuronal and cognitive-affective bases of literary reading together with pertinent results from studies on poetics, text processing, emotion, or neuroaesthetics, and outline current challenges and future perspectives. (shrink)

In this paper, I expand my upon earlier linguistic research (Lian, 2023), which delved into the genre of abstracts from Western philosophical papers. I engage with the philosophical ramifications emanating from the guidelines established for crafting philosophy paper abstracts (Lian, 2023) and underscore their significance in the domain of academic philosophical writing. A pivotal focus of this research is to navigate the intricate philosophical challenges posed by cross-disciplinary investigations bridging applied linguistic statistics with philosophical paper composition, specifically, the nuanced interpretation (...) of linguistic findings in a manner palatable to philosophers. My exploration probes into the dynamics of various concepts within Inter-Disciplinary Research (IDR), highlighting the complexities in reconciling semantic intuitions related to the notions of "Method (M)" and "Conclusion (C)". I delineate three philosophical stances: (1) deferring to scientific authority, (2) recognizing domain-specific terminologies, and (3) interrogating peripheral scientific theories. I posit that these stances significantly influence the ways philosophers engage with and resolve the cross-disciplinary semantic and theoretical contentions stemming from the rhetorical structures of "Method (M)" and "Conclusion (C)". This work proposes avenues to attain either "theoretical coherence" or "disciplinary synthesis", thereby fostering enhanced cross-disciplinary collaboration and fortifying academic discourse across diverse fields. -/- Keywords: Inter-Disciplinary Research (IDR), Applied linguistics, Philosophical writing, Genre Analysis, Rhetorical Moves . (shrink)

While the Tao Te Ching has been translated and commented on countless times, interpretations are seldom based on systematic theoretical treatment of the problems of interpretive method posed by this enigmatic classic. Beginning with a critical discussion of modern hermeneutics including treatments of Hirsch, Gadamer, and Derrida, this book applies methods developed in biblical studies to the Tao Te Ching. The following chapters discuss systematically four areas necessary to recovering the Tao Te Ching 's original meaning: its social background; the (...) semantic structure of the brief aphorisms contained in the book; the concrete background of the more cosmic sayings; and the origin and genre of the 81 chapters of the Tao Te Ching. These essays propose relatively new theories in each of these areas, leading to a new approach to the interpretation of the text. This approach is illustrated in the translation and the detailed commentary on each chapter. (shrink)

In 1622, Francis Bacon published his Historia naturalis et experimentalis. Many of the features of Bacon's natural and experimental histories were entirely new. This paper studies this literary form as a new epistemic genre. In particular, it analyzes its origin and evolution in Bacon's work, focusing on how its basic template and features were influenced by his specific epistemic requirements. It shows that Bacon devised these features in the process of developing a Historia mechanica, or a history of the mechanical (...) arts, drawing on the particular case of the technical recipe. Since antiquity, the recipe had been the dominant epistemic genre for recording and communicating technical knowledge. However, this paper suggests that the recipe format did not meet Francis Bacon's epistemic needs. In particular, the format was incompatible with the goal of keeping experimentation and its reporting open-ended and flexible. More generally, the acknowledgment of the provisional, historical character of knowledge was a tenet of what Bacon called an “initiative” method of knowledge transmission, or a method of “probation.” According to this approach, knowledge “ought to be delivered and intimated, if it were possible, in the same method wherein it was invented” and discovered. Only the display of its tentative features would encourage and stimulate others to improve and advance it. The format of the new genre of natural and experimental histories grew out of Bacon's dissatisfaction with the way in which recipes hid the imperfection of the process of knowledge production. (shrink)

This study aimed to explore the rhetorical moves of article abstracts in Taiwanese Chinese philosophy journals. The most common theory for the discourse analysis of research abstracts is proposed by Hyland（2000）. Most of the research abstracts in the field of social sciences and natural sciences are composed of Hyland’s five rhetorical moves: introduction, purpose, method, results, and conclusion. Therefore, the question to be explored in this research is how to compose the rhetorical moves of abstracts of Chinese philosophy journal articles. (...) What is the frequency and order of each rhetorical move in the abstract of each paper? Do they reflect some particular type of distribution? Are there any rhetorical moves that occur exceptionally rarely? Does the abstract of research articles in Chinese philosophy journals apply the framework of the same five rhetorical moves? What are the conventions of the philosophy writing community reflected in the rhetorical moves of abstracts of academic journal articles in philosophy? -/- To answer the above questions, this research collected the abstracts of 18 papers from the representative Chinese philosophy journal "SOOCHOW JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES " in Taiwan in the past five years (2017-2021) and used the five moves of Hyland（2000） one by one to answer the above questions. The rhetorical moves of each abstract were analyzed and presented in tables to show the frequency, order, and type of each rhetorical move. -/- The results of this study found that "method (M)" and "conclusion (C)" are not the rhetorical moves that constitute the abstract of articles in Taiwanese philosophy journals, but the rhetorical move "purpose (P)" is "necessary" to appear. In the Purpose move, the subject is usually "this article"; the verbs are "argue" or "inquire." Although "introduction (I)" is a "conventional" move, the total number of words in the introduction is the highest in the whole abstract. This study also shows rhetorical move variation of the abstracts of philosophy journal articles, reflecting the writing culture and conventions of the academic philosophy community. -/- Finally, this study proposes three teaching guidelines for abstract writing of academic papers in philosophy, which will be useful for philosophy scholars and graduate students to consult when writing and submitting abstracts of philosophy in conference or journal papers. -/- Keywords: philosophy, journal article, abstract, discourse analysis, rhetorical move . (shrink)

In evidence-based medicine (EBM), methodology has become the central means of determining the quality of the evidence base. The “gold standard” method, the randomised, controlled trial (RCT), imbues medical research with an ethos of disinterestedness; yet, as this essay argues, the RCT is itself a rhetorically interested construct essential to medical-professional boundary work. Using the example of debates about methodology in EBM-oriented research on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), practices not easily tested by RCTs, I frame the problem of method (...) as a fundamentally rhetorical problem, situated within a boundary drama, and deeply rooted in the discursive practices of science and medicine. The genre of the RCT report, for example, idealises the research process and can tilt the course of arguments about CAM, while the notion of efficacy can function as a rhetorically mobile boundary object that can redefine the very terms of debate. I suggest herein that arguments about method in CAM debates can productively be read, metonymically, as expressions of more general anxieties in medicine about knowledge and evidence, community values, and professional boundaries; as such, these debates can illuminate some of the rhetorical dimensions of EBM. (shrink)

The object of the study is a screen costume in cinema as an element of the visual and artistic-figurative system of a Chinese film in the genre of "wuxia". The subject of the study is the problem of the formation of historical costume in the films of Wuxia, the historical and cultural origins of the costume and the peculiarities of interpretation in various films of Wuxia. Such issues as the degree of study of the topic under consideration and a number (...) of paintings from the late 1970s to the 1980s are analyzed. The analysis of the works reveals the specifics of the costume in Wuxia films, its relationship with traditional Chinese theater. Special attention is paid to the analysis of examples of the use of color in a costume as an expression of personality, social status and other characteristics of a character. The questions about the methods of displaying gender identity in a suit were raised. The methodology of the research consists in using a systematic approach at the intersection of art criticism, aesthetics, art practice, painting, film studies and film criticism. A systematic method, a historical and cultural method, and a system-structural analysis are used, which made it possible to consider the costumes of the characters as an integral part of the artistic concept of films by Chinese directors. The work provides a comprehensive study of the screen costume as a visual and expressive means, which helps to create a film image in the context of an artistic and imaginative solution to the subject-spatial environment of a Chinese film using the example of the Wuxia genre. For the first time, the historical and cultural origins of the costume are established at the stage of formation of the genre in cinema. The interpretive techniques and principles of Chinese directors in the use of costume in Wuxia films of the late 1970s - 1980s are revealed. The interpretation of the costume in the works of various Wuxia film directors is largely consistent with the traditional principles of the Beijing Opera. The hero's costume is perceived as an important means of communication with the viewer, visualization of the social status, clan affiliation, personality and emotional experiences of the heroes. Chinese directors of Wuxia films generally adhere to realism in the depiction of costumes of a number of socially labeled characters: a warrior (for example, a samurai), a monk, etc. Weapons make up the most important part of the character's costume, the type of weapon is also clearly consistent with his image, expressing primarily the social status of the hero. (shrink)

The subject of this study is Poetry in Arabs: Cultural Characteristics and Financial Supporters of the Ancient Literary Genre. The problem of this study is to question whether poetry can be evaluated from a cultural point of view in Arabs and a cute lifestyle, aesthetic, symbolic and semantic dimension. In this article, not only Arabic poetry is evaluated in terms of culture; the cultural dynamics that enable the development of poetry are also emphasized. There have been great developments in social (...) studies in the modern period. New sciences such as sociology, anthropology, archeology and cultural history were formed. Among these sciences, sociology primarily focused on Western societies, while anthropology investigated non-Western societies. These sciences have studied human diversity in ancient societies and peoples. As a result of these studies, a lot of data has been collected about the cultures of existing and ancient societies; The history of humanity has been tried to be understood and its future has been tried to be predicted. However, the poetry of the Arabs, one of the ancient societies, is known by everyone, and while the Arabs are an advanced society in poetry, the cultural aspect of poetry has not been adequately evaluated. Recent studies in this field are a repetition of the past as a method. These studies are certainly important, but as in the past, Arabic poetry is discussed in the context of history, content, form, subject and poets with the beginning date of poetry and the fairs where poetry is performed are emphasized. However, it is time to consider Arabic poetry around the cultural corpus, which is considered important today, with the dynamics of culture and cultural perspective. Therefore, in this study, ancient Arabic poetry has been evaluated in terms of culture. In this study, document analysis, one of the qualitative method techniques, was used; In addition to the works related to Arabic literature, some cultural and cultural history books were consulted. (shrink)

This paper addresses the question of the function of genre in Gadamer’s hermeneutics by examining his treatment of Plato’s political writings in the context of the “utopian genre.” I argue that Gadamer’s reading of Plato informs us on the hermeneutics of genre, which is otherwise undiscussed in Truth and Method. First, I reconstruct the utopian genre as Gadamer treats it in a 1983 lecture hitherto neglected. Second, I expand Gadamer’s “logic of question and answer” by drawing on the notion of (...) genre as articulated by E.D. Hirsch and show that attention to genre is not only compatible with Gadamerian hermeneutics, but also productive. Finally, I demonstrate that an application of this concept of genre to the case of Plato’s political philosophy reveals a problem in Gadamer’s interpretation, namely a certain confusion between dialogue and utopia, and propose two ways of explaining this confusion and thus of resolving the aporia. (shrink)

Forensic authorship analysis is based on two assumptions: that every individual has a unique idiolect, and that features characteristic of that idiolect will recur with a relatively stable frequency. Yet, a speaker’s language can change with age, affective states, according to audience, or genre. Thus, studies on authorship analysis should adopt the theory that while some linguistic parameters of an idiolect can remain stable, others can change depending on various circumstances. This investigation, which takes a constructional and functional-based approach to (...) discourse-level phenomena in idiolectal stability, analyzes cross-genre data produced by nine Mexican participants throughout a twelve-year time span. This study contributes to a greater understanding of the linguistic elements that survive genre effects and are potentially useful in both investigative and evidential forensic linguistic work. We provide a detailed description of linguistic features, their specific values, and context-dependent interpretation, keeping in mind the context of expert linguistic testimony, with its preference for methods which “employ linguistically motivated analyses in combination with quantitative tools” (Solan & Tiersma, 2004, p.463). Our findings show that idiolectal style tends to remain stable across genres and communication modes in epistemic modality constructions. Epistemic markers —specifically, markers indicating low commitment by the speaker (e.g., _no sé_ ‘I don’t know’) or expressing indirectness when introducing the illocutionary force (e.g., _la verdad [es que]_ ‘the truth [is that]’)— display idiolectal stability, as these markers seem to be the most effective in terms of allowing speakers to strategically manifest the extent of their knowledge regarding what is said. (shrink)

The object of the study is the continuous preservation of the multi-genre Cossack folk song, which represents a key purpose in the implementation of the preservation of the traditional mentality at the present stage. The subject of this work is the immanent complexes of traditional song culture in the folklore heritage. The purpose of this study is to structure the issue of the cultural interrelation of the ethnic canvas of the Kuban Cossack folk songs, in the originality of the genesis (...) of the vocal and performing specifics of modern creativity. When discovering the fundamental foundations of the vocal performance of the Cossack song, special attention is paid to the study of the folklore primary sources of the Kuban folklorists, V.G.Zakharchenko, A.D.Bigdai, G.M.Kontsevich. Along with this, an expert assessment of the characteristics of the Kuban Cossack folk song according to the genre classification component is an important feature of the performance of vocal samples today. The theoretical basis is in an analytical approach to the peculiarities of the performance of a local source from the point of view of substantiating the scientific nature of the subject under consideration according to the functionally oriented elements of the report: traditions, traditional manner of performance, interpretation of the text, song melody. Methodological basis: components of the study of the local singing tradition, modernization of folklore song documents, the method of consistency-the genre diversity of Cossack performance. The author's approach to the correlation of musical sources as methodological characteristics of the Kuban Cossack singing traditions has been developed. We test the proposed system when working with archival documents, in the diagnosis of song samples recorded from informants. The key aspect is the musicological analysis of the musical collections of Kuban Cossack folk songs from the point of view of the continuously developing, multifaceted changing performing skills of the soloist and choir. The author takes into account the introduced model of performing Cossack songs since the resettlement of the Black Sea Cossacks, who brought the baggage of multi-genre sources and eventually introduced the Kuban folk singing art. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the author's analytical systematization of authentic song compositions recorded by folklorists, in the analysis of multi-genre Kuban Cossack sources (selectively) for further active performance on stage. The specific directions of performance according to characteristic song genres are determined: historical, military, everyday, marching, lyrical, wedding, ceremonial, round dance, comic. The reproduced orientation of the nature of the continuous preservation of folklore sources in the revised performance interpretation of Cossack vocal works gives rise to significant broadcasting opportunities today. (shrink)