Analytical feminism is one of the current trends in contemporary analytical philosophy. We can distinguish three main trends: analysis of classical texts and philosophical categories through a feminist lense in order to verify their validity and actuality; analysis of language and researching its role in the construction of social norms, since language not only reflects, but also constructs and perpetuates social hierarchies and belief systems (both knowledge and prejudices); an attempt to create an engaged philosophy that goes beyond the purely (...) theoretical dimension and may become a helpful tool in creating a society based on the ideals of justice and equality. (shrink)

In the article, I present changes that analytic philosophy of mind underwent throughout the twentieth century, as well as consequences these transformations have for the latest debates. I argue that over the past century, the analytical movement abandoned its anti-metaphysical stance and accepted materialism that supposed to respect main assumptions of the early program of analysis. However, by the end of the last century, materialism found itself in a crisis, and attempts to resolve it led to significant changes in the (...) field of the latest philosophical investigations about the mind. Observing current trends allows for making conjectures about the shape of analytic philosophy of mind in the coming decades. (shrink)

I contend that the history of the development of 20th-century analytic philosophy is characterized by three main phases: (a) the turn towards analysis, (b) the linguistic turn, and (c) the naturalistic turn. In this article, I examine whether the recent interest in sub-disciplines such as (1) social epistemology, (2) social ontology, and the methods of "conceptual engineering" applied in fields like (3) philosophy of language, indicates that the current phase of development in analytic philosophy could be termed (d) the social (...) turn. (shrink)

In this text I briefly describe the main trends in the analytic philosophy of language in the 21st century. Among the most important developments that influenced the way in which the philosophy of language is done I mention experimental philosophy and conceptual engineering. Among the new topics I highlight the social and political turn of the analytic philosophy of language with its focus on gender terms, slurs, fig leaves, dog whistles and other linguistic phenomena that have significant societal impact. I (...) also mention the debate between semantic minimalism, contextualism and relativism, which has its roots in earlier philosophy but which has been very lively in the first quarter of the 21st century. (shrink)

Analytic philosophy is a still alive and progressively developing current of thought. Although it would be difficult to justify singling out two decades from the beginning of the new millennium as its distinct period of development, one can try to give an account of the main transformations that took place during that time and some of the ideas most vividly present in it. The paper first briefly describes the generational and organizational changes that have taken place in the analytic tradition (...) in recent decades, and then discusses several metaphilosophical threads that appear in the latest discussions within it. Presumably, analytic philosophy as it is currently practised will not be able to give rise to conceptions and results equal to those produced by it at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and over the next few decades, but this cannot be completely ruled out. (shrink)

The article is devoted to selected new trends in metaethics, ethics, political philosophy, and the practice of philosophy with the use of artificial intelligence. It consists of five parts. In the first part, I analyze the meaning of the question about new trends in analytical philosophy. In the second part, I present the latest trends in metaethics. In the third part, I briefly characterize the ethics of artificial intelligence. The fourth part, devoted to political philosophy, includes a presentation of the (...) latest publications on meritocracy. The article concludes with considerations about practising philosophy in the age of artificial intelligence. (shrink)

This is a summary of the recent research related to the issue of future contingents. It focuses on the aspects that were largely neglected in the traditional debate, such as relativism, pragmatics of assertion, probability, epistemology, and metaphysics.

In the article I present briefly selected views in the analytical philosophy of religion, in particular Reformed Epistemology and the volitional epistemology. I also try to explain the relationship between semantic realism and religious pluralism in the context of the possibility of peaceful coexistence within one community or state of believers accepting and practicing different religions and worldviews. I also refer to the concept of the Real as understood by John Hick and John Schellenberg’s idea of the ultimate reality as (...) proposals intended to indicate further directions of the spiritual development of multicultural societies. (shrink)

The phenomenon of imaginative resistance occurs when the reader of fiction is invited to imagine as morally right a situation that the reader finds morally repugnant (e.g., that murder is morally good). The problem of imaginative resistance boils down to the question of how it is possible that we can imagine situations that are inconsistent with our knowledge of the facts (magic, teleportation, spaceships moving faster than light), while we have difficulty imagining situations that are inconsistent with our moral knowledge. (...) The purpose of this article is to present two popular concepts that explain the phenomenon of imaginative resistance, the so-called cantian response and the wontian response, and to propose an original solution. The first hypothesis states that imaginative resistance is a response to conceptual impossibility. In this conception, resistance to imagining a particular object or situation comes from the fact that such objects or situations are contradictory and therefore impossible to imagine. The second hypothesis states that imaginative resistance occurs when the recipient does not want to imagine a certain state of affairs. In the last part of the article, I try to show that the source of imaginative resistance can be the inability to imagine oneself as someone with different moral beliefs. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to identify the manifestations of speciesism in the history of research into theory of mind in non-human animals and, more importantly, to identify the cognitive biases that contribute to the adoption of incautious and, as we will see in later chapters, often misinterpretations of empirical research. The influence of speciesism is also visible in broadly understood animal studies. The manifestations of species-related chauvinism are present, inter alia, in in considerations on the theory of mind. (...) An analysis of the already classic articles by Premarck and Woodruff (1978) and Calla and Tomasello (2011) reveals an attempt to maintain faith in human uniqueness. Maintaining this belief sometimes involves constructing careless interpretations. (shrink)

The article aims to analyse the philosophical content of selected aspects of the literary theory of Friedrich Schlegel - one of the initiators and main founders of the Jena Romantic school. Schlegel is primarily known as a brilliant literary critic who popularised the notion of Romantic poetry. Romantic poetry, however, is not only a fundamental concept of the new school of literary studies, but also an important element of Schlegel’s philosophy of man, describing the model of modern humanity. In this (...) paper, I assume that Schlegel's literary theory is a mirror that generates a reflection of Romantic man. In this perspective, all the main features of Romantic literature – self-consciousness, reflexivity, freedom, individuality, the striving for the infinite or organicism – in fact turn out to be attributes of its creator. (shrink)

Although the category of instinct is inscribed in almost every discourse in which the behavior of animals is analyzed, a closer look at the phenomenon that creates its specificity reveals its elusiveness. One gets the impression that something like instinctive behavior is simply not significantly different from other non-instinctive behavior. First, instinct as an innate, pre-programmed behavior disappears when its characteristics are compared with those of other behaviors acquired through learning. Secondly, the genesis of the instinct, which should be sought (...) in epigenetics and the mechanisms of individual development, shows that it does not differ fundamentally from other behaviors not inherited by genetics. Third, the best explanation for the origin of instinctive behavior is the ecological theory originally formulated by Eleanor Gibson and James J. Gibson for perception, as it allows us to understand the role of environmental factors in the formation of instinctive action patterns. (shrink)

The project of veristic social epistemology is based on the evaluation of social practices directed at acquiring knowledge and avoiding error. This research aims to analyse the social and technological dimensions of information processes. A number of practices in the network environment have a significant impact on the cognitive processes of individuals. They give rise to the acquisition of both true and false beliefs, ranging from reliable information practices to unreliable disinformation practices. The prevalence of phenomena such as echo chambers, (...) fake news, clickbait or deepfakes indicates that the condition of the contemporary infosphere is under serious threat. Disinformation processes, reinforced by technological progress, prompt reflection on the reliability of social practices. In addition to the strictly veristic consequences, the importance of the phenomenon of epistemic injustice should also be pointed out. (shrink)

The purpose of the article is to analyze the relational theory of personal autonomy proposed by Catriona Mackenzie. First, the theoretical context of the theory is shown, including key features and examples of relational theories of personal autonomy. Then Mackenzie's theory is presented, according to which seven conditions of autonomy should be distinguished. The conditions are grouped into three separate axes: self-determination, self-governance, and self-authorization. According to the theory, none of the conditions is necessary, and the assessment of the level (...) of an individual's autonomy is to be contextual. Finally, an attempt is made to assess the value of the conception proposed by the Australian scholar. It is argued that the condition of authenticity of practical identity should be replaced with the condition of coherence of practical identity. It is also suggested that for the theory to be useful in assessing the autonomy of decisions it should be supplemented with two further conditions: the coherence of a decision made by a person with her practical identity, and the absence of controlling influence such as coercion, persuasion, and manipulation. (shrink)

In this paper I accomplish two goals: first, I briefly reconstruct Hans-Georg Gadamer’s views on language, included foremost in Truth and Method. I discuss if and how can we analyse language in the hermeneutic way; what is Gadamer’s view on philosophy of language and linguistics; what is the hermeneutic priority of the question and why choosing the logic of question may lead to a conflict between philosophical hermeneutics and analytic philosophy. Then, on such base I show correlations, which can be (...) traced between hermeneutic philosophy and other contemporary language research disciplines – generally understood linguistics, analytic philosophy of language and interdisciplinary discourse research. Taking a closer look at each of the mentioned disciplines I focus on trying to answer the question regarding their ideological and methodological connections with the hermeneutic way of thinking. The article ends with a conclusion, that interdisciplinary discourse analysis produces the highest hopes to analyse language in a non-objective matter, which is the way that Gadamer favoured. (shrink)

The article discusses the problem of scientific progress in the contemporary philosophy of science, which is most often understood as the development of science associated with the pursuit of discovering the truth. The stance of Philip S. Kitcher, one of the most famous and influential contemporary philosophers of science, is presented. His considerations deepen the issue mentioned in the article’s title, primarily by expanding the scope of this topic. Thus, Kitcher’s considerations represent currently effective model of the philosophy of science, (...) which describes and explains research strategies but does not formulate methodological norms. (shrink)

It is often asserted that a liberal theory of political obligation is unattainable. This is, largely, because liberalism revolves around consent and hence, is supposed to be intrinsically inimical to the existence of state authority. However, there is at least one liberal proposal – the argument of fair play, that makes a plausible case for justifying the establishment of a coercive entity. The most popular contemporary version of it, which is offered by George Klosko, turns on the fact that non-excludable (...) goods cannot be exchanged based on consent. Instead, there must be enforceable, independent, objective standards of fairness that should govern the distribution of the effects of such goods. In this article, I argue that if Klosko’s account is correct, then not only the existence of non-excludable goods but also, the production and exchange of existentially significant excludable goods warrant an establishment of coercive authority. I argue that in this way, we can take an important step towards establishing a full-blown liberal theory of political obligation. (shrink)

The paper is devoted is to the problem of philosophical method in the late writings of Nikolai Berdyaev, in which he began to criticize ontology for rationalising concrete existence. Berdyaev calls his new project “phenomenology of spiritual experience”, and his works of that period betray a growing interest in Hegelian philosophy as a first philosophy of spirit and a new, more dynamic way of philosophising. Because of it, I aim to compare both philosophical projects. In the first part of the (...) text, I reconstruct Hegel’s description of dialectics and phenomenology; in the second, I confront them with Berdyaev’s conceptualisation of new, existential philosophy, rooted in his epistemology. As I argue, Berdyaev puts emphasis on symbolical character of philosophy, and the main features of the new philosophical method he stresses are not directly inspired by Hegel, but rather by far less known phenomenological project by Henri-Frédéric Amiel. (shrink)

Artykuł przedstawia etyczny problem dehumanizacji w perspektywie prac i doświadczeń Mieczysława Wallisa, polskiego uczonego, przedstawiciela filozoficznej szkoły lwowsko-warszawskiej. W czasie II wojny światowej myśliciel ten spędził około 5 lat w niemieckich obozach jenieckich. Nie poddał się jednak wówczas atmosferze niepokoju i rezygnacji, nie pogrążył w strachu przed długotrwałą niewolą, lecz nieprzerwanie kontynuował swoją pracę naukową i dydaktyczną. W rezultacie, nie tylko zilustrował mechanizmy dehumanizacji zachodzące w rzeczywistości obozowej, ale także sformułował autorski intelektualny „program profilaktyczny”, który pozwalał obronić ludzką psychikę, osobowość, (...) doznania i emocje przed ich szkodliwym, destrukcyjnym wpływem. Jego fundamentem był świat ludzkiego wnętrza, postawa skupienia się na sferze wartości i przeżyć estetycznych oraz implikowanych przez nie specyficznie ludzkich działaniach. (shrink)

This article aims to show Foucault’s adaptation and creative development of Nietzsche's findings on the production of subjects through the interplay of, closely related, knowledge and power. What I am exclusively interested in is the problem of this production, or forming, of individuals. Because both authors have a lot of revealing things to say on it, I would like to analyse their concepts as complementary and, to some extent, mutually explanatory and... corrective. Showing the specific mechanisms of power in modern (...) society allows Foucault to reveal certain aspects of today's subjectivity that would be difficult to see from the perspective adopted by Nietzsche. His research therefore significantly complements Nietzsche's account of our becoming what we are. But I also believe that the conclusions which Foucault draws from his creative interpretation of Nietzsche's revolutionary insights can be corrected, or significantly supplemented, by some ideas that can be found in Nietzsche's work itself. (shrink)

In my paper, I attempt a phenomenological analysis of the lived experience of intersexuality, which I view from the perspective of the problem of indeterminacy concerning the horizon of the givenness of homeworld founded on the broader basis of the pre-givenness of lifeworld. These horizons define the structure of the sedimentation of subjective experience, as well as the layers of cultural meanings sedimented in the lifeworld. The sedimented layers of self-experience and of the shared lifeworld function as a sphere of (...) indeterminacy, that is the horizons of constituted phenomena. In this sense all intentional acts have the nature of horizontal indeterminacy, the layers of which are revealed in the genetic question (Rückfrage) directed toward them. Horizontal indeterminacy also accounts for the distinction between homeworld and alienworld, which appears as something unobvious and unexpected against the obviousness of the homeworld, at the same time thematizing the latter. One of the elements of the sedimented conceptual system, functioning as the horizon of indeterminacy of both self-experience and the pre-reflective life-world, is the notion of human corporeality as given in the binary sexuality/gender. A unique opportunity for phenomenological insight into the constitution of the phenomenon of sex/gender is provided by Hida Viloria's lived experience of intersexuality. Her lived body, originally experienced pre-reflectively as a transparent medium and a perfectly handy tool of undisturbed intentionality, unproblematized also in the sexual activities, gradually undergoes alienation under the objectifying gaze determined by the binary pattern of sexuality. Becoming an alienated object, her body loses its transparency. Viloria begins to experience her corporeality and identity in a way determined by the sedimented "ideology" of sex and gender, trying on the "constructs" of masculine and feminine identities, eventually overcoming alienation and, in a process of secondary self-identification, reclaiming her lived body in its intersexuality and her identity in its non-binary gender fluidity. (shrink)

The subject of this paper is the relationship between religion and sport. The aim of my considerations is to criticise the position presented by the American philosopher Eric Bain-Selbo, according to which sporting experiences may quite rightly be described as religious experiences. In the first part of the article, I reconstruct Wayne Proudfoot’s concept of religious experience that underlies Bain-Selbo’s analysis. I then discuss the research conducted by Bain-Selbo and the conclusions he draws from it. In the next part of (...) the article, referring to Charles Taylor’s hermeneutical approach, I show that Proudfoot’s and Bain-Selbo’s methodology leads to a theoretically unjustified reductionism. I argue that an in-depth articulation of individual self-interpretation allows for an insight into the dynamics of sporting and religious experiences, and thus to see the differences that separate them. In the last part of the article, I invoke the considerations of William James, John Hick and Robert Roberts and try to show that, given the moral consequences of our experiences and their phenomenological description (intentionality), the experiences evoked by sport and religion can by no means be identified with each other. (shrink)

In this article, I shall explore the social dimension of Friedrich Nietzsche's views on self-fashioning, focusing on the interpretation offered by Alexander Nehamas. First, I shall briefly present Nehamas's understanding of Nietzsche's views on self-fashioning and the overall significance of their social aspects. Then I shall investigate the necessity of the audience to assess one's attempt at self-fashioning. Furthermore, I shall explore how one's pursuit of self-fashioning is influenced by and influences other similar efforts. Finally, the article will reveal the (...) role of contest in the phenomenon of influence. (shrink)

Filozofia pamięci jest gorącym tematem w kognitywistyce i filozofii umysłu. Niniejsza praca analizuje spór między symulacjami a przyczynową teorią pamięci poprzez badanie poczucia swojskości i jego związku ze śladami pamięciowymi, a dokładniej w jaki sposób zwiększają one płynność rekonstrukcji przeszłych epizodów. Zrozumienie relacji między śladami swojskości i pamięci, a ponadto relacji między pełnoprawną fenomenologią pamięci a poczuciem subiektywnej pewności epizodu, jaki miał miejsce w przeszłości, prowadzi do odmiennej interpretacji rywalizacji między tym, co przyczynowe, a tym, co symulacyjne.

Gideon Rosen described the difficulties faced by those who claim that statements about possible worlds cannot be literally true. According to his argument, if the truth of modal sentences could be explained by referring to the hypothesis of the plurality of possible worlds, which is a sort of fiction for modal irrealists, the position would have antinomic consequence. I argue that the advocate of broad modal fictionalism can avoid such a devastating conclusion. To that end, her position should be given (...) in meta-language describing the necessary and sufficient conditions of accepting modal sentences as true in terms of fiction of possible worlds. I show that there is a coherent way of reading ‘it is accepted as true’ that allows one to maintain that the disjunction of two mutually contradictory propositions can be accepted without accepting either of them. (shrink)

Artykuł analizuje problem kosztów powstałych w wyniku realizacji obowiązku udzielenia pomocy osobie znajdującej się w niebezpieczeństwie. Autorzy prezentują trzy odmienne stanowiska dotyczące tego problemu, rozważając scenariusz, w którym osoba decyduje się, z własnej woli lub przymuszona za pomocą prawa, uratować inną osobę, w sytuacji, w której taka pomoc wiąże się z naruszeniem praw trzeciej strony. Przykładowo, A ratuje tonącego B, ale w trakcie ratowania narusza prawa C. Pytanie, które stawiają autorzy brzmi: zakładając, że istnieje obowiązek udzielenia pomocy osobie znajdującej się (...) w niebezpieczeństwie, kto powinien ponieść koszty odszkodowania za naruszenie praw trzeciej strony? Autorzy rozważają następujące możliwości: koszty pomocy powinny zostać poniesione przez (a) ratującego, (b) osobę, której prawa zostały naruszone, (c) ratowanego, (d) całe społeczeństwo. (shrink)