Geographic philosophy has evolved significantly during the last century, reflecting broader epistemological and methodological advances. This paper investigates the evolution of geographic traditions, starting with the early forms of environmental determinism and possibilism, which established the groundwork for the cultural landscape and traditional regional geography methods. These traditions were later challenged by the rise of spatial science, which aimed to build a more scientific and quantitative foundation for geography. The primary goal of this research is to critically evaluate and contrast (...) the spatial scientific tradition to the previous cultural landscape and traditional regional geography methodologies. This comparison illustrates the fundamental contrasts in their epistemological foundations, techniques, and spatial concepts. Second, the paper investigates the emergence of behavioral and humanistic geography in the 1970s, examining the elements that influenced their growth. This part looks into the growing realization of human complexity and behavior, and how these viewpoints provided a vital critique and expansion of the previous spatial scientific paradigm. Finally, the paper looks critically at the evolution of structuralist and structurationist approaches to geography. By contrasting these frameworks, the debate highlights their contributions to understanding the interplay of structure and agency in spatial study. To achieve these goals, the study gives a thorough overview and examination of the epistemological, methodological, and spatial concepts inherent in each tradition. These transformations and their repercussions are illustrated using contemporary literature and geographical examples. Key Words : Geographic thought, cultural landscape, traditional regional geography, spatial science, behavioral geography, humanistic geography, structuralism, structuration, epistemology, methodology, space. (shrink)

The main purpose of this paper is to trace epistemological roots of conventional and Islamic finance. Based on an extensive literature review, this paper aims to highlight, explain, and discuss an ideal conventional and Islamic financial system. The ideal conventional financial system is discussed in light of various writings by Smith and Arrow, plus based on Arrow-Debreu model. On the other hand, the Islamic financial system is discussed in light of Qur’anic verses based on which the system is built. The (...) findings show that the present Islamic finance industry evolved from conventional finance to address a market failure in conventional finance in terms of unmet market demand for Islamic finance products. However, since most practitioners in Islamic finance were bankers and market players from the conventional background, they developed, more often than not, products that are similar to conventional ones albeit with Shari’ah compatibility. Hence, the focus was primarily on avoiding riba while ignoring the first part of the verse 275 of surah al-Baqarah which first ordains exchange contracts. A way forward, hence, would be to move towards more risk-sharing products which indicate a robust link between the strength of the financial system and economic growth. (shrink)

This poster presents results from applying agent-based modeling to an exploration of risk attitudes and rational decision making in the context of group interaction. We are also interested in the place of agent-based modeling and computational philosophy within the computational humanities. Computational philosophy has not typically been included in Digital Humanities; computational work has been done using philosophy texts as a source for analysis (Kinney 2022; Malaterre et al. 2021; Fletcher et al. 2021; Zahorec et al. 2022), but there are (...) few examples of philosophical arguments being made based on computation (Zahorec et al. 2022). Modeling is largely accepted as a computational humanist method (McCarty 2004; So 2022), but typically models are based on data rather than designed simulations as a method analogous to a thought experiment (Mayo-Wilson / Zollman 2021). Agent-based modeling is not as common in computational humanities, but we are interested in its potential; for instance, see work modeling correspondence networks to better understand lost information and biases in correspondence data sets (Buarque / Vogl 2023), or work simulating past human societies (Romanowska et al. 2021). Our project explores Lara Buchak’s theory of risk-weighted rational decision making by extending it to the context of group populations and interactions. Buchak has proposed risk-weighted expected utility maximization, which incorporates individual risk attitudes into the standard expected utility (EU) calculation based on utility and probability of outcomes (Buchak 2017). This theory provides an explanation for differences of behavior seen in human populations, while still allowing those different choices to be rational. Buchak’s theory has previously only been applied to individual decision making; our work uses agent-based modeling to develop and analyze simulations which incorporate a variety of risk attitudes (risk avoidance and risk seeking) into game theoretic interactions. This project is a collaboration between a philosopher and a research software engineer; we have worked together to develop simulations that implement agents with risk attitudes making risky choices. This presentation focuses on results from an implementation of a hawk/dove game with multiple risk attitudes and risk attitude adjustment. In the hawk/dove game cooperation, or playing dove, is better for the population, but acting aggressively, or playing hawk, is better for an individual if they are in a neighborhood of doves. To set up the game, we place agents on a grid and have them play against each of their neighbors, and accumulate payoffs based on the success of their plays. We define risk attitudes 0 through 9, where that number corresponds to the minimum number of neighbors playing dove for an agent to play hawk. An agent with risk attitude 0 is most risk seeking and always plays hawk; an agent with risk attitude 1 will play hawk if at least one neighbor plays dove; an agent with risk attitude 9 always takes the safe choice and plays dove; an agent with risk attitude 4 or 5 is risk neutral (breaking ties in different ways), which corresponds to expected utility. In this simulation we randomly set agent initial risk attitudes, and then every ten rounds agents compare their payoffs with their neighbors and adopt the most successful risk attitude in their neighborhood. The simulation is coded to stop once risk attitude adjustments stabilize. We define 13 different population states based on primary and second majority of risk averse, risk inclined, or risk moderate, and analysis of over 1 million runs indicate that while it’s more likely to stabilize with the population having become majority risk inclined, that is not the only outcome; we also see cases where the population stabilizes as risk neutral, risk avoidant, and many cases with no clear majority. This diversity of stable populations provides support for the argument that no one risk attitude is uniquely rational, but rather that risk attitudes are conventional. This matches what we observe in the real world: that different populations have different risk attitudes. Our simulations include numerous parameters to vary grid size; adjustment frequency, strategy, and wealth comparison; neighborhood sizes for observing previous choice, playing against, and comparing payoffs for adjusting risk attitudes; and different distributions for initializing risk attitudes. Analysis of parameters and adjusted risk attitudes shows that the strongest correlations are the initial distribution of risk attitudes, which tend to be preserved. * * * This poster was accepted and presented at the DH2024 conference in Washington, D.C. (shrink)

The general concept of ‘hierarchy of complexity’ allows for mitigating the difference between the conceptions of natural laws for ‘inert matter’, biological and social relations. It opens up a possibility to account for the observer’s influence on systems described by him. An apparent contradiction between objective and subjective aspects of time is resolved by its reformulation in the form of a relational rather than a postulated principle. This book shows that the emergence and description of objects and laws is possible (...) only through the realization of the hierarchy of relations. Any entity beyond relations is uncertain, universe beyond development does not exist. Particular focus is made on i nteractions and paradoxes of the quantum world, contradictions of thermodynamic descriptions closely linked with concepts of time and the observer’s influences. [email protected]. (shrink)

This essay is the introduction (prolegomenon) to ;a collection of three texts that re-organize and rework a book that I wrote 15 years ago. That book was about sovereignty and property in the life sciences, and it combined political theory with science and technology studies. So does this one, but it is rewritten from the standpoint that the approach and its application has never fully found its way into the academic writing that followed. The earlier version was unburdened by academic (...) convention, even if it was flawed and showed inexperience, from the standpoint of specialist writing. However, it was more than the sum of its parts. The journal articles and the book that it inspired never managed to replicate this. While it has become somewhat easier to write texts in academically acceptable ways, this remains true. The restrictions on “how” writing is supposed to be done, make it impossible for the approach to be brought to completion. This essay reflects on how narrow the stylistic requirements of today’s academic writing are. This includes the field that is most influential, “science and technology studies” (STS)., but it it is a more general problem. The essay is the start, with as its goal is to (re-)create some intellectual distance from its rather arbitrary stylistic requirements, which are indicative of today’s academic writing and editorial conventions more generally. Eventually it should help in recreating how the earlier writing on the life sciences could engage with problems without being burdened by increasingly inflexible understandings of what reading and writing are. (shrink)

Humans have two sets of language systems: sign language (acquired language) and chord language (innate language); The former is an artificial information system based on phonetic symbols, such as natural language; The latter is a natural information system, based on chords (quantized spectrum, strings), such as: music, painting, meridian, etc.; The spirit is a two-layer being of symbols and chords. Human cognition comes from two types of observers: chord observers and non-chord observers. The former produced music, painting, meridians, religion, etc.; (...) the latter produced science, philosophy, etc. The two types of observers produced two worldviews. The semantics of chords come from chords - the quantized spectrum, which is the spirit and will of nature; The chords span physics, life, music, painting, and show the unity of the universe. (shrink)

This article delves into the need to broaden the concept of reason in order to include the truths of faith as something reasonable in the path of knowledge, a path used by Edith Stein, who thus opens up the hope of building Europe without banishing the roots of the Christian tradition.

Unified Proof Set: Introducing the Next Paradigm of Understanding This set of interconnected papers collectively introduces a groundbreaking framework to achieve a Unified Field Theory (UFT), solving two of the Millennium Prize Problems (Riemann Hypothesis and Navier-Stokes Existence and Smoothness), and providing a comprehensive explanation for relational dynamics in science, ethics, and the cosmos. Papers in the Unified Proof Set 0. Introduction to the Unified Proof Set Abstract : This paper introduces the overarching purpose and framework of the Unified Proof (...) Set. It outlines the interconnected nature of the subsequent works, offering insights into their individual contributions while presenting a unified vision. 01. Relational Unity Equation of the Unified Field: Explained Abstract : A user-friendly breakdown of the Equation of Relational Unity, designed for both scientific and lay audiences. This paper provides an intuitive understanding of the mathematical framework that supports the Unified Field Theory. 1. Hyper-Conjugation: Achieving Unified Field Theory Abstract : Hyper-conjugation is introduced as the foundational mechanism enabling the mathematical representation of the Unified Field. By integrating relational dynamics and harmonic systems, this framework establishes a robust pathway to unify microcosmic and macrocosmic phenomena. 2. The Implicate Order: A New Paradigm for Universal Understanding Abstract : This work bridges the physical and metaphysical through a comprehensive exploration of the implicate order, synthesizing the relational coherence that emerges from entangled systems and their interplay within the unified field. 3. The Equation of Relational Unity Abstract : The centrepiece of the Unified Proof Set, this paper introduces the mathematical equation underpinning the Unified Field. The Equation of Relational Unity establishes a framework where harmonic coherence and energy flow govern all physical and relational dynamics across dimensions. 4. A Mathematical Proof for Ethics and Stability Abstract : Expanding on the implications of the Unified Field, this paper offers a mathematical proof for ethical behaviour as a stabilizing mechanism within dynamic systems. The work explores the relationship between coherence, intention, and the emergent harmonics of stability. 5. Resonance and Symmetry: A New Framework for the Riemann Hypothesis Abstract : This paper recontextualizes the Riemann Hypothesis through resonance and symmetry principles derived from the Unified Field Theory. The solution highlights the harmonic consistency within prime number distribution, offering a novel mathematical approach. 6. Unified Resonance in Fluid Dynamics: A Novel Proof for Navier-Stokes Existence and Smoothness Abstract : Building on the relational principles of the Unified Field, this work solves the Navier-Stokes Existence and Smoothness problem. The proof demonstrates how fluid motion remains stable through harmonic resonance, bridging chaos and coherence. Purpose of the Unified Proof Set The Unified Proof Set represents the culmination of decades of inquiry into the nature of existence. It seeks to bridge scientific, mathematical, ethical, and philosophical paradigms, providing a harmonious framework for future research and application. This work not only resolves significant open questions in mathematics and physics but also offers humanity a blueprint for sustainable, ethical, and innovative solutions to its most pressing challenges. Protection and Use Statement This work is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license, allowing for redistribution and adaptation, provided that proper attribution is given to the author. Any derivative works must explicitly credit the original creator and clearly distinguish modifications from the original content. The author asserts the originality and integrity of this work, intending it to be used ethically and for the advancement of science, knowledge, and humanity. Any misuse, misrepresentation, or unethical application of this work is strictly discouraged. For citation, acknowledgment, and further inquiries, please reference the DOI provided or contact the author directly. Eliahi Priest The Priest Group Pty Ltd AUSTRALIA. (shrink)

ASReview setting's project for replication and assessment purpose regarding to an SRL entitled 'Enterprise Knowledge Creation: A Systematic Review of Ontological and Epistemological Approaches Exploring AI Opportunities' In the modern business landscape, effective enterprise knowledge creation has become a critical factor in determining organizational success. This systematic review utilizes the TCCM (Theories, Constructs, Characteristics, Methods) framework to explore ontological and epistemological approaches for enterprise knowledge creation while identifying opportunities for leveraging emerging technologies, particularly Artificial Intelligence (AI). The review aims to (...) bridge the gap between theoretical models and practical implementations of knowledge creation, integrating ontological frameworks, epistemological considerations, and technological advancements. It addresses three research questions: (1) identifying the primary ontological frameworks and their incorporation of epistemological elements; (2) outlining major gaps and challenges in current knowledge creation approaches; and (3) examining how AI-driven solutions integrated with ontological and epistemological models can enhance strategic knowledge creation in dynamic environments. The findings reveal critical gaps, including the limited intentional leverage of epistemological principles, insufficient empirical validation of hybrid models, and challenges in integrating social, cultural, and organizational factors into knowledge practices. The study suggests that future research should emphasize dynamic ontologies and AI-driven solutions to foster more comprehensive and context-sensitive knowledge-creation processes. These insights offer valuable directions for enterprises seeking to enhance their knowledge-driven capabilities and maintain a competitive edge in an increasingly complex business environment. (shrink)

Behind the process of Information seeking behaviour Dopamine is one of the key component which play a important role. Here I have discussed about the stages of information seeking process where dopamine play in different levels. In this case, social epistemology and information-seeking behavior are also related.

This paper builds upon the original framework The Bubble Allegory, which employs simple physical elements—bubbles, a well, air, and light—to explore the relationship between consciousness, perception, and reality. These symbols, along with their metaphysical counterparts, emerged in the form of a spontaneous vision at the age of eighteen whilst concluding a 30 page novella, initiating a process of reverse engineering. The use of these symbols, the foundational structure of the entireity of both the original and this expansion, that came with (...) their specific metaphysical counterparts (even the bubble’s surface as perception, enveloping air which is consciousness within) are not found in existing literature accessible in any existing online repository. Any doubt about this would be resolved by your own deep search. Following the structure established by this vision, the paper ventures into speculative territory, linking contemporary scientific concepts such as quantum fields, vacuums, and optics with ancient metaphysical ideas such as the Platonic realm of mathematical truths. The objective is not to draw definitive conclusions, but to encourage further exploration of potential connections across diverse fields of thought, utilising a symbolic framework and approach not previously explored in existing literature. We can see the allegory as scale-invariant ontology, primarily due to the inclusion of these aforementioned realms. It should also be clarified that the allegory effectively blurs the line between metaphor and metonym. (shrink)

Teaching the pedagogic heritage of medieval Azerbaijani philosophers in physics education in grades VII-1X has unlimited potential in the education and upbringing of the young generation. The study of the heritage of these philosophers gives a wide opportunity to create a single didactic system, to form a highly spiritual personality, to have a differential influence on the characteristics of students, which confirms the creative use of the educational potential of a person and the instillation of humanistic education in the teacher, (...) and to the socialization of the personality aimed at universal values. Some aspects of the topic of the problem analyzed in the article were addressed to philosophical thought. The investigated problem was studied in terms of formation, development and modernity of classical, non-classical and post-non-classical scientific paradigms. The relevance of the research topic, the innovations achieved in the processing of the problem determine its scientific and theoretical importance. The article mentions that in the Middle Ages, great achievements were made in the fields of science, philosophy, literature and art in the Muslim East. Philosophers who lived and worked in this period, wrote valuable works of scientists that contributed to the development of the science of physics, and took a unique position. (shrink)

This is a translated and edited work from 2015 that I wrote for the Class of Metaphysics and Philosophical Anthropology. The crisis of modern philosophy began, perhaps, at the moment when the moderns proposed, or conceived ideas about the unknown to men about men that neither the traditions of particular sciences, nor religious moral traditions could resolve, that is, ‘the will’ in the existence of life against ‘reason’. Likewise, it would become dark what would be the possibility of the impossibility (...) of reaching either by philosophical means, i.e., metaphysical, or epistemic-exact means, in short, an Absolute Truth and Veritas Æterna. Men threatened by uncertainty, that is, by being unable to be certain of anything, or to truly know anything according to reason and, above all, concomitantly with the death of God enunciated by logic, historical, exact and physical epistemes would lead men either to the denial of the value of life, or what would be left for them would be to end it in all its known forms! The certainty that the nature of man possessed in its given constitution at all times, as long as men were men, a ‘will’, which was, finally, endowed with 'instincts' that would govern the destiny of all their respective activities or that, at least, would strongly influence their results, was something terribly threatening. (shrink)

This article covers important issues of comprehensive intellectual development of elementary school students, information about the harmony and commonality of the concepts of "intellect" and "thinking". The importance of the elements of personality development and the development of intellectual abilities in students of all subjects in primary school programs is considered.

Eco-cognitive computationalism is a cognitive science perspective that views computing in context, focusing on embodied, situated, and distributed cognition. It emphasizes the role of Turing in the development of the Logical Universal Machine and the concept of machines as “domesticated ignorant entities”. This perspective explains how machines can be dynamically active in distributed physical entities, allowing data to be encoded and decoded for appropriate results. In this perspective, we can clearly see that the concept of computation evolves over time due (...) to historical and contextual factors, and it allows for the emergence of new types of computations that exploit new substrates. Taking advantage of this eco-cognitive framework I will also illustrate the concepts of “locked and unlocked strategies in deep learning systems, indicating different inference routines for creative results. Locked abductive strategies are characterized by poor hypothetical creative cognition due to the lack of what I call eco-cognitive openness, while unlocked human cognition involves higher kinds of creative abductive reasoning. This special kind of “openness” is physically rooted in the fundamental character of the human brain as an open system constantly coupled with the environment (that is an “open” or dissipative system): its activity is the uninterrupted attempt to achieve the equilibrium with the environment in which it is embedded, and this interplay can never be switched off without producing severe damage to the brain. Brain cannot be conceived as deprived of its physical quintessence which is its openness. In the brain, contrary to the computational case, ordering is not derived from the outside thanks to what I have called in a recent book “computational domestication of ignorant entities”, but it is the direct product of an “internal” open dynamical process of the system. (shrink)

In this paper we investigate "inertial forces" and "fictitious forces" and the relationship between them as understood from the literature of physics where the majority seem to consider them as two labels for the same thing while some seem to suggest they are not identical. Our view and preference is to distinguish between them where fictitious forces should be considered a subset of inertial forces. We also investigate the issue of the reality of fictitious forces and whether they have authentic (...) existence in the physical world or they are a kind of "delusion". Our view is that what is called "fictitious forces" can be either. In this regard, we identify and propose several physical characterizations and distinctions between the two types (i.e. the "apparently fictitious forces" which are physically real and the "really fictitious forces" which are illusory because they are purely frame-dependent as viewed by a non-inertial observer). This is consistent with our preference that fictitious forces should be considered a subset of inertial forces, i.e. "inertial forces" which are real should not be classified as "fictitious" in the real sense while "inertial forces" which are not real should be classified as "fictitious" in the real sense. (shrink)

This concept outline explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and consciousness, proposing a novel framework for understanding reality shifting. It posits that infinite realities exist in quantum superposition, and consciousness acts as the observer that collapses the wave function, selecting a specific version of reality based on energetic alignment. This theory bridges scientific principles and metaphysics, offering new insights into the nature of reality and personal transformation.

This research examines the convergence of ancient philosophical concepts, such as Parashakti (the supreme feminine energy) and Atma (the eternal self), with modern quantum energy theories. It introduces a Unified Field Equation that integrates metaphysical ideas like total energy (E), vacuum energy (V), potential energy (P), and consciousness (Atma) into a scientific framework. The study explores the potential applications of this model in quantum physics, cosmology, and metaphysical philosophy, seeking to bridge spiritual notions of cosmic energy with contemporary science.

This paper presents a theoretical framework exploring the relationship between vacuum energy (Sunya) and existential energy (Bhutam), inspired by the philosophical concept of Sunya Bhutam. Drawing parallels between ancient metaphysical ideas and modern quantum energy dynamics, the equation E = n × (V_empty + P_existence) is introduced to describe the total energy in a system. Here, n represents the number of quantum states, while vacuum energy (V_empty) and existential energy (P_existence) capture the contributions of emptiness and existence, respectively. This framework (...) not only aligns with quantum mechanical phenomena such as vacuum fluctuations and dark energy but also offers a bridge between scientific and philosophical thought. Practical applications of this equation are explored in fields such as cosmology, energy systems, material science, and quantum computing. By integrating metaphysical insights with modern physics, this paper aims to foster a deeper understanding of energy dynamics in both scientific and philosophical contexts. (shrink)

Video essay created to compensate for a cancelled talk at the Warhammer Conference, Heidelberg and online, September 27-28, 2024 It explores the profound philosophical implications of the Warhammer 40,000 universe, proposing a radical reconceptualization of ontology. Through an examination of space, time, consciousness, and the mind-matter relationship in 40k, it challenges traditional philosophical frameworks and introduces the concept of "un-human becomings." The presentation delves into how Warhammer 40k's unique elements—such as the Warp, Necrons, and the Tyranid Hivemind—push beyond conventional understandings (...) of existence, offering new perspectives on reality that transcend human-centric philosophies. It suggests that these fictional concepts may serve as a prescient glimpse into future philosophical paradigms. ------- Sources for the images and videos will be added in October 2024. Voice-over by "Killian, The Vampire" created with typecast.ai. Music by Guilherme Bernardes William from Pixabay. (shrink)

This framework explores time not as a linear flow but as an emergent property, the record of interactions between elements at every scale of the universe. Building on existing theories in quantum mechanics, relativity, and complexity, the proposed model suggests that time is a byproduct of interactions. It introduces the idea that increased complexity constrains the number of possible timelines, offering novel insights into parallel universes, emergent gravity, and the deterministic experience of macroscopic entities. The framework suggests a unification of (...) the multiverse theory with emergent complexity and invites further exploration and formalization. (shrink)

The 42 Laws of Maat: Ancient Egypt’s Code of Ethics and Moral Guidance The 42 Laws of Maat: The Ethical Foundations of Ancient Egyptian Society The 42 Laws of Maat are a set of ethical guidelines that formed the core principles of morality and justice in ancient Egypt. These laws, believed to have been recited by individuals in the afterlife as they stood before the judgment of the gods, were more than religious prescriptions; they represented the ideal behavior required to (...) live a life of balance, truth, and harmony. Maat, the personification of truth, justice, and cosmic order, was central to Ancient Egyptian belief systems. The Laws of Maat, often referred to as the "Negative Confessions" or "Declarations of Innocence," were not commandments issued by a deity to humanity, but rather affirmations of one’s own integrity and adherence to the principles of Maat. By following these ethical laws, an individual could ensure a favorable judgment in the afterlife and contribute to societal harmony during their life on earth. The Laws of Maat and Their Meaning Let’s explore each of the 42 Laws of Maat, which offer a profound insight into the ethical consciousness of the ancient Egyptians: I have not committed sin – A general statement affirming one's adherence to ethical principles and avoidance of harmful behaviors. I have not committed robbery with violence – Condemns both theft and the use of force, emphasizing peaceful coexistence and respect for others. I have not stolen – This law speaks to the respect for others' property, a crucial element of social trust. I have not slain men or women – Killing, as a violation of the sanctity of life, was strictly against the principle of Maat. I have not stolen food – Taking food, a basic necessity, was considered an affront to community well-being. I have not swindled offerings – Religious offerings were sacred, and cheating in religious duties was seen as a grave violation of order. I have not stolen from God/Goddess – Taking what was meant for the gods disturbed the sacred balance and was viewed as a serious offense. I have not told lies – Truthfulness was paramount in maintaining social and cosmic harmony. I have not carried away food – This law emphasizes fairness and the importance of not depriving others of their sustenance. I have not cursed – Avoiding foul or harmful language helped to preserve peaceful and respectful interactions. I have not closed my ears to truth – Ignoring or denying the truth disrupts personal integrity and the balance of society. I have not committed adultery – Faithfulness in marriage was valued, as it preserved family stability and social trust. I have not made anyone cry – Causing unnecessary emotional distress to others was seen as a violation of compassion and kindness. I have not felt sorrow without reason – Emotional self-regulation was considered a virtue, with unnecessary sorrow indicating a lack of balance. I have not assaulted anyone – Physical violence was discouraged, as it disrupted social peace and order. I am not deceitful – Deception undermined trust and disrupted the truth, essential elements of Maat. I have not stolen anyone’s land – Land was sacred and essential for survival, so taking it unlawfully was a serious offense. I have not been an eavesdropper – Respecting privacy helped to maintain trust and order in relationships. I have not falsely accused anyone – Truth in justice was crucial to maintaining social harmony, and false accusations were damaging. I have not been angry without reason – Anger, when unjustified, disrupts emotional and social balance. I have not seduced anyone’s wife – This law emphasized the importance of respecting marital bonds and not disrupting familial harmony. I have not polluted myself – Personal purity, both physically and spiritually, was considered necessary for living according to Maat. I have not terrorized anyone – Instilling fear in others was a violation of the principles of peace and security. I have not disobeyed the law – Respect for legal and moral order was essential for a society guided by Maat. I have not been exclusively angry – Holding onto anger, especially without justification, was seen as harmful to oneself and others. I have not cursed God/Goddess – Reverence for the divine was essential, and disrespecting the gods was considered a serious moral violation. I have not behaved with violence – Avoiding violence was key to maintaining peace and respect within the community. I have not caused disruption of peace – Peace and order were central to Maat, and disturbing them was considered a breach of social responsibility. I have not acted hastily or without thought – This law promotes careful consideration and thoughtful actions, preventing impulsive decisions that could cause harm. I have not overstepped my boundaries of concern – Respecting others' space and roles was important for maintaining balance and harmony. I have not exaggerated my words when speaking – Speaking truthfully and accurately was necessary for maintaining trust. I have not worked evil – Committing harmful actions was a violation of Maat and disrupted personal and societal harmony. I have not used evil thoughts, words, or deeds – Purity in thought and action was essential for a life guided by Maat. I have not polluted the water – Water was a sacred resource, and polluting it would harm both the environment and the community. I have not spoken angrily or arrogantly – Humility and controlled speech were valued, as arrogance and anger could lead to conflict. I have not cursed anyone in thought, word, or deeds – Ill will in any form was discouraged, as it created disharmony. I have not placed myself on a pedestal – Humility was a virtue, and putting oneself above others was discouraged. I have not stolen that which belongs to God/Goddess – Respecting what was sacred to the divine was crucial in maintaining cosmic balance. I have not taken food from a child – Taking from those who are vulnerable, such as children, was a serious violation of ethics. I have not acted with insolence – Insolence or disrespect, especially toward authority or elders, was seen as disruptive to social harmony. I have not destroyed property belonging to God/Goddess – Destroying sacred or divine property was considered a direct attack on cosmic order. I have not offended the gods – Respect for the gods and living in accordance with their will was central to achieving personal and societal harmony. Maat, Goddess of Truth, Justice, and Cosmic Order Maat, the embodiment of truth, justice, balance, and cosmic order in ancient Egyptian mythology, played an essential role in maintaining the harmony of the universe. She was not associated with or "belonged" to any one specific god in a possessive sense. Rather, Maat’s principles were upheld and supported by many prominent gods of the Egyptian pantheon. Her presence was a unifying force that connected multiple deities, ensuring that the laws of truth and justice permeated both the divine and human realms. 1. Ra (Re) – The Sun God Maat was closely connected with Ra, the sun god, who held a central position in the Egyptian pantheon. As the supreme deity, Ra was responsible for maintaining cosmic order, and Maat symbolized the very essence of that order. Ra, who sailed across the sky each day in his solar barque, was accompanied by Maat, who ensured the universe remained in balance and harmony. Maat’s presence alongside Ra reflected the alignment between cosmic law and divine governance. Ra's daily journey through the heavens and underworld symbolized the cycle of order and renewal, with Maat guaranteeing that the balance of creation was upheld. Thus, Ra's authority over the gods and humanity was reinforced by his commitment to Maat’s principles of truth, justice, and balance. 2. Thoth – The God of Wisdom and Writing Maat shared a special connection with Thoth, the god of wisdom, knowledge, and writing. Thoth was responsible for recording and documenting the balance of the universe. He also played a critical role in the judgment of souls in the afterlife, where his wisdom and fairness were required to ensure justice. During the Weighing of the Heart ceremony, Thoth recorded the outcome of the judgment, which determined the fate of the deceased. In this ceremony, Maat’s feather was used to measure the purity of a soul. If the heart of the deceased was in harmony with Maat, the individual could enter the afterlife. Otherwise, the soul faced destruction. Thoth and Maat together embodied the principles of cosmic truth and justice, ensuring that all actions, both in life and in death, were recorded and judged fairly. 3. Osiris – God of the Underworld Osiris, the god of the underworld and afterlife, also had an indirect but vital relationship with Maat. The Book of the Dead describes how the souls of the deceased were judged in the Hall of Two Truths (often referred to as the Hall of Maat), where their hearts were weighed against Maat’s feather to determine their fate. Osiris, as the ruler of the underworld, presided over this judgment process. Maat's principles governed the trial, ensuring that only the virtuous souls, those who lived according to the laws of truth and justice, were allowed to enter the afterlife. Those who failed to meet these standards would face destruction by Ammit, the devourer of souls. Osiris' role in the afterlife was directly linked to Maat's maintenance of cosmic order. 4. The Concept of Kingship and Maat In ancient Egypt, kings were often seen as earthly embodiments of divine power, responsible for maintaining Maat on Earth. Although later texts and interpretations refer to Egyptian kings as “Pharaohs,” it is important to note that this title is more a historical misrepresentation when applied universally. The term "Pharaoh" became associated with the king of Egypt during the period of occupation by the Hyksos, a foreign Semitic group that ruled parts of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. However, in most periods of Egyptian history, rulers were referred to by their specific names and titles, such as "King," or by royal epithets, rather than being collectively called Pharaoh. The term Pharaoh does not appear consistently in Egyptian records but became popularized through later biblical texts. Thus, while the kings of ancient Egypt were indeed seen as responsible for upholding Maat, the title of "Pharaoh" does not apply universally to Egyptian rulers. The concept of kingship was based on the idea that the ruler acted as the living representative of the gods, particularly Ra, and was tasked with ensuring the balance of Maat across the kingdom. This understanding of divine kingship was reflected in the rituals and offerings made to the gods, symbolizing the king's duty to maintain harmony between the divine, the human world, and nature. Maat and the Egyptian Justice System Maat was the cornerstone of the Egyptian justice system, which predated modern concepts of international law, human rights, or religious-based moral frameworks. In Egyptian society, justice was not just a legal principle but a sacred duty that all people, from rulers to commoners, were expected to uphold. Judges in ancient Egypt, known as priests of Maat, acted as her representatives, ensuring that disputes were settled in accordance with her laws of fairness and balance. The laws of Maat emphasized fairness, truth, and equity. These principles were applied to all aspects of life, including trade, governance, and personal relationships. When disputes arose, they were judged based on how well the involved parties had adhered to Maat's laws of balance. In this sense, Maat’s influence extended beyond the spiritual and cosmic realms, deeply influencing the political and legal structures of Egyptian society. Summary of Maat’s Divine Relationships Maat was a guiding force for many of the major deities in ancient Egypt, particularly Ra, Thoth, and Osiris, who worked together to uphold her principles. She was not the consort or possession of any specific god but rather represented the fundamental laws of existence that the gods themselves adhered to. Her presence was integral to the functioning of the universe, influencing everything from the daily cycle of the sun to the governance of the kingdom. The kings of Egypt, though not accurately described as “Pharaohs” until later interpretations, had a sacred duty to maintain Maat, ensuring that peace, justice, and balance permeated the land. Maat’s influence can be seen in the functioning of the justice system, the afterlife, and the daily lives of the Egyptian people. In conclusion, Maat was not only the goddess of truth and justice but also the living embodiment of the laws that governed both the heavens and the Earth. Her influence was so profound that she shaped the actions of gods, kings, and ordinary Egyptians alike, ensuring that balance and harmony were maintained in every facet of existence. Amun: The King of the Gods in Ancient Egypt Introduction to Amun Amun emerged as one of the most significant deities in the Egyptian pantheon, ultimately becoming known as the "King of the Gods." His rise to prominence reflects the evolution of Egyptian religious beliefs, political power, and the socio-cultural landscape of the time. Amun's worship became particularly influential during the New Kingdom (circa 1550–1070 BCE), where he was revered as a creator god and a symbol of kingship and divine authority. Origins and Attributes of Amun Early Beginnings Amun’s origins can be traced back to the early dynastic period of Egypt, where he was worshiped in Thebes (modern-day Luxor). Initially, Amun was a local god associated with air and wind, known primarily as a source of life and fertility. His name, meaning “the Hidden One,” symbolizes his nature as an invisible force behind creation. The Fusion with Ra As Egyptian civilization evolved, Amun’s identity merged with that of Ra, the sun god. This fusion led to the emergence of Amun-Ra, representing a powerful deity that embodied both the hidden and visible aspects of divinity. Amun-Ra became associated with creation, kingship, and the renewal of life, solidifying his position as a central figure in Egyptian religious hierarchy. Iconography and Symbols Amun is often depicted with a ram's head or as a man wearing a crown with two tall plumes. The ram symbolizes strength and fertility, aligning with his attributes as a god of life. His depiction with plumes represents his association with the heavens and air, reinforcing his role as a creator and sustainer of life. Amun's Role in Egyptian Religion Amun as the Creator God Amun's role as a creator god was central to his worship. He was believed to have created the universe and all living things through his divine will. This aspect of Amun was particularly appealing to Egyptian kings, who sought to legitimize their authority by associating themselves with divine power. The Role of Kings in Relation to Amun In ancient Egypt, rulers often associated themselves with gods, including Amun, to legitimize their reign. While the term "pharaoh" is widely used today, it is important to clarify that "Pharaoh" was a later, Greek designation for the Egyptian ruler and then was mentioned in the Holly books, with no such reference existing in Egyptian texts until the later dynasties. Most Egyptian rulers were called by their specific titles and names, reflecting their divine association with gods like Amun. The connection between rulers and Amun reinforced the idea that the king acted as the god’s representative on Earth. Amun’s Cult and Temples The cult of Amun grew exponentially during the New Kingdom, with the construction of magnificent temples, the most notable being the Karnak Temple Complex in Thebes. This temple became a center for Amun’s worship and featured vast halls, towering obelisks, and intricate carvings celebrating Amun's power and importance. Priests played a vital role in the cult, conducting daily rituals, festivals, and sacrifices to honor Amun and ensure the favor of the gods. The Opet Festival, for example, was an important annual event celebrating the union of Amun with the ruler, reinforcing their divine connection. Amun and the Concept of Divine Kingship The Divine Right of Kings Amun’s position as the king of the gods directly influenced the concept of divine kingship in ancient Egypt. Egyptian rulers were often seen as the "Sons of Amun," an idea that provided the ruler with legitimacy and authority. This connection was essential for maintaining social order and stability, as the ruler’s actions were believed to reflect the will of Amun. The King’s Role in Society The king was tasked with maintaining Maat —order and justice—through Amun’s guidance. This responsibility included not only political governance but also religious duties, ensuring that rituals were performed to honor the gods. Failure to uphold Maat was viewed as a failure of the ruler, which could lead to social chaos and divine retribution. Amun as a Unifying Force Amun's worship transcended regional boundaries, serving as a unifying force for the diverse peoples of Egypt. As the state religion evolved, Amun became a symbol of national identity. His temples and cult centers attracted worshipers from across the land, fostering a sense of communal belonging and shared purpose. Amun's Influence Beyond Egypt The Expansion of Amun's Worship As Egypt engaged in military campaigns and established trade relations with neighboring regions, Amun’s influence spread beyond the Nile Valley. His worship was adopted by various cultures, and he became associated with other local deities. This syncretism reflected Egypt’s role as a cultural and political powerhouse in the ancient world. Amun in Later Civilizations Amun’s legacy continued long after the decline of ancient Egyptian civilization. His influence can be seen in later cultures, where aspects of his worship were integrated into new belief systems. The enduring symbolism of Amun as a source of life and power resonated throughout the Mediterranean world. Conclusions: The Misconception of "Pharaohs" It is essential to clarify a common misconception regarding ancient Egyptian rulers. The term "Pharaoh" was not widely used by the ancient Egyptians themselves to describe their kings. In fact, historical and archaeological records show that the kings of Egypt were referred to by their specific names and titles, not as "Pharaohs." The term "Pharaoh" appears prominently in religious texts, but there is limited evidence in ancient Egyptian inscriptions to confirm its use. The occupation by the Hyksos, an Asiatic people, may have introduced or popularized the term during their rule. The misconception surrounding the term "Pharaoh" stems from its usage in certain religious texts, including the holy books. However, ancient Egyptian documentation does not support the widespread use of this term. While the term is important within specific religious traditions, it does not reflect the historical accuracy of ancient Egyptian leadership titles. Amun as the King of Gods Amun's ascent to the position of king of the gods symbolizes the interplay of religion, politics, and culture in ancient Egypt. His attributes as a creator god and protector of kingship made him a central figure in Egyptian life, embodying the ideals of order, justice, and divine authority. The rulers’ connection to Amun solidified their legitimacy and reinforced the principles of Maat in governance. Through his temples, rituals, and associations with the rulers, Amun shaped not only the religious landscape of ancient Egypt but also the moral and ethical framework of its society. The legacy of Amun as a unifying force and a symbol of divine kingship continues to be a powerful narrative in understanding the complexities of ancient Egyptian civilization and its enduring influence on subsequent cultures and belief systems. 42 Laws of Maat The 42 Laws of Maat offer timeless wisdom on living a balanced and ethical life. These affirmations reflect the ancient Egyptians' deep commitment to justice, truth, and harmony in both their personal conduct and society as a whole. Unlike rigid commandments, they serve as personal declarations of integrity, guiding individuals toward a life that upholds Maat’s principles of cosmic balance and social order. Through these laws, we gain insight into the moral fabric that helped ancient Egyptian society thrive for millennia. (shrink)

This course examines Western culture and society from the 1840s to the present by focusing on the concepts of modernism, postmodernism, and hypermodernism (or hyperculture). Students will develop appropriate critical and analytical reading skills of philosophical and interdisciplinary texts on topics such as capitalism, the concept of modernity, the death of God, the modern city, cultural hegemony, the aura, the culture industry, the essence of the work of art, metaphysics, the public sphere, the postmodern city, the relationship between spectacle and (...) society, postmodern literature, the concept of the rhizome, the panopticon, late capitalism, non-places, the concept of cultural hybridity, the concept of liquid modernity, globalization, youth, feminism, the post-human, democracy, information, and the concept of narration. Furthermore, students will learn to navigate philosophical thought by addressing the following questions: What does it mean to be modern? What distinguishes modernism from postmodernism? How can we define the contemporary era? What is the role of capitalism in the last 200 years? This course addresses these and other related questions by focusing on the works of various thinkers. (shrink)

Two decades of the 21st century is characterized by increased globalization and increased scientific and technological progress of human civilization, along with the exacerbation of many problems, including the coronavirus pandemic, which has changed the lives of all states and all people on the planet. In this regard, the problem of rethinking our attitude to health, methods of treatment, and disease prevention has become particularly acute. These issues directly decide the future prospects for the survival of humanity and the relationship (...) with its environment. In this regard, the philosophical understanding of the scientific and medical creativity of Abu Ali ibn Sino, who created the most complete systematized teaching in the Middle Ages, which has not lost its significance for modern medicine, acquires particular relevance. (shrink)

This research endeavor discusses the multidimensional connections between ecology, Vedic philosophy, and women's marginalization in contemporary India, as reflected in the writings of Arundhati Roy and Shashi Deshpande. Scrutinizing how these prolific writers use and reinterpret Vedic ideas, the research attempts to reveal the intersectional oppressions that Indian women encounter. According to some research, Vedic thinking, which is frequently distorted and subjected to patriarchal interpretations, has the capacity to provide a narrative that challenges established discourse power structure. Roy and Deshpande (...) have successfully challenged patriarchal conventions and ecological degradation with Vedic ideals through their literary works. Using the theoretical notions from the works of Vandana Shiva and Uma Chakraborty, this research work develops a theoretical framework to examine, how these stories of Roy and Deshpande provide insights into the lives of oppressed and subjugated women and how caste, class, rural-urban inequalities and even environmental concerns are all interrelated. This research enhanced the understanding of the complex relationships between gender, modernization, and tradition that have shaped contemporary India by establishing the women's subaltern perspective. The ultimate objective of this study is to show how Vedic philosophy may continue to be relevant in promoting a more just and sustainable future for women and the environment. (shrink)

What the constitutes the bulk of African philosophical discussions is identified by the late Kenyan philosopher, Henry Odera Oruka, as being the six schools of thought on what African philosophy is or could be, namely, ethno-philosophy, philosophic sagacity, nationalistic-ideological philosophy, professional philosophy, hermeneutic philosophy, and artistic or literary philosophy. The first four are the generally well known and well explained schools of African philosophy. However, while ethno- philosophy and philosophic sagacity may not be totally qualify for philosophy in its real (...) sense, they however, provide the data for serious philosophical reflection, like Placid Tempels Bantu Philosophy of force, where he presented the idea of African force vitale as the engine house of African philosophy where force is everything and everything is force. Force seen in this context equals the Western idea of Being, where everything that exist is being, and being is everything. The extra ordinary research on the concept of force was part of the process of decolonisation of knowledge highly dominated by the Western thought pattern. The intention is towards the rediscover ring of the ancestral philosophical worldview and spiritual values that had been denigrated and distorted by colonial education. Africans need to rediscover their values, which can only be done through mental re orientation that will orchestrate new conceptual framework. A hermeneutic approach is therefore necessary to interpret the use of African languages that will hitherto elucidate African worldview making it more meaningful. (shrink)

What the constitutes the bulk of African philosophical discussions is identified by the late Kenyan philosopher, Henry Odera Oruka, as being the six schools of thought on what African philosophy is or could be, namely, ethno-philosophy, philosophic sagacity, nationalistic-ideological philosophy, professional philosophy, hermeneutic philosophy, and artistic or literary philosophy. The first four are the generally well known and well explained schools of African philosophy. However, while ethno- philosophy and philosophic sagacity may not be totally qualify for philosophy in its real (...) sense, they however, provide the data for serious philosophical reflection, like Placid Tempels Bantu Philosophy of force, where he presented the idea of African force vitale as the engine house of African philosophy where force is everything and everything is force. Force seen in this context equals the Western idea of Being, where everything that exist is being, and being is everything. The extra ordinary research on the concept of force was part of the process of decolonisation of knowledge highly dominated by the Western thought pattern. The intention is towards the rediscover ring of the ancestral philosophical worldview and spiritual values that had been denigrated and distorted by colonial education. Africans need to rediscover their values, which can only be done through mental re orientation that will orchestrate new conceptual framework. A hermeneutic approach is therefore necessary to interpret the use of African languages that will hitherto elucidate African worldview making it more meaningful. (shrink)

Gerhard Ris former lawyer and magistrate with thirty years of experience in courts of law Inverse final statements · Science Starts with Descartes & Discarding Descartes · The proper scientific procedure for starting with inverse final statements is as long as needed and as short as possible. · Flying an aircraft in an emergency is also scientific in science proper. · Producing proper science requires a multi-majority consensus in eight departments of the collective instrument brain, which can be achieved by (...) following its now-available Train Your Intuitive Brain instruction manual the One Law of Human Nature. · Teaching Empowerment White Magic Illusionism alas also teaches Black Magic illusionism · Being Empowered by White or Black Magic Illusionism has immediate rewards · Deciding to do the proposed Oracle Senate Test by any oligarch such as the Dutch Research Council NWO will instantly shift the paradigm, producing peace and prosperity for all and especially benefiting NATO. · Homo Sapiens hasn’t even lived for one galactic year and is nearing extinction playing with nukes. · The One Law of Human Nature proves that most mathematicians and physicists are, as a genotype, deep idiots at more than average complex geometry. Yet they have oligarch power in science via improper peer review. They use computers to fraudulently claim to be the best at complex geometry because they are indeed best at computing. · The current paradigm procedure requires naming, shaming, and ridiculing NWO for failing the improved Elementary Scientist Exam as science proper. · This can best be done by other than Dutch scientists who aren’t dependent on funding from NWO because the effect is global. · NWO thus isn’t certified as a reliable source for funding Elementary Science and Education like Dada Easter Bunny. · Current science incorrectly doesn’t accept humour and relativism as a per definition essential part of the marketing, advertisement, and sales of science. Current science demands autistic deadly serious tediously dull conscientiousness a deadly sin in artistic R&D. · Current science and NWO don’t have a definition of science or pseudo-science other than oligarchs of science peer review deem to be scientific. This falsifies current science on elementary issues. · NWO is most guilty of the mainstream woke madness in most universities which is antifeminism, racist slaveholding egotrip of gender-neutral female logic better seen as sales management/ HRM hypnotic relation manipulation. A Bayesian inversion of the synapse in the instrument brain. Needing to keep antifeminism, racism, and slavery going because otherwise losing their meaning in life. · NWO is also most guilty of the anti-scientific polarisation against science and scientists in society as a reaction to the actions of wokeism. · NWO primarily caused the serious intended cuts in science and education in the Netherlands. · NWO is a representative of the greatest bosses of god delusion of the god that doesn’t listen. · NWO represents a criminally insane personality cult that for 5000 years has successfully built ever better “unsinkable” Titanics and sunk them in the same peat-burn-like genocidal iceberg scenario. · When you do the same the same happens. · The Oracle Senate Test is akin to the first flight of a prototype exclusively built out of successfully tested parts. · The New Secretary General of NATO nearly decided to do the then still too taboo even for PM Mr. Teflon's radical plan for new governance Oracle Senate Test by an emergency law in the Omtzigt affaire. · More than 99.9% of Old School tried and tested Sun Tzu's Art of War to never corner one's opponent and always build them a Golden Bridge way out. · Save Our Mighty Billionaires and all other oligarchs like NWO! · The cosmos/ everything is proven on the beginning of absolute proof in the reductio ad absurdum that our instrument brain thinks in an everything not only nothing and observes One Law of Nature that is absolute without contradictions including loopholes by far proven best practice circumstantial evidence proof with only data pro and absolutely no data con in all of several fields DOI published in proper peer review with access to all the raw data. Completely theorem based on what all the science was in, ages ago only requiring a few new easy twists to solve. The validation rises every time no valid opposition is met on the inherently circular argument claim that workability (werkelijkheid in Dutch) is an infinite topology of truths and infinite realities that only seemingly ever contradict in one of infinite parallel and in-line Nirvana movie scenario compositions achieving very practical workability (werkbaarheid in Dutch) · Everything of the deterministic meaningless cosmos has infinite separate elements of classical mechanical Eucledian 3D geometry mass atomos movable connections that interact akin to snowballs in one 3D Euclidian empty space ether. The observed absence of evidence only leaves room for illegal unreasonable doubt on the correct definition of science which is further improved in this article. The 3rd law of everything as an undividable part of the ten dualistic laws of one law of nature dictates the scientific goal by one law of human nature the decent survival of homo sapiens that life has meaning and free will. The cosmos is both quantified and continuous at the same time in infinite time. Time is a thought and a thought is interactive moving timeless mass. Mass is internally absolutely motionless and thus can not be described by the notion of time. Mass is lifeless. Mass produces matter in a proto-DNA waving life non-waving proto-death cycle. Internal waves are proto-DNA consciousness memory bank of intelligent action is intelligent reaction infinite past moving toward an infinite future. · Homo sapiens are proven to be robots that must inherently religiously believe not to be robots to hedge the bets on the goal of decent survival. The easiest to detect is the 1/64 specific sort of genotype of anyone which is also the greatest predictor of human behavior. In decreasing predictive order on behavior, the model proves phenotype (deeply religious), religious type, hypnotic (slightly religious)type, and unique type that all must be taken into account. This can only be done by the well-trained brain in an intuitive brain as part of a team with Bildung. · The model proves that bashing opens a new market in litigation. This should be done via advertisement and sales techniques. This can only be achieved by any oligarch like NWO. NWO is in the know and is thus the easiest prey. Observe the thumbnails as the posters that science proper demands at the end of this article. These are a startup of the classes that as remedial teaching should be given in universities because they weren’t given in high school. RECAP EXCERPT DOI PUBLICATIONS Add this trial and erratum to my last publication. (shrink)

A concept of great interest in our incessant search for well-being, especially in the nowadays movement from crisis to crisis of a general evolution seriously marked by the challenges of cutting-edge technologies with the rise of AI, is eudaimonía. Coming from the teachings provided by eminent Greek philosophers and being always relevant, such a topic needs to be recovered if we want to develop the best of ourselves in a humane horizon of beingness-in-becoming in a real (and not artificial, and (...) superficial) world. This crucial idea is to be valued as the purpose of a desirable life, finally designating the highest good for human beings with and in the variety of everything-there-is-alive. The attempt to revisit eudaimonía leads us to draw a comprehensive approach of tackling and activating at least part of the very own human potential for a ‘ life worth living’ according to Socrates, which is so much required to be discussed with greater depth due to the particularities of the current complex and turbulent context we have to cope with; and eventually, to find a healthy and balanced humanistic perspective on life. (shrink)

About Journal of Iranian International Legal Studies The Journal of Iranian International Legal Studies outlines the mission and objectives of the Iranian Independent International Bar Association (IIntbar) for law graduates and civil activists. Membership in IIntbar is accessible to these individuals, emphasizing the transition of legal practice from a commercial profession to a civil advocacy role. The primary philosophical step in this transformation is redefining legal practice from a purely financial derivative to an outcome of civil actions in defense of (...) international rights for individuals, nations, and even states. Membership and submission of manuscripts is open to civil activists (regardless of their nationality) and law graduates in the fields of philosophy of law, religious law, international law, and philosophy of politics. IIntbar aims to establish a new perspective in defending the global rights of Iranians and Middle Eastern nationals. It operates independently, with no affiliations to the Islamic Republic of Iran or any other governments, serving as a platform for discourse and research in international law. The association is not a professional guild and will maintain its independent and non-governmental status. Manuscripts and publications can be submitted to this journal by authors from any country, without any restrictions based on nationality. (shrink)

This course examines some problems of aesthetics and art theory by analysing texts from the history of Western thought. Students will develop appropriate critical and analytical reading skills of philosophical and interdisciplinary texts on topics such as aisthesis, poetics, taste, the sublime, aesthetic judgement, imagination, beauty, spirit, empathy, ornament, the concept of experience, the aura, the psychedelic experience, the concept of the beholder’s share, the theory of the avant-garde, emotion, photography, the essence of art, the concept of influence, the power (...) of images, the end of art, neuroaesthetics, and perception. Furthermore, students will learn to navigate philosophical thought by addressing the following questions: What is aesthetics? What is the difference between speculative aesthetics and empirical aesthetics? What is the difference between an aesthetic judgement and an aesthetic experience? What is art? What is a work of art? What is the role of biology in perception? This course addresses these and other related questions by focusing on the works of various thinkers. (shrink)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) was a German writer, poet, scientist, and statesman whose vast body of work left an indelible mark on literature and philosophy. Known for his literary masterpieces such as *Faust*, *The Sorrows of Young Werther*, and his scientific inquiries into natural phenomena, Goethe was a polymath whose life was a testament to intellectual and creative exploration. This article delves into Goethe's life, his philosophical outlook, and the inspiring words that continue to resonate with generations.

● Much more relevant than the simplicity or complexity of a method of measuring the houses is whether such a division remains true to the physics of the sky (i.e. whether it makes any sense at all). ● Because astrology has no central institution to decide what is valid and what is not, we believe that the least astrologists should do is to respect the truths confirmed by science. Physics teaches that we cannot separate time from space or space from (...) time, for they stand in an unbreakable or indissoluble relationship which we call continuum , a plane made up of four dimensions (i.e. the three of space plus the one of time) regarded as spacetime, and that time is not absolute but relative (dependent on frames of reference). ● Astrology — which is not horoscopism but one of the consequences of physics — appeals to different methods of measuring segments of our horizon known as houses, sectors, or regions and has classified them into space-based measurements and time-based measurements (according to which of the two concepts decides the subdivision of the diurnal arc) , but said classification is impertinent according to the reality that governs us. ● One that can be confirmed to be compatible with our reality is to be employed at all times for all types of charts, that is to say, one that is truly or essentially spacetime-based without, at the same time, presenting any of the errors characteristic of other house systems . We will see that only one will be compatible with relativity, for while the others would have us believe that time is absolute, the Placidus method of house measurement will show us that it is relative. ● The difference lies in the ability of a method to recognise the different ascensional times of not only the twelve segments of our ecliptic at different latitudes but also of each degree of said circumference simultaneously and uninterruptedly, that is, temporally simultaneously and spatially uninterruptedly during their trajectories from the horizon (ASC) to the midheaven (MC). We concluded, based on the house cusp analysis, that only the Placidean formula can carry out this promise, that is, make it possible to measure the lengths of time under said conditions. ● While the Alcabitius and Koch measurements of time assign fictional speeds — i.e. times of oblique ascension — to all degrees contained between the horizon (ASC) and the midheaven (MC), Placidus takes care to measure the speeds or true times for all. The measurement most Newtonian of all the methods of house division, Regiomontanus, in turn, clings to space at the expense of time, the reason for which it cannot reflect the true positions of the planets in spacetime (ignores the relationship between space and time). ● During the demonstrational process, we take the opportunity of pointing out that velocity (special relativity) and gravity (general relativity) do not constitute the only — two — primary forms of time dilation. The tilt of a reference frame relative to another (that of Earth relative to the plane of our ecliptic, although velocity remains a variable, whereas gravity, in turn, a possibility we will explore in the appendices) constitutes the third form. ● We encourage any physicist and/or astronomer to corroborate our observations with their own tools. For our part, we have employed the astrological/astronomical software Solar Fire Gold, although the astrographs come from the astrological/astronomical software Janus. (shrink)

The present paper investigates Ralph Waldo Emerson’s contributions to the philosophy of education, focusing on his concept of Bildung, or self-cultivation, and its relevance to democratic life. The conflicts between the individual and the community, the inner and outer selves, and the particular and the universal are all skillfully navigated in Emerson's writing. His idea of education as a self-cultivation process that challenges conformity and promotes both individual and group transformation relies heavily on these dichotomies. The study makes the case (...) that Emerson's anti-foundational response to these conflicts provides insightful advice for modern education, especially in light of democracy. The study emphasizes the continued importance of Bildung in tackling the issues that contemporary democratic societies face by reinterpreting Emerson's concepts. Emerson's thought encourages people to participate critically in their societies, viewing education as a political project that aims to transform the individual as well as the larger social structure. Keywords: Emerson, Bildung, Self-Cultivation, Democracy, Philosophy, Education. Title: Bildung, Self-cultivation, and the Challenge of Democracy: Ralph Waldo Emerson as a Philosopher of Education Author: Dhan Raj Bist, Naresh Kumar Yadav International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Vol. 12, Issue 3, July 2024 - September 2024 Page No: 366-369 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 13- September -2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758225 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/bildung-self-cultivation-and-the-challenge-of-democracy-ralph -waldo-emerson-as-a-philosopher-of-education. (shrink)

The article focuses on the problem of contingency in John Law's theory of sociological method and its theoretical implications for social theory. The theory proposes to use as a legitimate source of sociological knowledge any sensory or cognitive experience of a researcher-bodily sensations, emotions, etc.-along with classical sociological methods. Such a methodology follows from Law's metaphysical premises that classical methods do not grasp the "fluid” and changeable realities of the social world, capturing only a part of them. According to Law, (...) in order to know the "fluid” realities, a flexible method is needed that is not regulated by normative means; that is, a method that does not reject some forms of data obtained in others as illegitimate and "unscientific.” The elimination of the norms of the scientific method doubles the problem of contingency - now not only knowledge becomes contingent to the world, but also the way to obtain it becomes contingent on the situation of research, since in each specific situation different methods will be relevant. The problem with such a theoretical move is that it roots knowledge in subjectivity, making the former dependent on the latter. This means the impossibility of a general science of the social guaranteeing the legitimacy of the data as relevant and scientific. To resolve this contradiction, the author of the article refers to the ideas of Quentin Meillassoux on the absolutization of contingency, arguing that only the mathematization of knowledge can ensure the irreducibility of knowledge to subjectivity. This means that the only logical way to resolve the contradiction of Law's theory is to get normativity back into a rigid mathematical form. Such a move raises the question of the possibility and attempts to mathematize sociological theory, and not just its methods. This issue is discussed briefly at the end of the article. (shrink)

This study aims to describe the process of reception and assimilation of Husserlian phenomenology in France, articulated in two parallel traditions, namely the philosophy of subject and the philosophy of concept. The former is linked to the interpretation of Levinas-Sartre and the latter to the epistemological heritage of Koyré-Cavaillès. Finally, we briefly present the critical trace of Cavaillès in certain authors directly or indirectly related to his critique of phenomenology (Tran Duc Thao, S. Bachelard and Derrida).

This paper examines the role of observer in the context of provability within logical systems and the inherent limitations imposed by Godel’s Incompleteness Theorems. With the law of the Excluded Middle (LEM) and the concept of undecidable propositions being separate entities, a sequence of logical systems {sn} is constructed to represent the idea that every proposition may eventually be provable within some sufficiently strong system {s} and assessing whether such model can overcome the fundamental limitations identified by Godel. An hierarchy (...) of observers {O}, each capable of perceiving statements that previous observers cannot, is introduced, and its relation to the provability of propositions is analyzed. Ultimately, undecidability remains an intrinsic feature of these observed systems. (shrink)

A Different Way of Understanding the Number Pi and Our Perceived Reality Abstract: The number pi has fascinated mathematicians, scientists, and philosophers since ancient times. It represents the relationship between a circle's circumference C and its diameter D, leading to an irrational number with infinite non-repeating decimal places. While pi is crucial in fields ranging from geometry to quantum mechanics, this article introduces an alternative view: in a discrete space, where points have non-zero dimensions, pi, or the ratio C/D, is (...) always a rational number. This crucial understanding offers insights into how we perceive geometric forms and introduces a quantum-like approach to pi, challenging traditional conceptions of space, symmetry, and even cosmological phenomena like dark matter and dark energy. Introduction: Pi is deeply ingrained in our understanding of circles and geometry. The formula C=2πR and the constant ratio π=C/D are foundational in both everyday calculations and complex scientific theories. Yet, pi’s irrationality, with its infinite decimals, suggests a mysterious depth that has been explored for centuries. This article questions the nature of pi by proposing that it is a consequence of continuous space, where points have a zero dimension. However, in discrete space—where points are indivisible and have a minimal, non-zero dimension—the ratio between a circle's circumference and diameter is always rational. Discrete vs. Continuous Space: In classical discrete geometry, the point represents the fundamental dimension with a non-zero indivisible value. Whatever circle we describe in that space must fulfill two main conditions: Central Point and Odd Diameters : In a discrete space, the diameter of a circle must consist of an odd number of points, due to the existence of a central point equidistant from all points on the circumference. Even Circumferences : The number of points on the circumference, which must be contiguous (i.e., leaving no significant gap between them), must be even in order to respect the symmetry of the circle. Each point on the circumference has a symmetrical point at the other end of the diameter. They come in pairs. Since both the circumference and diameter in discrete space are defined by integers, the ratio C/D becomes a fraction of two integers—either finite or with repeating decimals. In Euclidean or continuous geometry, the point is set to have zero dimensions, meaning it is infinitely divisible to obtain infinite precision. Lines and figures become continuous and smooth, and points cannot be counted or observed. This does not imply that the properties of the circle are void; it only means they cannot be observed. Therefore, the calculations of C/D are made without knowing whether C and D meet the conditions of evenness and oddness, respectively. Evenness and oddness are thus superposed, undetermined, and uncertain for the sake of calculation in a quantum-like state. Pi is a constant with infinite decimals due to the infinite precision of the point, and decimals never repeat periodically because of the unobserved nature of the diameter and the circumference. Pi only approximates reality, not the other way around. Geometric and Quantum Collapse: The transition from continuous to discrete space triggers a "geometric collapse," where only a limited subset of circles from continuous space can exist in discrete space. Using logical calculations, approximately 15.92% of circles in continuous space can be represented in discrete space, meeting the conditions of “evenness” of the circumference and “oddness” of the diameter. This mirrors the quantum collapse in physics, where wave functions collapse into particles upon observation. Just as in quantum mechanics, where uncertainty plays a role in what we observe, the transition between continuous and discrete spaces introduces uncertainty in geometric figures. Quantum Vision of Pi: In this framework, pi takes on a quantum dimension. In continuous space, the number of points in a circumference or diameter can be considered both even and odd, much like Schrödinger's cat being both alive and dead until observed. In discrete space, where points are counted, the circle becomes "collapsed," and pi transitions from an irrational constant to a rational variable, with the structure of space determining the final outcome. This superposition reflects the idea that pi’s irrationality is a result of infinite precision in continuous space, which collapses into a rational form in discrete space. Cosmological Implications: The analogy between geometric collapse and quantum collapse extends into cosmology. Dark matter and dark energy, which account for 95% of the universe, are invisible to direct observation but inferred through indirect means. If we apply the geometric collapse analogy, visible matter could represent collapsed energy, while dark matter and dark energy may be forms of uncollapsed or partially collapsed energy that do not yet meet the conditions to become observable. This suggests that our perceived reality is only a fraction of the full, collapsed potential of the universe, limited by the constraints of our discrete observational space. In addition, one might argue that using pi or an irrational constant derived from geometry in a possible discrete space is convenient for the approximation of reality but somewhat conceptually abusive because it does not belong to the observable universe. Conclusion: This exploration of pi through the lens of discrete space challenges our traditional understanding of this fundamental constant. By considering geometric conditions in a discrete space, pi’s irrationality highlights a conceptual zero-dimension point of Euclidean geometry, offering a new, rational understanding of the relationship between a circle’s circumference and diameter. This speculative interpretation, rooted in the author's Pointfulness philosophy, also provides potential metaphysical connections between geometry, quantum mechanics, and cosmology. Though these ideas lie outside traditional scientific frameworks, they offer a fresh perspective on the intersection between mathematics and reality, inviting further exploration of how we perceive the fundamental structures of our universe. A similar approach can be made for square roots and potentially other irrational constants related to geometry. (shrink)

The paper examines the epistemic significance of maintaining consistency in confabulations. It has been argued recently that confabulations might have some positive epistemic features; notable among them is maintaining a consistent set of beliefs about oneself. This paper focuses on confabulatory beliefs which are not connected with a self-concept. However, it is demonstrated that such beliefs might contribute to maintaining narrative consistency and thus also yield some epistemic benefits. The author analyzes cases of confabulations concerning legends and fairy-tales, and shows (...) how confabulatory utterances contribute to the maintenance of consistency. The examples analyzed include both clinical and non-clinical confabulations; yet, in all instances, confabulations contribute to maintaining narrative consistency. Subsequently, the author compares the ways of maintaining consistency in confabulations and in mundane cognition. Based on Melvin Pollner's conception of mundane reasoning, it is demonstrated that maintaining consistency is a fundamental principle of organizing mundane accounts. It is also proposed that basic principles of mundane cognition have substantial epistemic functions; among them, their foundational role and their contribution to the sense of ontological security are of particular importance. Finally, it is shown that confabulations of a certain type might have the same epistemic functions. Consequently, producing confabulatory accounts might yield significant epistemic benefits in certain cases. (shrink)

Glehwe, called in Western jargon Ouidah, is a tourist town in the Republic of Benin, occupies a lagoon site, preceded by a sandy coastline that borders the Atlantic Ocean. The city is located 42 kilometers west of Cotonou. The city belongs to the historico-cultural triangle Abomey-Ouidah-Porto-Novo composed of three cities heavily involved in the slave trade, endowed with one of the most important pre-colonial architectural heritage in sub-Saharan Africa. At the heart of this city, there is Vodun and therefore the (...) Hunkpame, one of whose connotations is Zun. It is a question here of carrying out an inventory of fixtures of mimicry in rural sociology opposed to a city-dwelling reserved for an urban sociology of Ouidah. The methodological approach adopted is purely qualitative, which satisfied the requirements for the construction and use of data collection tools: observation guide, interview guide and this, with 48 social actors formed from the sampling technique that is reasoned choice. The data collected converge on a certain number of codes with social cognitive sounds, all aspects of which remain to be determined in Glehwe: rituals of the yam. (shrink)

This paper explores the intricate concept of personhood, examining its philosophical and theological dimensions and their implications for human dignity in an era increasingly dominated by technological advancements. Drawing from classical and contemporary sources, the study investigates how foundational ideas from thinkers such as Immanuel Kant, René Descartes, and Thomas Aquinas intersect with theological perspectives on human identity, especially in the context of the imago Dei. The paper addresses the challenges posed by artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and other technological innovations, analysing (...) their potential impact on our understanding of personhood and dignity. By integrating philosophical rigor with theological insights, the study aims to offer a nuanced ethical framework that upholds human dignity amidst technological change, while also highlighting the role of faith communities in shaping responses to these emerging challenges. (shrink)

As the new types of economy (digital, gigonomics, sharing economy, etc.) are more and more frequently discussed in the scientific literature, while novel concepts of new capitalism regularly emerge, the author of the article investigates the origins of these constant changes and turns to contemporary social theory for answers. As a starting point, the author takes the books of two Marxists, Douglas Kellner and David Harvey; both were published in 1989, in the symbolic year of the Fall of the Berlin (...) Wall. To construct a narrative, the author employs the idea of the periodization of the American culture of the long nineties (1989-2001) by the American cultural critic Philip Wagner and the concept of external and internal globalization by the social theorist Robert Hassan, who in his turn grounds his reflections on the idea of flexible accumulation by Harvey. Using the example of the film "Fight Club", the author shows how the colonization of the internal human experience by capital took place after 1989. Thus, in the 1990s, capital, by depriving people of sleep, began to profit not only from the economy built on knowledge, but also from emotions, as reflected in social theory at the turn of the millennium. Further, briefly describing several recent concepts of capitalism (data capitalism, computational capitalism, semiocapitalism, biocognitive capitalism), the author notes that the creators of the theories, focusing on the digital economy, do not take into account the factor of external globalization, and most importantly forget about financial capitalism, on which, ultimately, the economy depends. The article concludes that the dynamics of capital development were predicted by David Harvey back in 1989, and that his concept still has a high heuristic potential. (shrink)

This paper examines the role of observers in the context of provability within logical systems and the inherent limitations imposed by Godel’s Incompleteness Theorems. Starting with the law of the Excluded Middle (LEM) and the concept of undecidable propositions, a sequence of logical systems {s_n} is constructed to represent the idea that every proposition may eventually be provable within some sufficiently strong system {s_n+} and assessing whether such model can overcome the fundamental limitations identified by Godel. An order of observers (...) {O_n}, each capable of perceiving statements that previous observers cannot, is introduced, and its relation to the provability of propositions is analyzed. Ultimately, undecidability remains an intrinsic feature of these observed systems. (shrink)

This paper examines the role of observer in the context of provability within logical systems and the inherent limitations imposed by G¨odel’s Incompleteness Theorems. With the law of the Excluded Middle (LEM) and the concept of undecidable propositions being separate entities, a sequence of logical systems {sn} is constructed to represent the idea that every proposition may eventually be provable within some sufficiently strong system {sn+} and assessing whether such model can overcome the fundamental limitations identified by G¨odel. An hierarchy (...) of observers {On}, each capable of perceiving statements that previous observers cannot, is introduced, and its relation to the provability of propositions is analyzed. Ultimately, undecidability remains an intrinsic feature of these observed systems. (shrink)

This paper examines the role of observer in the context of provability within logical systems and the inherent limitations imposed by G¨odel’s Incompleteness Theorems. With the law of the Excluded Middle (LEM) and the concept of undecidable propositions being separate entities, a sequence of logical systems {sn} is constructed to represent the idea that every proposition may eventually be provable within some sufficiently strong system {sn+} and assessing whether such model can overcome the fundamental limitations identified by G¨odel. An hierarchy (...) of observers {On}, each capable of perceiving statements that previous observers cannot, is introduced, and its relation to the provability of propositions is analyzed. Ultimately, undecidability remains an intrinsic feature of these observed systems. (shrink)

With time, even the simplest becomes complex; clear designs become black boxes, challenging not only to steer but even to understand. The seeds of complexity are sown already in the early iterations of a system and show up much later, contributing to obscuring our understanding. I will draw parallels between Project Cybersyn and recent digital products and social systems in terms of achieving viability. Cybernetic principles were as successful in “future making” back then as more modern methods, such as Amazon’s (...) “building backward,” are now. By envisioning and assembling a seemingly complete system early on in the creative process, we ensure that the core of its functionality continues to adhere to our ideas even as it grows more complex with scale. In the building backward methodology, we can frame Cybersyn’s Operations room as the “press release” stage of a future product, with all core features fundamentally functional from the get-go. The “completeness” of the product allowed designers to gather valuable feedback from the start, ensuring there were no show-stopping issues early on, a genuine “minimal viable product” before its time. With metrics in place, we can confidently adjust parameters (such as adding new features, data, or changing resources available for development) as the system becomes more complex. This way, we inspire the designers by letting them see an actual product and gather valuable signals for further development. We avoid swinging between oversimplification or overengineering, typical of modern digital products or social systems. (shrink)

The traditional Indian education system since ancient times has emphasized on imparting two types of knowledge – first is material knowledge that develops real-life problem-solving skills and second being the spiritual knowledge that helped in all round development of and individual. This research paper explores the convergence between Swami Vivekananda's vision for national regeneration through education and the objectives outlined in India's National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 for school education. Swami Vivekananda, a revered spiritual leader and thinker, emphasized education as (...) a means to awaken the innate potential of individuals and foster a sense of national pride and cultural identity. His philosophy underscored the importance of character building, holistic development, and the integration of moral and ethical values in the educational process. By drawing connections between historical perspectives and contemporary policy frameworks, the paper contributes to the ongoing dialogue on educational reform in India. It suggests that aligning educational practices with the foundational values proposed by visionary leaders like Swami Vivekananda can significantly impact the nation's socio-cultural and economic landscape. (shrink)

The aim of this thesis is to argue against achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) revolving around (i) programs being insufficient to create human­like intelligence due to their lack of semantic grasping and (ii) our inability to effectively model complex systems. The challenge is magnified by our struggles to mathematically explain basic complex phenomena, raising doubts about our capability to replicate intricate structures like human intelligence or vertebrate brains. Attaining AGI requires transcending the limitations of current mathematical and computational paradigms, with (...) a call for a revolutionary leap in both areas. Despite these challenges, replicating non­human intelligence, even if encountered, remains unfeasible due to complexities beyond our current capabilities. Overall, achieving AGI presents an immensely challenging prospect for the foreseeable future. (shrink)

This article examines how artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technologies are reshaping social dynamics, leading to new forms of social death. The study analyzes how AI influences social relations, identity, and agency through a critical phenomenological approach, revealing the ethical and philosophical risks these technologies entail. It argues that social death is a crucial lens for understanding AI’s impact on contemporary society, emphasizing the importance of human dignity and the need to rethink agency in an increasingly technologically mediated world.

The development of scientific and technical mastery over nature has made the practice of agriculture, which remains the adequate condition for human subsistence, problematic. Human chemistry attacks have eventually irritated the grand chemistry of nature, leading agriculture to face unprecedented climate change. Such a situation calls for philosophical reflection and leads to considering agriculture not only as an economic activity but also as a system interconnected with nature, communities, and future generations. We have reached the following result, which emphasizes the (...) need for a philosophy of sustainability focusing on the preservation of natural resources, the promotion of environmentally friendly agricultural practices, and agricultural policies based on ethical principles of fairness, justice, and responsibility. This philosophy, aided by education and awareness-raising among farmers, promotes ecological awareness and an understanding of the challenges of climate change, thus fostering collective resilience to climate challenges.This philosophical approach to agriculture guides towards a more sustainable, resilient, and equitable agricultural future, based on values of respect for nature, community solidarity, and collective responsibility. To achieve this result, we used the direct analysis method. (shrink)

The annual Kronos Philosophical Journal was established in Warsaw in 2012. The papers presented in the annual might be of interest to the readers from outside Poland, allowing them to familiarize themselves with the dynamic thought of contemporary Polish authors, as well as entirely new topics, rarely discussed by English speaking authors. Volume V/2016 comprises articles problematizing Russian phlosophy and literature as well as Ancient Greek philosophy and culture.

A business strategy is the means by which it sets out to achieve its desired goal. A business strategy is concerned with major resource issues e.g. raising the finance to build a new factory or plant. Strategies are also concerned with deciding on what products to allocate major resources or ensure win in a given challenge. In this paper, we have discussed various strategic management models under the broad headings of generic strategies, competitive/red ocean strategies, monopoly/blue ocean strategies, sustainability/green ocean (...) strategies, unethical/black ocean strategies andcombined/white ocean strategies, their base in Indian epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. The strategies used in Indian epics as examples for various modern strategies are analysed and their instances and implementations are discussed. Finally, Based on the analysis of all strategies, it is concluded that white ocean mixed strategy can be accepted as global strategy for the winners. Using PEST analysis, organizational global strategy can be correlated with White ocean mixed strategy as optimum strategy,an organization can be sustainable in global business. (shrink)

On the occasion of paying tribute to the teacher Enrique Dussel, we reflect on North-South intercultural dialogues in particular, between the ethics of discourse proposed by the great German philosopher Karl Otto-Apel and the ethics of liberation, developed by Dussel.

In the article, the author shows that in a philosophical analysis of the specifics of the rationality of the humanities, non-classical natural science in general, we are faced with many issues that the classical theory of knowledge did not face, starting with the problem of understanding the truth and ending with the problems of knowing the past and future. Classical science and the classical theory of cognition essentially did not deal with the cognition of time, the peculiarity of the object (...) of social and humanitarian cognition, its inclusion in social reality, there was no understanding of the subject of cognition as a meaning-forming element. (shrink)

Through a logical analysis, we show how Gettier cases, presented as counterexamples to the conception of knowledge as a justified true belief, are not consistent; they are a variation of oracular reasoning, logical fallacy in which specific type propositions, which contain a logical constant, are tangled with propositions formed by logical variables; uniqueness is confused with mere existence, the necessary and sufficient conditions with necessary but not sufficient conditions; and there are cognitive biases, for example, the neglect of base rates (...) in argumentation. (shrink)

In this research paper given Gandhi's educational ideals, were thus meant to transform backward, illiterate, exploited, desperately poor peasants into self-confident and self-respecting citizens of a new community and nation. Education was one of the several planks of his larger civilization agenda. In which the independence of India was the main thrust. So in this paper discuss on Mahatma Gandhi's thoughts on education Philosophy & his policy.

Humans, in essence, will always try to hone the knowledge they have. This is done because of the importance of knowledge in everyday life. Having knowledge will give rise to self-satisfaction in accordance with the times. Studying everything with knowledge is basically a human effort to reach a truth. Truth is a state of something with a real object.

Averroes is one of the leading thinkers of Islamic philosophy and the Andalusian school. He made a valuable contribution not only with the "Commentaries" he wrote on Aristotle that made him popular and appreciated in the West but also with several other works such as "Fasl al-maqāl", which is also the central object of this paper. In Albania, unfortunately, this work is very little known and this paper has received a lot of attention for this reason as well. Seemingly a (...) minor treatise, not voluminous and "weightless", but it has special importance in terms of form, treatment and message. By analyzing this text, this paper aims to highlight its intrinsic values and provide some thoughts and considerations about it and the historical context in which this work was created. Although he is not the first to seek a reconciliation between philosophy and religion, as Al Kindi and Al Farabi attempted, Averroes deserves the fact that he places a central role on intellect and demonstrative reasoning, as an essential process that leads us to the truth. He expresses this opinion in the Tractate above when he states that the study of philosophy is not merely permissible but obligatory (wajib) and a series of philosophical truths given allegorically are also found in the Qur'an. He intends to reconcile the Aristotelian worldview with the religious one, arguing that even the theses of incompatibility raised by the Ashʿarite theologian Al Ghazali towards them are inconsistent. Keywords: Averroes, Fasl al-maqāl, Al Andalus, Reconsideration, Reconciliation, Rationalism, Ash'arite theology, etc. (shrink)

Leaving behind of Second Millennium and the coming of the new one has left Albania in a deep mental and cultural crisis. This phenomenon is reflected not only in the progress of mental barbarism and decreasing civic level but also in a low level of the political culture of individuals who represent us. Philosophy as an academic discipline has closed itself inside its corner with a bunch of lectured “Ism-us” and other theoretical approaches, losing in this way its civic and (...) public character. In front of this paralytic situation that risks the future of our country, an emergent issue is offered for treatment; a need for a public philosophy in Albanian society. My paper is divided into two sections; In the first section, I discuss three misconceptions about why Albanians are not “so familiar” with philosophy and stay away from it. In the last part, I focus on the coming out of philosophy from the university castle and its “return” to Agora, in the function of public utility for our society. Keywords : public philosophy, public utility, civic culture, public spirit, etc. (shrink)

An Encyclopedia Entry for ODIP-The Online Dictionary of Intercultural Philosophy (Kyoto, Japan).

Insecurity in Nigeria has assumed a weird situation to the extent that no region of the country is immune from the nauseating experience that has led to the death of hundreds of thousands of people. For instance, a total of 1,486 people in the country were victims of insecurity in January 2022 – 915 of whom were killed and 571 were kidnapped. The south east which hitherto was a peaceful zone has turned to a theatre of killings occasioned by the (...) intolerable activities of the unknown gunmen who take delight in the forceful sit-at home that has turned the south east into a fearful zone devoid of free movement of people. This by all intent and purposes have truncated the laudable think home philosophy of the Igbos. The dramatic surge in the activities of the unknown gunmen was as a result of the separatist agitation associated with the designation of the Indigenous People of Biafra as a terrorist organization by the Federal Government. This study will be guided by three objectives of the study among which is to examine the extent to which insecurity has affected business investments in the south east. A qualitative descriptive research design will be adopted; it is recommended that the governors of the south east should establish a security network that can fight the insecurity in the south east otherwise the region will continue to depreciate in terms of business investment. (shrink)

In today's digital landscape, establishing trust in decentralized systems is a paramount concern for ensuring the security and integrity of online transactions and interactions. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution, offering immutable and transparent record-keeping mechanisms. However, traditional blockchain-based authentication systems often lack a nuanced understanding of human trust dynamics and social interactions. This research proposes a novel approach to blockchain-based authentication systems informed by Yogic philosophy—a profound tradition that emphasizes principles of truthfulness, integrity, and self-awareness. By integrating (...) Yogic principles into the design and governance of blockchain authentication protocols, this study seeks to cultivate a culture of trust that transcends technical mechanisms. Through theoretical analysis, conceptual modeling, and empirical evaluation, the research aims to elucidate the philosophical underpinnings of trust in Yogic philosophy and translate them into practical guidelines for designing secure, user-centric blockchain authentication systems. The anticipated outcomes include a deeper understanding of the intersection between ancient wisdom traditions and modern cryptographic technologies, as well as actionable insights for developers, policymakers, and users seeking to foster trust in decentralized networks. (shrink)

This dialogue explores the hypothesis that an observer's thoughts and convictions could influence the outcome of quantum events, examining the implications of such a perspective on the inherent randomness and indeterminacy prescribed by quantum mechanics. We navigate through diverse viewpoints, including the observer effect, different interpretations of quantum mechanics, and the potential impact of the human mind on the physical world. To bridge the gap between the tangible and the abstract, we consider ed quantifiability of thought and its translation into (...) machine-readable formats. We contemplate whether the electrical and biochemical processes underlying the idea could have a bearing on quantum states and, subsequently, whether the randomness observed in quantum events like Schrödinger's cat paradox is truly inherent or subject to influence. As we embark on this intellectual journey, we draw upon seminal works and scientific principles to foster a deeper understanding of the intricate dance between consciousness and quantum reality. While acknowledging the speculative nature of this exploration and the current scientific consensus, we remain open to the possibilities and mysteries that the quantum universe may hold, ever-mindful of the evolving landscape of research and discovery in this field. (shrink)

This study examines the effectiveness of incorporating ancient Indian management concepts into modern business education. Drawing on traditional texts such as the Arthashastra and the Bhagavad Gita, Thirukurazh, alongside contemporary business practices, the research evaluates the impact of integrating these teachings on students' understanding of leadership, decision-making, ethics, and sustainability. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, including surveys and case studies, the study assesses the practical applicability and perceived value of these teachings in enhancing managerial skills and fostering holistic business practices. (...) The findings shed light on the potential benefits and challenges of such integration, offering insights for educators, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to enrich business education with diverse perspectives and timeless wisdom. (shrink)

The closing session of the “Practices in Research” conference of the 22nd of October 2020 was held online on the 17th of November. After a brief summary of the contributions, the underlying modalities and challenges of practice-led research were debated as they were experienced during the seminar. Eventually, the conversation concluded with reflections towards future seminars and publications. This text assembles a set of re-edited fragments of the conversation, focusing on epistemological and methodological considerations. These fragments do not necessarily form (...) a linear argument. As happens in a dynamic conversation, the themes bounce forward and back, side tracks are explored and shortcuts are taken, contributing to a vivid debate. (shrink)

This paper aims to show that translation is not only a fully-fledged philosophical problem, but also a specific philosophical praxis and a test bed for extracting the core of different philosophical frameworks. For this purpose, I will take into consideration the respective philosophies of Martin Heidegger and Jacques Derrida. Even if Heidegger often practices translation from the Greek in his own works and adds a few remarks towards an original investigation of this activity, he ultimately understands translation as a 'makeshift' (...) or as a 'shipwreck'. Throughout his contestation of Heidegger's position, Derrida shows the trap of the endless appropriation of the experience of the origin structure. He also frees up the discourse by putting the hierarchical polarization between the original and the translation into question. Thus, translation becomes a chance for philosophy, even for Derrida's deconstruction, a chance to generate new paths for investigation and to keep its question open. (shrink)

This paper introduces the Mass-Energy-Time (MET) concept, which posits that time is an emergent property arising from the interaction of mass and energy, rather than an absolute quantity. Building on the principles of special and general relativity, the MET concept extends our understanding of time dilation by incorporating the total energy of an object. This new perspective offers potential insights into the nature of time, gravitation, and their interrelation, with implications for cosmology, astrophysics, and the philosophy of time.

The article is devoted to the unique teaching about the icon of the priest Pavel Florensky – Russian Leonardo da Vinci. The question of the origin of icon worship in Christianity is being considered. The author highlights the views of Father Paul on the two realities of the icon – physical and spiritual, the timelessness of the icon and the peculiarities of perspective in it.

Published with thanks to Yeshua the living one Allaha. \begin{logos}[2.3] Let us suppose that a God $S$ is such that its representation $S$ is labor. Then $S$ stands in good relation to $S$, which it has constantly perfect. Suppose for every $S$, representation $S$ reflects\notex{Some quantification of the statement "for every $S$, relation $S$ reflects.} $J$. If this $S$ loves $J$, then every thing that is run in $J$ shall be fullfilled, to examine what it does. \end{logos} \end{allred} Fix a (...) representation of God as labor $\mho $\notex{Fix a representation of God as labor $\mho$ implies that it is possible to represent God as labor $\mho$.} and a supremum ${\mho}^*$ of $\mho$. Since ${\mho}^*$ is supremum of $\mho$, ${\mho}^*$ is a good representation of $S$. Let us now take some relation $R$, a variable that symbolizes the relation between $S$ and $S$ when $S$ is represented by a labor. We want to move to a more deterministic setup and, to accomplish this, we use the following: \renewcommand{\Re}{\mathcal R} Let $\Re(S,S^{\prime})$ be the set of all objects that are easily attributable to both $S$ and $S^{\prime}$. (shrink)

The book was the outcome of a Doctorate in the Philosphy of Music. The book was called "The World Authority on teh Makam System of Music" by Middlesex University UK. This paper offers a free copy of the book and an insight to some of the book's content.

This article is not yet published. It is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed. This theoretical article provides insight into the concept of Person behind Dyadic communication, starting from the well-known Leibniz's theory of monads as self-contained and autonomous entities. Leibniz's theory of monads represents a complex and innovative attempt to reconcile the principles of rationalism, metaphysics, and theology. Even though his conception of monads has faced criticism and debate, it remains a significant contribution to the history of philosophy (...) and continues to inspire scholarly inquiry and interpretation. For example, this article will also offer an exemplification for teaching purposes, illustrating monads in society as cells immersed in interstitial liquid. On the other hand, dyadic communication highlights the dynamic and interdependent nature of human interaction, where meaning is co-constructed through mutual engagement and exchange. This paper will analyse the implications of monadology for the perception of individual identity and isolation, with its philosophical perspectives on relationality (Philosophy of Relational Existence), and discuss the nature of existence and subjectivity intersect with interpersonal dynamics. The transition from Leibniz's monads to dyadic communication reflects a broader shift from a metaphysical framework focused on isolated substances to a relational perspective highlighting interaction and communication between entities. Furthermore, this article, in an unusual and at least daring attempt at interdisciplinary comparison between this philosophical background and the Subnuclear Physics Theory of Quantum Mechanics (Einstein, Heisenberg, et al.), in conjunction with the theory of the Pygmalion Effect of Rosenthal, will try to explain the methodological difficulties of the analytical measurement of this form of communication. It will conclude with the role of philosophy in sociological research. (shrink)

In this presentation Dr Roberto Kulpa and the RESIST project team reflected on the meanders of the contemporary higher education and research sectors across Europe from the perspectives of queer-feminist researchers located in diverse geopolitical contexts.

This article explores the great scholars of the 9th to 12th centuries in Movarounnahr and Khurasan, two historically significant regions of Central Asia and Persia. It provides an overview of Movarounnahr and Khurasan, highlighting their cultural and intellectual significance during this period. The article then delves into the achievements and contributions of prominent scholars who emerged from these regions, focusing on their advancements in various fields such as philosophy, science, literature, and Islamic scholarship. Through an examination of their works and (...) influence, this article sheds light on the rich intellectual heritage of Movarounnahr and Khurasan during the medieval period. (shrink)

The article discusses "personocentrism" and "systemocentrism", which define two uni ver s al quali t ie s t hat g i ve a c er t ain characteristic of any social system; it is proved that when forming a legal culture, the interests of the individual are taken into account in harmony with universal interests and serve them with their own satisfaction; new models of understanding legal culture in a broad context are being formed using the methodology and principles, and (...) the conceptual apparatus of both general cultural studies and comparative research of legal culture with other elements of the legal system of the state; it is shown that personocentrism can include complementary elements that are not characterized by the maximum degree of predominance of individual interests over collective interests, namely their balance; various aspects of the concept of systemocentrism are shown to a greater extent as a socio-practical orientation for the formation of legal culture. The purpose of this article is to show the peculiarities of the functioning of the Russian legal system, to identify the role of legal awareness in ensuring the dynamic balance of the system, aimed at the formation of a sovereign regime of legality; to study the mechanism of inclusion of the system of law in the system of national security as a factor in ensuring the sovereignty of the legal system of the state. The methodological basis of the work was determined primarily by the complex nature of the subject of the study. The interaction of the legal components of the phenomenon under consideration with those that have been developed within the framework of other fields of knowledge: cultural studies, sociology, philosophy, and predetermined the complex, interdisciplinary nature of the research methods used, along with the methods characteristic of legal science. The methodology of the work was based on general methods of scientific research: in particular, methods of analysis, synthesis, conclusions from the general to the particular and from the particular to the general, ascent from the concrete to the abstract, and others. Of the methods inherent in legal science, it should be noted that the method of comparative jurisprudence plays a special role for this study, without which the study of legal culture is simply unthinkable. Conclusions. The main trends in the development of legal culture of modern society can be recognized as the following: consolidation and integration of legal cultural values of society on the basis of Russian traditional values; the direction of development in legal culture in the unity of two components "personocentrism" and "systemocentrism" is traced; in the field of theory of rights - the emergence of theories that formalize the law, in the field of legal awareness - "standardization" public legal consciousness as a consequence of the consolidation of society. (shrink)

This article explores the intellectual achievements of prominent scholars from Movarounnahr (Transoxiana) and Khurasan during the Islamic Golden Age (9th-12th centuries). It highlights the contributions of scholars such as Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Al-Biruni, Al-Khwarizmi, Omar Khayyam, and Al-Ghazali in diverse fields including philosophy, science, medicine, mathematics, and literature. These scholars played pivotal roles in preserving and advancing ancient knowledge, integrating Hellenistic traditions with Islamic thought, and shaping the intellectual landscape of their era. Through their groundbreaking works, they facilitated cross-cultural exchange and (...) laid the foundation for subsequent developments in both the Islamic world and Europe. Their enduring legacies underscore the transformative impact of intellectual curiosity and the pursuit of knowledge across civilizations during a pivotal period in history. (shrink)

Non-existent art can be realised using the most various techniques (drawing, sculpture, writing,...). Non-existent art's objective is to represent the subject of the creation so that it is not physically present and everyone can imagine it as they like it. It is inevitable that the creations will eventually appear all the same, but they will have distinct sizes, the frame (or the base...) and especially the author and the title: the title, in fact, gives the public guidelines on what to (...) imagine. Since the signature cannot be placed on the piece, due to physical motivations, it can be written on a description label put on the frame, base,... Distinction between creations comes through the following parameters: Title Technique Sizes Since it is apparently not so difficult to create such creations, artists are invited not to abuse of non-existent art, but to deeply reason on their creations. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of the relationship between logic and philosophy in the historical-philosophical context and at the current stage of the development of science. Features of the development of traditional and classical formal and non-classical informal logic, corresponding metalogical argumentation are considered. The stage of the formation of philosophical logic is determined, conclusions are drawn regarding the methodological significance of philosophical logic for the development of philosophical knowledge.

Brief presentation on the ethics of nudge.

Presentation on the philosophical issues of Psychiatric self-diagnosis. It was used in the context of a lecture held for the course of "Technoethics of frontier medicine", on the 23rd of April 2024.

Founded on the premise that all living beings and systems are subjects in their own right, the Intersubjective Ecology Lab (IEL) is a collaborative effort at innovative, creative and experimental ways of reviving or arriving at socio-ecological knowledges and relationships that can help us reimagine our present and future beyond the so-called era of ‘the Anthropocene’ by supporting ecosystemic well-being on a local and planetary scale. During the Highland Gathering 2023, we hosted various sessions; from a philosophical dialogue on decolonizing (...) our relations with, and the meanings of ‘nature’, to a workshop on participatory improvisation theatre as a tool for embodied storytelling and imaginative learning from a ‘more-than-humane’ world, in collaboration with experimental philosopher and artist Jonathon Keats’ bestiaries project. It also included discussions on ethics towards an Atlas of Indigenous Ecological Knowledges in collaboration with the Ekologos Global Environmental Humanities Project, which served as preparations for a collaborative fieldwork in which we audio-visually documented Naga oral literatures: place-based stories and songs of belonging in a more-than-human world. (shrink)

This research paper will stimulate intercultural debate around indigenous epistemologies of the Global South. It also intends to raise awareness about the importance of indigenous languages for social development and pedagogical practices. This research is based on inclusive research methodologies with native speakers of the Nahuatl language during four fieldwork seasons between May 2017 and March 2019, inside different indigenous communities such as San Miguel Xaltipan and San Pedro Tlalcuapan in Tlaxcala, but also Santa Ana Tlacotenco in Mexico City. This (...) research uses mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative), and one of its goals is to achieve a deeper insight into the interplay between sociolinguistics and philosophy. The data gathered are based on conversational methodologies and extended interviews with indigenous scholars, teachers, and native speakers devoted to promoting capacity building and preservation of language, traditional knowledge, and cultural heritage. Most Nahua scholars interviewed headedor collaborate with a grass-roots organization that works independently and regularly without government support or funding. Also, the academic research of Nahua scholars has been instrumental in figuring out the framework of this research. This research is based on direct translations of unpublished material from Nahuatl to English. Inclusive research methodologies help face the question: why is it important to encourage, study, and promote indigenous languages globally? (shrink)

This paper has been published in Peer-reviewed International Journal "Remarking An Analisation" URL : https://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/new/publish-journal.php?editID=5638 Publisher : Social Research Foundation, Kanpur (SRF International) Abstract : Sri Aurobindo is seen most prominently as a spiritual leader and defender of Indian culture. However, a significant portion of his life consisted of both aggressive and passive resistance. He frequently tried to unite young Indian to be ready for armed revolution and openly advocated for it. His defence of violence and secret political activities can (...) seem contradictory when compared to his spiritual philosophy and ideal of human unity. He advocated for both active and passive techniques for fighting for freedom in India. This research paper reexamines Sri Aurobindo’s extremist nationalist philosophies with his own integral approach so as to determine whether it was contradiction or integration which modeled Sri Aurobindo’s seemingly contradictory Spiritual and Nationalist lives. (shrink)

This article explores the influential scholars of the 9th to 12th centuries in the regions of Movarounnahr and Khurasan. The author delves into the intellectual achievements and contributions of these great minds, highlighting their impact on various fields such as science, philosophy, and literature during this period. Through a detailed examination of their works and influence, the article sheds light on the cultural and academic landscape of Movarounnahr and Khurasan during this golden age of scholarship. By examining the lives and (...) legacies of these scholars, readers gain a deeper understanding of the rich history and intellectual heritage of these regions. (shrink)

Harmony of being, a concept that recognized philosophy, values, social science as a unit whole in understanding humanity holistically. This research paper aimed to discuss the relevance of this approach to NU MOA students and faculty members. The essence of studying how it enhanced personal growth and development was therefore explored through this paper. The research methodology used an exploratory and documentary analysis in which primary and secondary sources were used as data collection tools. In conclusion, the results from this (...) study could be used by NU MOA to come up with programs that enhanced harmony among its students and staff. (shrink)

The Ethereal Omniverse Framework (EOF) v1.0 This foundational work proposes the universe as a mathematical construct. It explores core mathematical concepts like sets, numbers, and abstract objects, laying the groundwork for a framework to understand the universe through this lens.

We propose a novel cognitive framework in which cognitive agents interact with their environment by assigning meta-tags which serve to collect related objects via stereotypes. Associated to each cognitive object is a museum, whose properties are enshrined by exhibits which may be visited by agents. Cognitive agents (consciously or unconsciously) curate museums in order to perfect them as self-representative stereotypes.

Marxist-Leninist philosophy is a mandatory subject in the higher education curriculum in Vietnam. Philosophy aims to build the most basic knowledge bases of human thinking, which are worldview and methodology. Therefore, learning and teaching this subject must have close coordination between professional knowledge and teaching methods. In this article, the author offers a number of measures to develop problem-solving capacity in teaching the Marxist-Leninist philosophy module for students at School of Foreign Languages - Thai Nguyen University from actually teaching the (...) subject. Keywords: Competence, problem solving, students, Marxist-Leninist philosophy. Title: SOME MEASURES TO DEVELOP PROBLEM SOLVING CAPACITY IN TEACHING THE MODULE ON MARXIST-Leninist Philosophy FOR STUDENTS AT SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES - THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Author: Nguyen Thi Hong Hai International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Vol. 12, Issue 2, April 2024 - June 2024 Page No: 1-5 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 15-April-2024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10972770 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/some-measures-to-develop-problem-solving-capacity-in-teaching -the-module-on-marxist-leninist-philosophy-for-students-at-school-of-foreign-languages---thai-nguyen -university. (shrink)

This is the supplementary dataset to the article entitled "Online Knowledge Production in Polarized Political Memes: The Case of Critical Race Theory." This study, completed by Alyvia Walters, Tawfiq Ammari, Kiran Garimella, and Shagun Jhaver, was accepted for publication in New Media & Society in 2024. Description of files: Memes Codebook.dox - Codebook used for qualitative coding of memes. Memes Project.qdpx - NVivo coding project, exported. all_posts.jsonl, clusters.zip, images.zip, & image_data.csv - the complete collection of data and images used for (...) this project. Please see publication in New Media & Society for more information on the use and collection of these items. (shrink)

This research paper critically examines the contribution of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's philosophy in present-day India. Dr. Ambedkar, a prominent figure in India's socio-political landscape, played a pivotal role in shaping the nation's trajectory towards social justice and equality. Through an in-depth analysis of his philosophical ideas and their impact on contemporary Indian society, this study aims to shed light on the relevance and applicability of Dr. Ambedkar's principles in addressing pressing issues such as caste discrimination, social inequality, and economic disparity. (...) Drawing upon a variety of scholarly sources and empirical data, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of Dr. Ambedkar's philosophy in informing policies, empowering marginalized communities, and fostering inclusive development. Furthermore, it examines the challenges and limitations faced in the implementation of his ideals, highlighting the need for continued engagement with his teachings to achieve a more just and equitable society. (shrink)

"Yes, this is the eternal renewal, the incessant rise and fall and fall and rise again. And in me too the wave rises." Virginia Woolf: The Waves As an homage to film theorist and experimental filmmaker Thierry Kuntzel and his work on waves, and in particular his interactive video installation "The Waves" this video essay is a meditation on the wave as an optical phenomenon, as philosophical object, and as a form of media self-reflexivity. In cinema's ongoing fascination with the (...) image of waves of water we can recognise a fascination with the fluidity of filmic images as their intrinsic quality. A filmmaker like Jean Epstein returns repeatedly and obsessively to images of water and waves breaking on shores as they perfectly represent the camera's unique ability to render everything it captures unstable and fluid. Accordingly, already at the beginning of film history the so-called "cinema of attractions" was drawn to spectacles of fluid wave-like movements, like in the early film genre of the serpentine dances. But even beyond and before the wave as visual motif film is dependent of waves and their diffusion: the light which transports optical information is itself a wave, and so is sound. Accordingly, also the soundtrack of my video essay which may be experienced as the sound of the sea is in fact just the product of modulating electronic sine waves. Finally, also the film material itself, when it disintegrates and falls apart becomes fluid, turning all its images into bubbling waves, as can be seen in the experimental films by Bill Morrison. The wave in and of film stands for what Kuntzel called a "vision flottante" - a "floating vision" (319): A cinema of uncertainty and mutability, of potentiality instead of definiteness, a cinema of flux. As Jean Epstein writes in Esprit de cinéma: "In a space-time that is variable at will, as conceived by the cinematographic tool, each object continually becomes an endless number of aspects-objects that oftentimes cannot be compared. When all forms liquefy in a perpetual mobility, the principle of identity becomes as unsuitable to them as it is to ocean waves" (39). Thierry Kuntzel: Title TK. Paris 2006 Jean Epstein: Esprit de cinéma. Genève, Paris 1955. With many thanks to the "Timeline Tuesday" research group for their feedback, ideas, and inspiration. further inspirational reading: Jean-Baptiste Thoret: "Gravity of the Flux: Michael Mann’s Miami Vice" Senses of Cinema (Feb 2007) Kathrin Dreckmann und Verena Meis: Fluide Mediale. Medialität, Materialität und Medienästhetik des Fluiden (2023). (shrink)

The article deals with some important aspects of priest Paul Florensky’s doctrine of the name. The article makes a general conclusion that protection of onomatodoxy for Florensky was the protection of the very essence of Christianity - as he understood this essence based on his own religious and philosophical convictions. It is pointed out that, according to Florensky’s opinion, only the “symbolic” world structure, that he identified, was capable of assuring the reality of deification, and, therefore, “Name Fighting” asserted nothing (...) else but the inwardness of the mortal world, which meant the negation of deification and withdrawal of the main ideas from Orthodox Christianity and Christianity. The author concludes that Florensky's doctrine of the Name is a direct consequence of his conception of a symbol, where God turns out to be inseparably though not integrally connected with the man and the world. This is no pantheism, but, in father Florensky’s interpretation, “a sacred secret”, which cannot and must not be discussed within the “framework” of rational thinking. (shrink)

This paper tackles one of the main problems that contemporary philosophers grapple with. This is the question of the contemporary relevance of philosophy, especially to human and societal development. Often times, one hears cynical and sarcastic questions like, Can philosophy bake bread? Of what use is philosophy to development? How may philosophical insights and prowess be useful for human and societal development? This paper responds to these and other like interrogations with the critical tool of hermeneutics and comparative analytic method. (...) Inter alia, the paper reveals that the ultimate teleology of philosophical engagements, critical and reflective reflections is to achieve sustainable human and societal development. Consequently, the paper concludes that to advance an integral development of man and society; philosophy must be reverentially appealed to as a competent tool for authentic and sustainable development. The paper is a qualitative research and relies on secondary data for its conceptual critical analysis. (shrink)

This article unveils ancient wisdom that intertwines the human body with celestial realms, elucidating the sacred bond between organs and deities. Through a lens of Hindu philosophy, each body part becomes a sanctum for revered gods, guiding us to understand our physical and metaphysical selves. From Agni's fiery presence in the face to Varuna's nurturing embrace in the stomach, discover how honoring these deities fosters harmony within. This abstract illuminates the path towards holistic well-being, where reverence for the divine within (...) us nurtures body, mind, and soul. (shrink)

Yoga system of Patañjali is one of the oldest systems of Indian philosophy. Apart from a traditional school which carries all the philosophical tenets within itself, it can also be regarded as an applied science. Basically Yoga psychology is both a positive and a normative science. Yoga psychology mainly deals with mind ( citta ), mental modifications ( vṛtti s), impurities ( kleśa ) that distract the citta from attaining the highest realization. Our mind is an area of conflicting forces (...) which requires to be subdued to some kind of unity. The main objective of Yoga psychology is to lay bare the process of thinking in its ethical aspects of progress towards or away from self-illumination which is identical with salvation; incidentally it has to discuss the difficulty and dangers beset the path of the aspirants for liberation at different stages of progress. Like the modern psychological counselling, this traditional knowledge system teaches us how to control the mind, how to fix it or how to make it stable etc. In this paper a modest attempt will be made to showcase the psychological aspect of Yoga philosophy which aims at the purification of citta to realize the ultimate serenity of life. (shrink)

Ancient or Traditional Indian Education System has always been a topic of interest among researchers as well as general educators. The New Education Policy rolled out by Government of India in 2020 has also focused upon this ancient Indian educational pedagogy. This article is an attempt to highlight the relevance of reorienting our present educational structure towards the ancient educational system, which was considered to be the best system of imparting value based and morally structured education among common masses. This (...) article elaborates the relevance of knowledge acquisition, knowledge discrimination and knowledge mining from the ancient education system point of view as well as it’s relevance in the present day education system. This article is an attempt to elaborate the philosophy of Ancient Indian education system through the insight of the knowledge and use of this knowledge which helps in restoring and restructuring of human moral values for society and nation building rather than just gaining it without a defined purpose. In this article, it has been emphasized that for rejuvenating and restructuring the present Indian Education System and provide a national moral value to the education system, we need to understand the outstanding characteristics of Indian Ancient philosophy of life, that revolved around the concept of Karma. And as such it is need of the hour to have a holistic approach in the Present Education System based on our Ancient Education System of India, which provides both physical as well as spiritual solitariness. This article has emphasized on the fact that in order to bring back ancient glory that existed in terms of knowledge acquisition, knowledge discrimination and knowledge mining in our ancient education system we need to re-orient the present education system with Ancient Indian Value based Education. (shrink)

"Karma's Echoes: Tracing Diseases through Lifetimes" encapsulates the essence of the discussion regarding the relationship between karma, past lives, and the manifestation of diseases in the present life within the context of Hindu philosophy. It highlights the exploration of how one's actions in previous lifetimes influence the health challenges faced in the current incarnation, drawing on the concept of karma and the interplay between Sanchita and Prarabdha karma. The abstract also touches upon the role of astrology as a multidimensional science (...) in portraying the connections between karma and health. Overall, it offers a glimpse into the intricate web of cause and effect that links past deeds to the ailments experienced throughout successive lifetimes. (shrink)

Hindu culture is one of the oldest and most complete philosophical structures with spiritualist purpose formulated in the history of mankind. Recognized for its depth, complexity and breadth of reasoning, which virtuously associates the scientific root with spiritual subjects in explanations about manifestation and divine reality. This article, whose general objective is to present the bases on which this philosophical-cultural system, and its structure of thought, was based, and, for specific objectives, to demonstrate how it contributed to the formulation of (...) the main religions and philosophies of the world, which aim to help man to re-find his true nature. As a methodology, a bibliographic research was carried out that covered both Western authors, researchers of culture and philosophy of the East, as well as Eastern authors, renowned for their explanation about the studies of the Hindu tradition. It was found that the works that explain the influence of the ancient structure of eastern philosophical and scientific thought, especially the Hindu tradition, present the depth and dedication that this theme requires and evidences the need for continuity and expansion of the study carried out. (shrink)

This paper delves into the profound similarities between Jiddu Krishnamurti's and Acharya Prashant's philosophies, emphasizing their shared focus on the illusory nature of the self, the transformative power of awareness, and the rejection of belief systems as foundational to their teachings. Despite differences in their communication styles and backgrounds, a comparative analysis reveals how both teachers guide individuals towards a profound truth: liberation from the ego-driven mind opens a pathway towards an unbounded reality of pure awareness. Drawing from their talks, (...) writings, and online resources, this paper provides a nuanced exploration of how these two influential spiritual figures encourage a radical shift in perception. (shrink)