Background: The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic caused a shortage of qualified nurses in Spain. As a result, the government authorized the hiring of senior students. Objectives: To explore the ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts experienced by final-year nursing students who worked during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Research design: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were carried out using a question guide. Interviews took place via a private video chat (...) room platform. A thematic, inductive analysis was performed of the information gathered. Participants and research context: Eighteen nursing students were recruited from two universities of Madrid, aged between 18 and 65 years old, enrolled in the fourth year of nursing studies and who were hired under a relief contract for health professionals during the pandemic. Ethical considerations: The present study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Results: Three specific themes emerged: (a) coping with patient triage, (b) difficulties in providing end-of-life care, and (c) coping with patient death. Nursing students participated in the process of patient selection for resource allocation and ICU bed occupancy. They were shown how to care for patients who were not admitted to the ICU, in their last moments and were faced with the difficulties of applying end-of-life care. Finally, the nursing students were confronted with the death of their patients, in overwhelming numbers and under adverse conditions. Conclusions: These findings can help shed light on the ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts faced by novice nursing students, incorporated into the workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, it was described that students may normalize the death due to the exhaustion and overwhelmed routine. (shrink)

RESUMEN Las investigaciones en el campo de la teoría de la comunicación apuntan a que en la actualidad el proceso es, desde lo social, una vía para el logro de las relaciones interpersonales y posee sus potencialidades estratégicas para la construcción social y cultural del hombre. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para el acercamiento inicial al estudio de las temáticas de la comunicación social en salud y la prevención de enfermedades en la comunidad. Por ello el objetivo del presente trabajo (...) estriba en establecer los fundamentos teóricos que sustentan el estudio de las relaciones entre la comunicación en salud y la concreción del trabajo preventivo desde la comunidad. Se defiende que la comunicación social en salud promueve el diálogo y el intercambio de información y es un componente imprescindible de todos los servicios de salud. ABSTRACT Research on the theoretical basis of communication point to the fact that nowadays, the process is, from a social point of view, a means of achieving interpersonal relationships and it has strategic potential toward men’s social and cultural construction. A bibliographic review was carried out in order to approach the study of subject matters related to social communication in health and disease prevention in the community. Therefore, this paper aims at stablishing the theoretical basis that support the study of the relationship between communication in health and the implementation of precautionary work from the community. It is defended that social communication in health promotes dialogue and information exchange and it is an essential element in all health services. (shrink)

According to an influential view, when it comes to representing reality, some words are better suited for the job than others. This is elitism. There is reason to believe that the set of the best, or elite, words should not be redundant or arbitrary. However, we are often forced to choose between these two theoretical vices, especially in cases involving theories that seem to be mere notational variants. This is the riddle of redundancy: both redundancy and arbitrariness are vicious, but (...) there are cases in which one must be picked. Logical realists admit that there are some logical constants among the elite words. This leads to awkward questions, such as which among conjunction and disjunction is elite. In this paper, I show how the riddle of redundancy arises for logical realists, and offer a solution. This approach requires us to change how we represent negation. Instead of using some particular symbol, we represent negation by flipping formulae over the horizontal axis. (shrink)

El objetivo de nuestra investigación es determinar el impacto de hábitos alimenticios en el desempeño académico. Fue evaluada los hábitos alimenticios según instrumentos validados y establecido su normalidad con Shapiro-Wilk W=0.97 y significancia p-valor=0.34. Tenemos que el consumo alimenticio también tiene distribución normal e impacta en el desempeño académico con una correlación de Pearson de 0.24 y significancia p-valor=0.04. La regresión logística establece el punto de corte de consumo igual a 38 para tener la probabilidad de un 50% de buen (...) desempeño académico. Asimismo, la estimación puntual de desempeño académico correspondiente a este corte de consumo 38 es el puntaje de 14. (shrink)

This is a collective work of philosophy of science on a topic, even though it could already be considered a classic, of great academic actuality in the field: change and incommensurability in science. The contributors are researchers from Spain, Argentina, Mexico, Brazil and Colombia.

An introduction to propositional logical and first-order logic.

Este artículo plantea un análisis de las transformaciones en el mundo del trabajo que ha traído consigo el modo de producción post-fordista, avivadas por la crisis global del capitalismo, así como por las consecuencias para el empleo y la productividad de la población joven de América Latina. El hecho de que sean la cognición, el lenguaje y la comunicación los más poderosos focos de la producción inmaterial que hoy reconfiguran el paisaje de estas sociedades en tránsito, hace de los jóvenes (...) un sector rápidamente incorporado a los cambios, duramente golpeados por el desbarajuste de la economía de mercado y, a la vez, sujetos de la apertura a nuevas formas de economía social. La capacidad creativa propia de las subjetividades juveniles les asigna un lugar de exploración de los nuevos mundos productivos en donde el desarrollo ya no está referido a procesos económicos, sino a la configuración de nuevas formas de vida. (shrink)

This article deals with a subject that in spite of its familiarity has to date received little attention from scholars of Olivecrona’s work. Indeed, it is often common, when discussing Olivecrona’s legal theory, to mention that the latter makes use of the magical view to explain, from an empirical standpoint, the suggestive force of the law. The topic, however, is not usually examined in depth, with a small number of exceptions. In these lines, we will attempt to show how Olivecrona (...) develops this topic and emphasise the importance of this so as to, on the one hand, reach a proper understanding of his theory, and on the other, offer a critique of it. (shrink)

Oscar Masotta (Buenos Aires, 1930- Barcelona, 1979) is all but forgotten now, except perhapsin the field of Lacanian studies. This is because in the 1970s,Masotta would challenge the master psychoanalyst on hisown turf, creating his own post-Lacanian school of psychoanalysisin Barcelona. But in 1965, aged just 27, Masottataught at the University of Buenos Aires, lectured at theDi Tella, and edited a book series on communication andmedia. A product of the newly open post-Perón era." Page 91.. This is the first exhibition (...) organized with materials from the archive Juan Acha, and includes reactivations of non-object-based art and artistic documentation. (shrink)

Dorian Gray pays a hefty price for years of sin and vice in this completely unabridged edition of The Picture of Dorian Gray.

Teaching allows human culture to exist and to develop. Despite its significance, it has not been studied in depth by the cognitive neurosciences. Here we propose two hypotheses to boost the claim that teaching is a human instinct, and to expand our understanding of how teaching occurs as a dynamic bi-directional relation within the teacher-learner dyad. First, we explore how children naturally use ostensive communication when teaching; allowing them to be set in the emitter side of natural pedagogy. Then, we (...) hypothesize that the capacity to teach may precede to even have a mature metacognition and, we argue that a teacher will benefit from the interaction with her student, improving her understanding on both contents of knowledge: her own and her student’s. Thus, we propose that teaching may be the driving force of metacognitive development and may be occurring as an instinct from very early ages. (shrink)

RESUMEN La sexualidad es parte de la personalidad, la manera de expresarla y vivirla es diferente en cada persona, en tanto, la adolescencia, como etapa del ciclo vital humano, se caracteriza por cambios biológicos, sicológicos y sociales. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para profundizar en el estudio de la sexualidad en la adolescencia y las acciones educativas como alternativa de la educación sexual. Se ejecutó una búsqueda en la literatura digital de artículos de investigaciones originales en las bases de datos (...) SciELO Cuba, SciELO Regional, ScienceDirect, ClinicalKey, Cumed, Lilacs, así como los sitios web Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Organización Mundial de la Salud, Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas de Cuba, Fondo de las Naciones Unidas. Se concluye que las acciones educativas sobre sexualidad en la adolescencia permitirán a los jóvenes tomar decisiones fundamentadas sobre su sexualidad y su salud, prepararse para la vida y mantener una conducta sexual responsable. ABSTRACT Sexuality is part of personality, the way to express it and live it is different in everyone. Meanwhile, adolescence, as a stage of humans' life, is characterized by biological, psychological and social changes. In order to deepen on the study of sexuality in adolescence and on educational actions as alternatives of sexual education, a bibliographic review was carried out. It was made a digital literature search of articles from original researches in SciELO Cuba, SciELO Regional, ScienceDirect, ClinicalKey, Cumed, Lilacs, as well as the Pan-American Health Organization, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, and the United Nations Fund websites. It was reached the conclusion that educational actions about sexuality in adolescence will allow young people to make conscious decisions about their sexuality and health, prepare for life and maintain a responsible sexual behavior. (shrink)

The article aims at describing the Spanish welfare state and assessing its problems and perspectives. The description of its characteristics, based on a comparison with European countries, makes it possible to identify patterns similar to those of other Southern welfare states, with an important subsidiarity with regard to the family and an orientation towards the protection of the older population. Regarding the identification of problems, two technical problems are highlighted in the article. First, those related to sensitivity to economic crises, (...) which specifically translates into a high level of structural unemployment. And, second, those linked to the very accelerated demographic changes, which cause an aging of the population that aggravates the difficulties of financing the system. Finally, the article pays attention to several political and design problems of the welfare state in Spain. Political polarization and clientelism make it difficult to make consensual decisions aimed at giving continuity and legitimacy to the welfare state. The risks linked to a ‘patchwork design’ characterized by complexity and lack of coherence in the catalog of services are also pointed out. (shrink)

En este artículo se estudian algunos aspectos de la vida y de la obra de Luis Vives, que han sido interpretados de forma equivocada. Su ascendenciajudía no fue demostrada hasta 1964, su penosa enfermedad fue mal interpretada por el Dr. Marañón, se vio defraudado en su amistad con Erasmo, sus ideas pacifistas fueron consideradas como imperialistas y, finalmente, sus textos han sido mal tra-ducidos.Sorne aspects of Luis Vives’ life and work, which have been submitted to wrong interpretations, are studied in (...) this paper. His Jewish ancestry wasn’t proved until 1964, his painful illness was wrong interpretated by Dr. Marañón, he became disappointed in his friendship with Erasmus, his pacifist ideas were considered as imperial ones, finally, his texts have been wrongly translated. (shrink)

Volume 46, Issue 6, November 2020, Page 676-692.

En el presente artículo se analiza el relato sobre la supuesta correspondencia mantenida por Jesús y el rey Abgar V de Edesa, presente en la obra Historia Eclesiástica de Eusebio de Cesarea. Desde sus inicios, la leyenda gozó de mucha fama debido a la consideración de los fieles de que se trataba de uno de los pocos testimonios existentes sobre un texto escrito por el mismísimo Jesús. Este hecho provocó que esta tradición se tradujese a numerosas lenguas y recibiera varias (...) influencias distintas, lo que sin duda favoreció su desarrollo y su pervivencia en el tiempo. A pesar de los numerosos estudios sobre su popularidad y sobre las distintas versiones existentes, el origen de esta leyenda sigue sin estar claro y está lejos de llegar a un consenso académico. Por tanto, en este trabajo se estudian las distintas perspectivas sobre el inicio de esta tradición, analizando aquellas teorías que se centran en sugerir que la obra se trata de una invención del autor, pero también buscando algún matiz histórico que pudo servir como fuente de inspiración para Eusebio de Cesarea. (shrink)

In the commentaries to this book we try to understand d’Alembert thoughts and how he contrives to translate his ideas on mechanics to the fluid realm with a new and radical point of view; how he arrives at the first two fundamental differential equations among the velocity components; and how he tries to reduce the resistance of a moving body, which is a change of its momentum, to the hydrostatical pressure, which is related to the gravity. All this knowing that (...) his mechanics has no forces and no pressures as well, and that the fluids are aggregates of individual particles. The essay A New Theory of the Resistance of Fluids was a turning point in Fluid Mechanics because clearly, for the first time, the resistance is shown as the results of a fluid subjected to differential equations in a continuous mode instead of a set of impacts of individual particles. This contribution has been recognized by the scholars. However, only partial attention has been p aid to this work, which can be justified due to the difficulty in its reading and also because it was eclipsed by the publication, a few years later, of Euler’s three Memoirs that established modern hydrodynamics. (shrink)

Resumen: El Taller de significados inéditos está concebido como una práctica filosófica para generar nuevos significados mediante la redefinición, siguiendo reglas lógicas, de conceptos del lenguaje ordinario. A partir de unas simples reglas y de un vocabulario seleccionado, los alumnos son capaces de pensar el lenguaje y recrear la realidad, alumbrando significados originales como expresión de su creatividad e imaginación. Junto a la mejora de la capacidad de definir —una de las operaciones básicas para articular el pensamiento—, el taller también (...) puede servir para aprender a vincular conceptos e imágenes y para ejercitar el sentido crítico, así como para hacer uso del diccionario y las TIC. Palabras clave: definición, reglas, creatividad, significados. English title: Studio of untold meanings. Redefining concepts by following logical rulesAbstract: The Studio of untold meanings has been conceived as a philosophical practise in order to generate new meanings, through redefinition of ordinary language concepts, following logical rules. Starting from simple rules and selected vocabulary, students are able to think the language and recreate reality, lighting up original meanings as expression of their creativity and imagination. Besides improving the ability to define—one of the basic operations of articulate thought—the studio can also help them to learn how to link concepts and images, exercise critical thinking and encourage the use of dictionaries and TIC. Keywords: definition, rules, creativity, meanings. (shrink)

OSCAR HORTA | : This paper examines the extent of the opposition between environmentalists and those concerned with wild-animal suffering and considers whether there are any points they may agree on. The paper starts by presenting the reasons to conclude that suffering and premature death prevail over positive well-being in nature. It then explains several ways to intervene in order to aid animals and prevent the harms they suffer, and claims that we should support them. In particular, the paper argues (...) in favour of carrying out more research to learn the best ways to intervene without causing more harm to other animals and to intervene first in areas significantly transformed by human action. It then examines what positions environmentalist views can have towards intervention in nature for the sake of animals. It claims that, while ecocentric and naturocentric views will strongly oppose intervention in certain circumstances, they should not do so in other cases in which the values they promote are not at stake or might be outweighed. The paper then argues that, contrary to what it might seem at first, biocentric views should strongly support intervention. It then discusses whether there may be certain practical issues about which those concerned with wild animal suffering and environmentalists may support the same approach, such as opposition to the greening of desert ecosystems. Finally, it claims that raising awareness about wild animal suffering seems to be the most urgent task now for those concerned about it. | : Le présent article examine l’étendue de l’opposition entre les environnementalistes et ceux qui se préoccupent de la souffrance des animaux sauvages, afin de déterminer s’il existe des points sur lesquels ils peuvent être en accord. L’article débute en présentant les raisons permettant de conclure que la souffrance et la mort prématurée l’emportent sur le bien-être positif dans la nature. Ensuite, il explique plusieurs façons d’intervenir afin d’aider les animaux et de prévenir les maux dont ils souffrent et plaide pour la mise en oeuvre de celles-ci. Plus précisément, l’article préconise un plus grand nombre de recherches afin de déterminer les meilleures façons d’intervenir sans causer davantage de maux à d’autres animaux ainsi que pour prioriser des interventions en des endroits que l’action humaine a significativement transformés. L’article examine par la suite les positions que les conceptions environnementalistes peuvent adopter quant aux interventions dans la nature pour le bien des animaux. L’article propose que, bien que des visions écocentriques et naturocentriques s’opposent vivement à l’intervention dans certaines circonstances, elles ne devraient cependant pas s’y opposer dans les cas où les valeurs qu’elles promeuvent n’entrent pas en jeu ou peuvent avoir moins de poids que d’autres facteurs. L’article soutient ensuite que, contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait penser à première vue, les théories biocentristes devraient fortement appuyer l’intervention. Il pose la question à savoir si certains problèmes pratiques peuvent faire l’objet d’une approche commune parmi les environnementalistes et ceux qui se soucient de la souffrance des animaux sauvages, par exemple s’opposer à l’écologisation des déserts. Enfin, l’article propose que la tâche la plus pressante pour ceux qui se préoccupent de la souffrance des animaux sauvages consiste à accroître la sensibilisation à ce problème. (shrink)

Many people think we should refrain from intervening in nature as much as possible. One of the main reasons for thinking this way is that the existence of nature is a net positive. However, population dynamics teaches us that most sentient animals who come into existence in nature die shortly thereafter, mostly in painful ways. Those who survive often suffer greatly due to natural causes. If sentient beings matter, this gives us reasons to intervene to prevent such harms. This counterintuitive (...) conclusion can be opposed by arguing that we should not care about nonhuman animals; that other values, such as the existence of certain ecosystemic relations or of untouched wild areas, count for more than the interests of sentient beings; or that intervention in nature cannot succeed. There are, however, strong reasons to reject these claims and to support significant intervention in nature for the sake of animals, despite our deep-rooted intuitions to the contrary. (shrink)

This book presents an original thesis about the notion of sensory experience and of the mind’s architecture, which is grounded in current trends in cognitive science and philosophy of mind. Presented in the form of a dialogue, the book explores some of the psychological and philosophical consequences that the author derives from his proposal. "Provocative and imaginative, the first volume in the VIBS' Special Series in Cognitive Science is a critique of the traditional theoretical apparatus of the discipline. In The (...) Dissolution of Mind, neuroscientist Oscar Vilarroya undertakes the ambitious project of reformulating the traditional notions of "concept," "thought," "communication," "representation," "language" and eventually "mind." Metapsychology, May 2003. (shrink)

There are many circumstances in which vegans are treated or considered worse than nonvegans, both in the private and the public sphere, either due to the presence of a bias against them or for structural reasons. For instance, vegans sometimes suffer harassment, have issues at their workplace, or find little vegan food available. In many cases they are forced to contribute to, or to participate in, animal exploitation against their will when states render it illegitimate to oppose or refuse to (...) support some uses of animals. For the most part this remains socially invisible. Vegans, however, often recognize this as a form of discrimination against them. But they seldom campaign against it, as they regard it as a consequence of another and more important discrimination, i.e. speciesist discrimination against nonhuman animals. If this is correct, discrimination against vegans can be characterized as a form of second-order discrimination, that is, discrimination against those who oppose another form of discrimination. If speciesism really is unjustified and discriminatory, then discrimination against vegans will always be discriminatory and unjustified too. But even if our current attitudes towards animals were justified there would be strong reasons to claim that vegans do suffer several forms of private and public discrimination that are unjustified. (shrink)

El proceso de Ibn al- Jaṭīb ha pasado a la historia debido a la personalidad del inculpado. La mayoría de las opiniones coinciden en declarar la acusación y el proceso como un simulacro para conseguir su muerte, pues la acusación de alta traición, por las circunstancias que incidieron en el caso, no iba a conseguir el objetivo propuesto. Por esta razón se buscaron otros motivos con que inculparle y que permitieran perseguirlo y condenarlo en cualquier parte del Islam, por eso (...) estas acusaciones sólo podían responder a delitos de lesa religión. Y se encontraron. Las acusaciones que se analizan en este trabajo figuran en varios textos, en al-Marqaba al-'ulyà y en las obras de al-Maqqarī, algunos de ellos no traducidos hasta ahora. En el desarrollo de las actuaciones se observan irregularidades procesales, pero tanto en Granada como en Fez, la condena se centra en la figura del zindīq cuya sentencia final fue la pena de muerte. (shrink)