Results for 'medieval psychology'

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  1.  31
    Medieval psychology.Simon Kemp - 1990 - New York: Greenwood Press.
    This book describes the psychological ideas current in medieval Europe. It aims partly to correct misperceptions about the nature of psychology in the Middle Ages; an important theme is the surprising unity and coherence of medieval psychology. Kemp outlines two major influences on medieval psychology: Christian beliefs and the views of classical philosophers and physicians. He outlines medieval views on the nature of the soul and spirit, deals with medieval theories of perception, (...)
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  2.  9
    A History of Psychology: Mediaeval and Early Modern Period Volume Ii.George Sydney Brett - 2003 - Routledge.
    First published in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
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  3.  91
    The Gaze of the Mind: Cognitive Activity, Attention, and Causal Explanation in 13th-14th Century Latin Medieval Psychology.André Martin - 2022 - Dissertation, Mcgill University
    In this dissertation, I survey 13th-14th century debates in medieval psychology and metaphysics, chiefly concerning the activity of the soul and the general nature of causation and causal co-operation. I give particular attention to a few notable “Augustinian” Franciscans, viz., Peter John Olivi, Gonsalvus of Spain, and John Duns Scotus. According to these figures, even our most basic acts of cognition primarily originate from within our cognitive powers, rather than from external objects. This view is motivated by both (...)
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  4.  28
    Contributions of Muslim medieval scholars to psychology.Sameer Ansari & Naved Iqbal - 2023 - Archive for the Psychology of Religion 45 (3):308-333.
    Psychology has been the significant discipline since the time of antiquity which becomes more consolidated during the medieval age of Islam. It had a strong foundation in the professional writings of polymaths from the Islamic Middle Ages that were eventually transmitted to the West. However, the unique psychological contributions of these medieval polymaths remained largely unexplored. Despite the growing interest in their work, which is partly due to Islamic psychology, only a handful of them have been (...)
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  5.  34
    The Ontology, Psychology and Axiology of Habits (Habitus) in Medieval Philosophy.Nicolas Faucher & Magali Roques (eds.) - 2018 - Cham: Springer.
    This book features 20 essays that explore how Latin medieval philosophers and theologians from Anselm to Buridan conceived of habitus, as well as detailed studies of the use of the concept by Augustine and of the reception of the medieval doctrines of habitus in Suàrez and Descartes. Habitus are defined as stable dispositions to act or think in a certain way. This definition was passed down to the medieval thinkers from Aristotle and, to a lesser extent, Augustine, (...)
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  6.  75
    Psychology and the soul in late medieval Erfurt.Pekka Kärkkäinen - 2009 - Vivarium 47 (4):421-443.
    In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries the University of Erfurt was one of the strongholds of the via moderna in Germany. The present article examines how this school's identity was manifested in discussions on the soul and its powers, engaged in by three Erfurtian philosophers: Johannes Carnificis de Lutrea, Jodocus Trutfetter and Bartholomaeus Arnoldi de Usingen. In the various forms of their expositions these authors reveal a rather uniform stance concerning doctrinal issues. Their positions are largely based on (...)
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  7.  45
    Intellectual traditions at the medieval university: the use of philosophical psychology in Trinitarian theology among the Franciscans and Dominicans, 1250-1350.Russell L. Friedman - 2013 - Boston: Brill.
    This book presents an overview of the later medieval trinitarian theology of the rival Franciscan and Dominican intellectual traditions, and includes detailed studies of thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, Henry of Ghent, John Duns Scotus, ...
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  8.  37
    The mystic mind: The psychology of medieval mystics and ascetics. By Jerome Kroll and Bernard Bachrach.Edward Howells - 2008 - Heythrop Journal 49 (2):340–342.
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  9.  9
    Avicenna in Medieval Hebrew Translation: Ṭodros Ṭodrosi’s Translation of Kitāb Al-Najāt , on Psychology and Metaphysics.Gabriella Elgrably-Berzin - 2014 - Brill.
    In The Medieval Hebrew Translation of Avicenna’s Kitāb al-Najāt presents an analysis and critical edition of the fourteenth-century Hebrew version of a major Arabic philosophical text, focusing on the psychology. It also includes an appendix featuring the section on metaphysics.
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  10.  9
    Avicenna's Psychology in Medieval Hebrew Translation: A Critical Edition of Ṭodros Ṭodrosi’s Translation of Kitāb Al-Najāt Ii, 6 with an Appendix of the Incomplete Metaphysics.Gabriella Elgrably-Berzin - 2014 - Brill.
    In The Medieval Hebrew Translation of Avicenna’s _Kitāb al-Najāt_ presents an analysis and critical edition of the fourteenth-century Hebrew version of a major Arabic philosophical text, focusing on the psychology. It also includes an appendix featuring the section on metaphysics.
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  11. Perceptual Judgement in Late Medieval Perspectivist Psychology.J. F. Silva - 2017 - In Daniel Heider, Lukáš Lička & Marek Otisk, Perception in Scholastics and Their Interlocutors. Praha: Filosofia.
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  12.  7
    The word in medieval logic, theology and psychology: acts of the XIIIth International Colloquium of the Société Internationale pour l'Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale, Kyoto, 27 September-1 October 2005.Tetsurō Shimizu & Charles Burnett (eds.) - 2009 - Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
    "All the essays published in this volume have been reviewed by members of the Bureau of the SIEPM"--T.p. verso.
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  13.  15
    Medieval philosophy: a history of philosophy without any gaps.Peter Adamson - 2019 - New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Peter Adamson presents a lively introduction to six hundred years of European philosophy, from the beginning of the ninth century to the end of the fourteenth century. The medieval period is one of the richest in the history of philosophy, yet one of the least widely known. Adamson introduces us to some of the greatest thinkers of the Western intellectual tradition, including Peter Abelard, Anselm of Canterbury, Thomas Aquinas, John Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, and Roger Bacon. And the (...)
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  14.  69
    Basic Issues in Medieval Philosophy, Second Edition: Selected Readings Presenting Interactive Discourse Among the Major Figures.Richard N. Bosley & Martin M. Tweedale (eds.) - 2006 - Peterborough, CA: Broadview Press.
    In this important collection, the editors argue that medieval philosophy is best studied as an interactive discussion between thinkers working on very much the same problems despite being often widely separated in time or place. Each section opens with at least one selection from a classical philosopher, and there are many points at which the readings chosen refer to other works that the reader will also find in this collection. There is a considerable amount of material from central figures (...)
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  15.  9
    Cognitive psychology in the Middle Ages.Simon Kemp - 1996 - Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
    This book summarizes the ideas about cognitive psychology expressed in the writings of medieval Europeans. Up until the 13th century, Christians who wrote about cognitive psychology, foremost of whom was St. Augustine, did so in the Neoplatonic tradition. The translation of the works of Aristotle and some of the works of Arab scholars into Latin during the 12th and 13th centuries brought a high level of sophistication to the theories. The author touches upon the works of Augustine, (...)
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  16.  19
    Brentano’s Modification of the Medieval-Scholastic Concept of ‘Intentional Inexistence’ in Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874).Cyril McDonnell - 2006 - Maynooth Philosophical Papers 3:55-74.
    Brentano is perhaps most famously renowned for his re-deployment of Scholastic terminology of ‘intentional act’ and ‘intentional object’ in the elaboration of his novel science of ‘descriptive psychology’ in the mid-1870s and 1880s. In this re-deployment, however, Brentano adapted the original Scholastic meanings of both of these terms. Thus Brentano advanced not one but two descriptive-psychological theses of intentionality.1 These theses, however, are often not properly distinguished, and consequently they are more often confused. Nevertheless, once the two theses are (...)
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  17.  36
    Kyoto: "The Word in Medieval Logic, Theology and Psychology". [REVIEW]Charles Burnett - 2005 - Bulletin de Philosophie Medievale 47:229-232.
  18.  33
    Housing the Powers: Medieval Debates About Dependence on God.Marilyn McCord Adams - 2022 - Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Edited by Cecilia Trifogli & Robert Merrihew Adams.
    This book presents a series of studies by the late Marilyn McCord Adams of medieval philosophical and theological views regarding the powers that govern human psychological processes. She explores which of them were taken to be ours to exercise and control, and which to be controlled and exercised only by God.
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  19.  27
    Varieties of Voluntarism in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy.Sonja Schierbaum & Jörn Müller (eds.) - 2024 - Routledge.
    This book considers different forms of voluntarism developed from the 13th to 18th centuries. By crossing the conventional dividing line between the medieval and early modern periods, the volume draws important new insights on the historical development of voluntarism. Voluntarism places a special emphasis on the will when it comes to the analysis and explanation of fundamental philosophical questions and problems. Since the Middle Ages, voluntarist considerations and views played an important role in the development of different theories of (...)
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  20.  46
    Freedom of choice in Buridan's moral psychology.Jack Zupko - 1995 - Mediaeval Studies 57 (1):75-99.
  21. Medieval Approaches to Consciousness: Ockham and Chatton.Susan Brower-Toland - 2012 - Philosophers' Imprint 12:1-29.
    My aim in this paper is to advance our understanding of medieval approaches to consciousness by focusing on a particular but, as it seems to me, representative medieval debate. The debate in question is between William Ockham and Walter Chatton over the existence of what these two thinkers refer to as “reflexive intellective intuitive cognition”. Although framed in the technical terminology of late-medieval cognitive psychology, the basic question at issue between them is this: Does the mind (...)
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  22.  23
    Perception and action in medieval Europe.Harald Kleinschmidt - 2005 - Rochester, NY: Boydell Press.
    Study of the changing nature of the perception of an action and the action itself, and how thought-processes altered radically in the Middle Ages"--Provided by publisher.
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  23.  94
    Emotions in ancient and medieval philosophy.Simo Knuuttila - 2004 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    Emotions are the focus of intense debate both in contemporary philosophy and psychology, and increasingly also in the history of ideas. Simo Knuuttila presents a comprehensive survey of philosophical theories of emotion from Plato to Renaissance times, combining rigorous philosophical analysis with careful historical reconstruction. The first part of the book covers the conceptions of Plato and Aristotle and later ancient views from Stoicism to Neoplatonism and, in addition, their reception and transformation by early Christian thinkers from Clement and (...)
  24. Psychology, Character, and Performance in Hamlet.Gene Fendt - 2008 - In Psychology, Character, and Performance in Hamlet. San Francisco, CA, USA: pp. 217-230.
    As Shakespeare is closer in time and spirit to medieval psychology than to popular modern explanations of psyche, this article presents a fourfold analysis of ecstasy from Aquinas' Summa Theologiae to examine the characters of the play. I also suggest performance choices which make a variety of these ecstasies of soul more visible.
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  25.  28
    Intellectual Traditions at the Medieval University: The Use of Philosophical Psychology in Trinitarian Theology among the Franciscans and Dominicans, 1250–1350 by Russell L. Friedman. [REVIEW]Therese Cory - 2015 - Review of Metaphysics 68 (4):849-852.
  26.  29
    The Routledge Companion to Medieval Philosophy.J. T. Paasch & Richard Cross (eds.) - 2020 - New York: Routledge.
    Like any other group of philosophers, scholastic thinkers from the Middle Ages disagreed about even the most fundamental of concepts. With their characteristic style of rigorous semantic and logical analysis, they produced a wide variety of diverse theories about a huge number of topics. The Routledge Companion to Medieval Philosophy offers readers an outstanding survey of many of these diverse theories, on a wide array of subjects. Its 35 chapters, all written exclusively for this Companion by leading international scholars, (...)
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  27.  23
    Subjectivity and Selfhood in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy.Jari Kaukua & Tomas Ekenberg (eds.) - 2016 - Cham: Springer.
    This book is a collection of studies on topics related to subjectivity and selfhood in medieval and early modern philosophy. The individual contributions approach the theme from a number of angles varying from cognitive and moral psychology to metaphysics and epistemology. Instead of a complete overview on the historical period, the book provides detailed glimpses into some of the most important figures of the period, such as Augustine, Avicenna, Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz and Hume. The questions addressed include (...)
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  28.  25
    Animal Minds in Medieval Latin Philosophy: A Sourcebook From Augustine to Wodeham.Anselm Oelze - 2021 - Springer Verlag.
    This sourcebook explores how the Middle Ages dealt with questions related to the mental life of creatures great and small. It makes accessible a wide range of key Latin texts from the fourth to the fourteenth century in fresh English translations. Specialists and non-specialists alike will find many surprising insights in this comprehensive collection of sources on the medieval philosophy of animal minds. The book’s structure follows the distinction between the different aspects of the mental. The author has organized (...)
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  29. Medieval philosophy: critical concepts in philosophy.Christina van Dyke & Andrew W. Arlig (eds.) - 2019 - New York: Routledge.
    Volume 1: Mind, Logic and Language -- volume 2: Metaphysics and Epistemology -- volume 3: Natural Science and Philosophical Theology -- volume 4: Ethics and Moral Psychology and Social and Political Philosophy.
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  30.  7
    Psychological Types, Or the Psychology of Individuation.Carl Gustav Jung - 2023 - Pantheon Books.
    In the 21st century, Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) remains one of the key figures in the field of analytical psychology - and Psychological Types, or The Psychology of Individuation, published in 1921, is one of his most influential works. It was written during the decade after the publication of Psychology of the Unconscious (1912), which effectively ended his friendship and collaboration with Sigmund Freud. Whereas the earlier work had clearly marked Jung's psychoanalytical divergence from Freud it is (...)
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  31.  52
    Free Will and the Rebel Angels in Medieval Philosophy.Tobias Hoffmann - 2020 - New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    In this book Tobias Hoffmann studies the medieval free will debate during its liveliest period, from the 1220s to the 1320s, and clarifies its background in Aristotle, Augustine, and earlier medieval thinkers. Among the wide range of authors he examines are not only well-known thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham, but also a number of authors who were just as important in their time and deserve to be rediscovered today. To shed further light (...)
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  32.  81
    Self: Ancient and Medieval Insights about Individuality, Life, and Death (review).Henry Dyson - 2007 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 45 (3):491-492.
    Henry Dyson - Self: Ancient and Medieval Insights about Individuality, Life, and Death - Journal of the History of Philosophy 45:3 Journal of the History of Philosophy 45.3 491-492 Muse Search Journals This Journal Contents Reviewed by Henry Dyson University of Michigan Richard Sorabji. Self: Ancient and Medieval Insights about Individuality, Life, and Death. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Pp. xi + 400. Cloth, $35.00. Once again, Richard Sorabji takes us on a fascinating tour of the historic (...)
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  33. Beauty, Evolution, and Medieval Literature.Claudio Da Soller - 2010 - Philosophy and Literature 34 (1):95-111.
    Medieval literature often used stock descriptions of beautiful women following a well-established rhetorical canon which included expressions such as "golden hair," "sparkling eyes," or "skin whiter than snow." But were these terms mere rhetorical conventions derived from Latin poetry, as generally accepted by medieval scholars? And what happens if we examine these descriptions at the "literal" level of interpretation? This survey of works in the languages of medieval Iberia shows that the medieval rhetorical portrait synthesized a (...)
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  34. Intentionality in Medieval Arabic Philosophy.Deborah L. Black - 2010 - Quaestio 10:65-81.
    It has long been a truism of the history of philosophy that intentionality is an invention of the medieval period, and within this standard narrative, the central place of Arabic philosophy has always been acknowledged. Yet there are many misconceptions surrounding the theories of intentionality advanced by the two main Arabic thinkers whose works were available to the West, Avicenna and Averroes. In the first part of this paper I offer an overview of the general accounts of intentionality and (...)
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  35.  19
    Medieval Trinitarian Thought From Aquinas to Ockham.Russell L. Friedman - 2010 - Cambridge University Press.
    How can the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit be distinct and yet identical? Prompted by the doctrine of the divine Trinity, this question sparked centuries of lively debate. In the current context of renewed interest in Trinitarian theology, Russell L. Friedman provides the first survey of the scholastic discussion of the Trinity in the 100-year period stretching from Thomas Aquinas' earliest works to William Ockham's death. Tracing two central issues - the attempt to explain how the three persons (...)
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  36. Perceiving As: Non-conceptual Forms of Perception in Medieval Philosophy.Juhana Toivanen - 2019 - In Elena Băltuță, Medieval Perceptual Puzzles: Theories of Sense Perception in the 13th and 14th Centuries. Leiden ;: Investigating Medieval Philoso. pp. 10–37.
    The aim of this chapter is to take a closer look at medieval discussions concerning the phenomenon of ‘perceiving as,’ and the psychological mechanisms that lie behind it. In contemporary philosophical literature this notion is usually used to refer to conceptual aspects of perception. For instance, when I perceive a black birdlike shape as a crow, I may be said to perceive the particular sensible thing x as an instance of a universal crowness φ, that is, as belonging to (...)
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  37.  13
    Monica Brînzei and Christopher D. Schabel. Eds. Philosophical Psychology in Late-Medieval Commentaries on Peter Lombard’s Sentences. Turnhout: Brepols, 2022. [REVIEW]Elena Baltuta - 2022 - Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 29 (1):267-271.
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  38.  9
    Sciences and the Self in Medieval Poetry: Alan of Lille's Anticlaudianus and John Gower's Confessio Amantis.James Simpson - 1995 - Cambridge University Press.
    A 1995 study of two important late medieval poems and their philosophical and psychological contexts.
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  39.  38
    Psychology and syllogistic reasoning.N. E. Wetherick - 1989 - Philosophical Psychology 2 (1):111 – 124.
    A theory of syllogistic reasoning is proposed, derived from the medieval doctrine of 'distribution of terms'. This doctrine may or may not furnish an adequate ground for the logic of the syllogism but does appear to illuminate the psychological processes involved. Syllogistic thinking is shown to have its origins in the approach and avoidance behaviour of pre-verbal organisms and, in verbal (human) organisms, to bridge the gap between the intuitive grasp shown by most of us of the validity of (...)
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  40.  49
    (1 other version)Marking the Boundaries: Animals in Medieval Latin Philosophy.Juhana Toivanen - 2018 - In Peter Adamson & Fey Edwards, Animals: A History. pp. 121-150.
    The medieval reception of Aristotle’s theory of animals was rich and multifaceted and included reflection on his psychological theories but also, for instance, his claim that humans are “political animals.” A particular problem for the medievals was demarcating animals, that is, specifying the dividing line between animal and human. This is especially the case given the sophisticated capacities they ascribe to animals, while still retaining a hard and fast distinction between humans as rational and animals as irrational. Authors discussed (...)
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  41.  41
    Hildegard: Medieval holism and 'presentism'— or, did sigewiza have health insurance?Jerome L. Kroll - 2007 - Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 14 (4):pp. 369-372.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Hildegard: Medieval Holism and ‘Presentism’—Or, Did Sigewiza Have Health Insurance?Jerome L. Kroll (bio)Keywordsholistic healing, presentism, Hildegard of Bingen, medieval medicineSuzanne Phillips and Monique Boivin have published an article examining Hildegard of Bingen’s (1098–179) treatment and cure of Sigewiza, a possessed woman. The purpose of their article is to demonstrate Hildegard’s holistic, or biopsychosocial, approach to healing as a model that we in the twenty-first century have lost (...)
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  42.  10
    A Hidden Wisdom: Medieval Contemplatives on Self-Knowledge, Reason, Love, Persons, and Immortality by Christina Van Dyke (review).Ann W. Astell - 2024 - The Thomist 88 (4):707-710.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:A Hidden Wisdom: Medieval Contemplatives on Self-Knowledge, Reason, Love, Persons, and Immortality by Christina Van DykeAnn W. AstellA Hidden Wisdom: Medieval Contemplatives on Self-Knowledge, Reason, Love, Persons, and Immortality. By Christina Van Dyke. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. Pp. xxv + 228. $41.00 (hardcover). ISBN: 978-0-19-886168-3.Building upon Étienne Gilson’s The Mystical Theology of St. Bernard (1940), which identified a systematic structure in the thought of a (...)
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  43.  32
    A medieval aspect of pragmatism.John Warbeke - 1919 - Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 16 (8):207-215.
  44.  34
    An Early Medieval Account of the Human Condition: Augustine’s liberum arbitrium as a Mediator Between Reason and the Will.Magdalini Tsevreni - 2023 - Sophia 62 (2):207-225.
    Saint Augustine is sometimes introduced as the first theologian-philosopher, a founder of the Western theologico-philosophical tradition, and a figure who unites two historical times—the Late Antiquity with the Middle Ages—and two different major schools—the Hellenistic philosophy with Christianity. Augustine lives and writes in the era of eudaimonism, teleology and virtue ethics, and he accomplishes, as we will see, a clear shift in the context of these doctrines. In this paper, we reconstruct Augustine’s philosophical approach to human psychology, looking at (...)
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  45.  36
    Philosophical psychology in historical perspective: Review essay of J.‐C. Smith ,Historical foundations of cognitive science. [REVIEW]T. C. Meyering - 1996 - Philosophical Psychology 9 (3):381 – 390.
    Historiography of science faces a preliminary question of strategy. A continuist conception of the history of science poses research problems different from those of a dynamic conception, which acknowledges that not only our theoretical knowledge but also the explananda themselves may change under the influence of new scientific insights. Whereas continuist historiography may advance our understanding of (the historical background of) current theoretical problems, dynamic historiography may also make a creative contribution to the progress of present-day research. This f act (...)
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  46.  15
    History of Aesthetics, Vol. I. Ancient Aesthetics, and: History of Aesthetics, Vol. II. Medieval Aesthetics (review).Allan Shields - 1973 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 11 (1):110-111.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:110 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY History of Aesthetics, Vol. I. Ancient Aesthetics. By Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz. Ed. J. Harrell. Trans. Adam and Ann Czerniawski. (The Hague-Paris: Mouton and Warszawa: PWN-Polish Scientific Publishers, 1970. Pp. vii-352.) History of Aesthetics, Vol. II. Medieval Aesthetics. By WladySlaw Tatarkiewicz. Ed. C. Barrett. Trans. R. M. Montgomery. (The Hague-Paris: Mouton and Warszawa: PWN-Polish Scientific Publishers, 1970. Pp. vii-315.) These two volumes of Tatarkiewicz' monumental history (...)
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  47.  24
    Interference and Persistence: Dying in Medieval Spanish Literature.Daniel Añua-Tejedor - 2021 - Studium 26:39-65.
    Our current society seems to require a sharp separation between what can be tolerated in public and what must remain hidden. There is explicit and implicit censorship of both the subject of death and of the crying and suffering of surviving relatives and friends. Medieval literature and literary studies, however, show how the experience of dying and its appropriate manifestations of grief seemed to be more integrated into everyday life, as opposed to the apparent “disintegration” of nowadays. It is (...)
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  48.  24
    Nothing Natural Is Shameful: Sodomy and Science in Late Medieval Europe.Joan Cadden - 2013 - Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    n his Problemata, Aristotle provided medieval thinkers with the occasion to inquire into the natural causes of the sexual desires of men to act upon or be acted upon by other men, thus bringing human sexuality into the purview of natural philosophers, whose aim it was to explain the causes of objects and events in nature. With this philosophical justification, some late medieval intellectuals asked whether such dispositions might arise from anatomy or from the psychological processes of habit (...)
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  49.  54
    Book review: Intellectual Traditions at the Medieval University: The use of Philosophical Psychology in Trinitarian Theology Among the Franciscans and Dominicans, 1250-1350, written by Russell L. Friedman. [REVIEW]Scott M. Williams - 2015 - Vivarium 53 (1):123-125.
  50.  49
    The Individualization of Crime in Medieval Canon Law.Virpi Mäkinen & Heikki Pihlajamaki - 2004 - Journal of the History of Ideas 65 (4):525-542.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:The Individualization of Crime in Medieval Canon LawVirpi Mäkinen and Heikki PihlajamäkiIn The Mourning of Christ (c. 1305, fresco at Cappella dell'Arena, Padua, Italy), Giotto di Bondone (c. 1267-1337) depicts the Virgin Mary embracing Christ for the last time after he has been taken down from the cross. Whereas his predecessors in the devotional Byzantine tradition concentrated on flat, still figures, Giotto emphasizes their humanity and individuality. The (...)
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