Introduction: Medical ethics raises the question of the meaning of medical practices in light of the humanities. In France, the spaces for ethical discussion (SED) are multiple and heterogeneous. The objective of this study was to investigate the typology and functioning of SEDs in the health field. Methods: Twenty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of eleven different SEDs in France. The data were analyzed according to the basic steps of qualitative research: coding, categorization, linking and presentation of results. Results: (...) The five categories of SEDs (National Consultative Ethics Committee, Regional Ethical Reflection Spaces, Ethics Commissions of Medical Learned Societies, Research Institute Ethics Committees, Hospital Ethics Committees) all differ in their links with institutions, their composition, their choice of themes discussed and the presentation of their work. However, they all agree on the following points: the importance of multi-disciplinarity, the frequency of working meetings, the sense of ethical commitment, the absence of professional recognition, the difficulty of valorizing work and the lack of recognition by peers. The respondents regret that there is insufficient coordination between the different SEDs, although their work may be complementary. Conclusion: Opening up the SEDs and encouraging their articulation, without distancing them from the practice of care, could promote the visibility of their ethical approach in the daily lives of caregivers. Finally, if ethical reflection is encouraged by the scientific community as a whole, greater recognition is desired by professionals who participate in applied ethics research. (shrink)

In order to maximize human performance, defence forces continue to explore, develop, and apply human performance enhancement (HPE) methods, ranging from pharmaceuticals to (bio)technological enhancement. This raises ethical, legal, and societal concerns and requires organizing a careful reflection and deliberation process, with relevant stakeholders. We discuss a range of ethical, legal, and societal aspects (ELSA), which people involved in the development and deployment of HPE can use for such reflection and deliberation. A realistic military scenario with proposed HPE application can (...) serve as a starting point for such an iterative and participatory process. Stakeholders can discuss this application, modify its features, and design appropriate processes around it – for instance, procedures for informed consent. We propose that organizing aspects into these three categories – ethical, legal, and societal – can help involve appropriate interlocutors at different moments: legal aspects with people in strategy or management roles, from the start of a project; ethical aspects with people in operations and medical roles, during development; and societal aspects with people in communication and personnel roles, during deployment. Notably, we developed and discussed this framework and the three aspects in close collaboration with personnel from the military. (shrink)

L’utilisation de techniques prédictives dans le processus de la justice, avec le développement des techniques de fouille et d’analyse des données, est considérée non seulement comme une évolution nécessaire mais encore plus comme une révolution de nature à optimiser et à rationaliser la gestion du justiciable. Cet article se propose d’exposer en quoi cette évolution est porteuse de risques, quels sont les enjeux, certains importants et surtout pourquoi il est illusoire d’espérer quelque chose de positif pour les procédures judiciaires.

Requests for support in professional changes are getting more and more numerous. Regarding jobs concerned with caring for others, therapeutic education needs to be spread into new approaches requiring social and human sciences (Tourette-Turgis, 2015 ; Chalmel, 2015). These requests lead to alterations in professional practices and changes in educational devices. This chapter deals with a direct observation of effective practices addressed to young patients and also implies the training of nurses through experiences. It also discusses ways of scientific collaboration (...) between female researchers in different scientific fields of the medical body leading the latter to alter their practices by creating pedagogic instruments or new tools for training. This inventive conception deriving from these exchanges leaning on experiences and skills previously built up and linked together to help devices development. Our contribution deals with and discusses the transformation of state nurses functions through these analyses and towards actions which do not only concern body care but a way of teaching healthy life style. The themes under study concerns the passing on and transferring experiences and responsibility when directing cessions from cardiology education to the therapeutic education nurse. (shrink)

This article presents the results of qualitative research conducted with 16 kindergarten teachers. The overall goal was to identify the perceived priority in-service training needs related to the development of social-emotional competencies. To further explore the data collected, the teachers were interviewed in a semi-structured format. The results reveal, among other things, needs related to relational skills, one of the areas identified in several works of the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning [CASEL] (Zins et al., 2004). These results (...) will make it possible to formulate hypotheses for reflection and action that can be implemented in the context of the in-service training of kindergarten teachers, in order to ensure not only their well-being, but above all, positive interpersonal relationships with all the partners involved in this so-called relational work. (shrink)

Capitalism’s Expansion into the Realm of the Biosphere. The extension of the rule of industrial property over living organisms and their components – genes and cells, both human and non-human – since the end of the 1970s, has gone along with the emergence of new markets in science, biotechnology and in health. The article argues that the filing of patents to protect private claims on living matter is a development which promotes the establishment of a monopoly control over inventions in (...) the fields of medicine and agronomy, while at the same time fostering a restriction in exchanges within the scientific community. The article therefore argues the case for a declaration that genomes, human and non-human, be considered as a common good, in terms both of the research carried out for the improvement of plants and health and of the accessibility of the medical innovations resulting from such research. (shrink)

L'article examine si une approche typiquement sciences info-com , et une approche typiquement psychologique , peuvent avoir des interfaces, des concepts partagés, des raisonnements communs ou encore des espaces de coopération. Cette réflexion s'appuie sur la présentation concrète de pratiques communicationnelles managériales, décrites, puis analysées successivement, par les deux approches théoriques. Les conclusions de l'article rejoignent les conclusions de Th. Kuhn: il s'agit de deux visions scientifiques qui n'ont rien en commun et qui se situent dans deux mondes « incommensurables (...) ». Les possibilités de dialogue qui existent doivent servir, non pas à trouver des «métissages» conceptuels, mais à alimenter une concurrence scientifique pour la finesse de la compréhension des phénomènes.This article examines the question of whether an approach typically grounded in information and communication sciences , and if a typically psychologistic approach , can have shared interfaces and concepts, common lines of reasoning and spaces of cooperation. This reflexion is backed up by a concrete presentation of management communicational practices which are described and then analysed using the two theoretical approaches. The conclusions of this article are along the same lines as Th. Kuhn conclusions: these are two scientific visions which are unsconnected and which are in two "unmeasurable" worlds. Any possibilities for dialogue must not be used to find conceptual "crossbreeding" but to foster scientific competition aimed at improveing the finesse of how we understanding phenomena. (shrink)