Results for 'contingency theories'

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  1.  41
    A contingency theory of corporate social performance.Bryan W. Husted - 2000 - Business and Society 39 (1):24-48.
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  2.  12
    A Contingency Theory of Accountability.Jane Mansbridge - 2014 - In Mark Bovens, Robert E. Goodin & Thomas Schillemans, The Oxford Handbook of Public Accountability. Oxford University Press.
    Accountability has recently become synonymous with punishment, or sanctions, thus marginalizing the traditional definition of accountability as giving an account and justifying one’s actions to those to whom one is responsible. Sanction-based accountability is appropriate in contexts of justified distrust. Trust-based accountability, which relies heavily on giving an account, is most appropriate in contexts of justified trust. Sanction-based accountability can undermine trust-based accountability. Dynamic accountability, appropriate for conditions of complexity and change, involves both sanctions and trust, allowing principals and agents (...)
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  3.  62
    Cognitive-contingency theory and the study of ethics in accounting.James A. Schweikart - 1992 - Journal of Business Ethics 11 (5-6):471 - 478.
    Ethics research in Accounting has not proceeded beyond the descriptive level while, at the same time, ethics is a vital part of accounting decisions to the point where professional codes of etherics are necessary. A theoretical model is offered using cognitive and contingency (field) theories to gain insight into how ethical considerations enter into accounting decisions. Propositions are generated so that the use of ethics in accounting decisions can be predicted.
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  4.  31
    Business-Government Relations Within a Contingency Theory Framework: Strategy, Structure, Fit, and Performance.Martin B. Meznar & Julius H. Johnson - 2005 - Business and Society 44 (2):119-143.
    Using a contingency theory framework, this study examines the relationship between a firm’s business-government relations (BGR) strategy, BGR structure, and BGR performance. Based on previous work, the study hypothesizes that BGR strategy determines, in part, the structure of the public affairs function, as well as the function’s effectiveness. Furthermore, the study contends that an appropriate fit between BGR strategy and BGR structure leads to improved BGR performance. Results indicate that there is a positive association between BGR strategies (buffering and (...)
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  5.  27
    Contingency theories of causation and explanation: comments on Paul Humphreys.Julian Reiss - 2005 - Enrahonar: Quaderns de Filosofía 37:35.
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  6.  33
    Are Management Texts Produced by Authors or by Readers? Representations of a Contingency Theory.Miriam Green - 2005 - Philosophy of Management 5 (1):85-96.
    This paper addresses representations of Burns and Stalker’s theory that arose soon after its publication in The Management of Innovation in 1961. Different conceptions of Burns and Stalker’s contingency theory as portrayed in organisation and management texts are discussed. It will be argued that what has been represented as their theory stems in the main from ideas based on different positions within the spectrum of the positivistic, functionalist ‘paradigm’.
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  7. A critical approach to sensorimotor contingency theory: brain as agent and conscious mind as a guide of action.Jonas Gonçalves Coelho - 2019 - Sofia 8 (1):67-80.
    I present and consider critically O'Regan and Noë's sensorimotor contingency theory, proposed as an alternative to solve the explanatory gap problem. I start with the criticism that these authors address the current conception of representation, according to which conscious experiences are representations of the external world produced by the brain. Afterward, I summarize the way the sensorimotor contingency theory addresses the problem of the explanatory gap, explaining the existence, form, and content of visual consciousness in terms of an (...)
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  8.  38
    Does sensorimotor contingency theory account for perceptual-motor dissociations?Francesco Lacquaniti & Myrka Zago - 2001 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (5):991-992.
    We review studies that indicate a dissociation between the perceptual estimate and the resulting cognitive representation of given properties of a seen object, on the one hand, and the motor action exerted on the same object. We propose that there exist multiple levels of organization of sensorimotor loops and that internal models may be made accessible to one level of organization while remaining inaccessible to another level.
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  9. Vision as dance? Three challenges for sensorimotor contingency theory.Andy Clark - 2006 - PSYCHE: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research On Consciousness 12.
    In _Action in Perception _Alva No develops and presents a sensorimotor account of vision and of visual consciousness. According to such an account seeing (and indeed perceiving more generally) is analysed as a kind of skilful bodily activity. Such a view is consistent with the emerging emphasis, in both philosophy and cognitive science, on the critical role of embodiment in the construction of intelligent agency. I shall argue, however, that the full sensorimotor model faces three important challenges. The first is (...)
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  10.  39
    Contingency and responsibility in Confucian political theory.Sungmoon Kim - 2018 - Philosophy and Social Criticism 44 (6):615-636.
    In this article I investigate the Confucian sense of responsibility from the framework of “moral economy,” understood as a causal relationship between one’s virtue and non-moral goods including political position/success, and “contingency,” the failure of moral economy, and argue that early Confucians’ astute understanding of the contingent nature of the political world enabled them to subscribe to the non-causal sense of responsibility. Contrary to the common argument that Heaven was invoked by the Confucians in order to shield themselves from (...)
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  11. The Contingent Person and the Existential Choice in Hermeneutics in Ethics and Social Theory.Agnes Heller - 1989 - Philosophical Forum 21 (1):53-69.
     
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  12.  37
    Historical Contingency and Theory Selection in Science.James T. Cushing - 1992 - PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1992:446 - 457.
    I argue that historical contingency, in the sense of the order in which events take place, can be an essential factor in determining which of two equally adequate and fruitful, but observationally indistinguishable, scientific theories is accepted by the scientific community. This type of actual underdetermination poses questions for scientific realism and for rational reconstruction in theory evaluation. To illustrate this, I discuss the complete observational equivalence of two radically different, conceptually incompatible interpretations of quantum mechanics and argue (...)
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  13.  56
    Synchronic contingency, instants of nature, and libertarian freedom: Comments on''the background to scotus's theory of will.Stephen Dumont - 1995 - Modern Schoolman 72:169.
  14.  39
    Contingent Pacifism: Revisiting Just War Theory.Larry May - 2015 - Cambridge University Press.
    In this, the first major philosophical study of contingent pacifism, Larry May offers a new account of pacifism from within the Just War tradition. Written in a non-technical style, the book features real-life examples from contemporary wars and applies a variety of approaches ranging from traditional pacifism and human rights to international law and conscientious objection. May considers a variety of thinkers and theories, including Hugo Grotius, Kant, Socrates, Seneca on restraint, Tertullian on moral purity, Erasmus's arguments against just (...)
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  15.  26
    La théorie thomiste de la contingence chez Plotin et les penseurs arabes.Thomas O'Shaughnessy - 1967 - Revue Philosophique De Louvain 65 (85):36-52.
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  16.  52
    Political Theory Between Philosophy and Rhetoric: Politics as Transcendence and Contingency.Giuseppe Ballacci - 2017 - London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan Uk.
    This book explores the significance of rhetoric from the perspective of its complex relationship with philosophy. It demonstrates how this relationship gives expression to a basic tension at the core of politics: that between the contingency of its happening and the transcendence toward which it strives. The first part of the study proposes a reassessment of the ancient quarrel between philosophy and rhetoric, as it was discussed by Plato, Aristotle, and above all Cicero and Quintilian, who ambitiously attempted to (...)
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  17.  60
    Contingencies of Value: Alternative Perspectives for Critical Theory.Barbara Herrnstein SMITH - 1988 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 47 (2):182-184.
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  18.  51
    Iki and Contingency: A Reconstruction of Shūzō Kuki’s Early Aesthetic theory.Yingjin Xu - 2018 - Asian Philosophy 28 (3):277-294.
    ABSTRACTIki is the key word of Shūzō Kuki’s The Structure of Iki, and it became one of the most widely recognized Japanese aesthetic categories mainly due to this work. However, in The Problems of Contingency, which is Kuki’s most important philosophical work, there is no discussion of iki again, and consequently, most commentators of Kuki fail to see the correlation between his theories of iki and contingency. This article, by contrast, intends to provide a new interpretation of (...)
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  19. Contingent Identity in Counterpart Theory.Murali Ramachandran - 1990 - Analysis 50 (3):163-166.
    A slight modification to the translation scheme for David Lewis's counterpart theory I put forward in 'An Alternative Translation Scheme for Counterpart Theory' (Analysis 49.3 (1989)) is proposed. The motivation for this change is that it makes for a more plausible account of contingent identity. In particular, contingent identity is accommodated without admitting the contingency of self-identity.
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  20. Contingency, Necessity, and Causation in Kierkegaard's Theory of Change.Shannon Nason - 2012 - British Journal for the History of Philosophy 20 (1):141-162.
    In this paper I argue that Kierkegaard's theory of change is motivated by a robust notion of contingency. His view of contingency is sharply juxtaposed with a strong notion of absolute necessity. I show that how he understands these notions explains certain of his claims about causation. I end by suggesting a compatibilist interpretation of Kierkegaard's philosophy.
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  21.  41
    Contingent Creatures: Reward Event Theory of Motivation.Carolyn R. Morillo - 1995 - Rowman & Littlefield.
    What motivates behavior? What are the qualities of experience which make life worth living? Taking a new interdisciplinary approach, Morillo advances the theory that pleasure—interpreted as a distinct, separable, noncognitive quality of experience—is essential for all positive motivation and is the only intrinsic, nonmoral good in the lives of human beings and many other sentient creatures. Morillo supports her arguments with recent neuropsychological evidence concerning the role of reward centers in the brain and philosophical arguments for a naturalistic theory of (...)
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  22.  55
    An Early Theory of Contingency in Leibniz.Samuel Murray - 2017 - Studia Leibnitiana 47 (2):205-219.
    My discussion has four parts. In section 1, I reconstruct Leibniz’s early position on freedom and show how various problems motivated significant changes in Leibniz’s views over a short period of time. In section two, I outline a series of notes by Leibniz entitled “De Libertate a Necessitate in Eligendo,” where Leibniz develops a rudimentary theory of contingency that resembles the infinite analysis theory developed around 1686. In section three, I consider some reasons for why Leibniz dropped the “Eligendo” (...)
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  23. A Contingency Interpretation of Information Theory as a Bridge between God’s Immanence and Transcendence.Philippe Gagnon - 2020 - In Michael Fuller, Dirk Evers, Anne L. C. Runehov, Knut-Willy Sæther & Bernard Michollet, Issues in Science and Theology: Nature – and Beyond. Springer. pp. 169-185.
    This paper investigates the degree to which information theory, and the derived uses that make it work as a metaphor of our age, can be helpful in thinking about God’s immanence and transcendance. We ask when it is possible to say that a consciousness has to be behind the information we encounter. If God is to be thought about as a communicator of information, we need to ask whether a communication system has to pre-exist to the divine and impose itself (...)
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  24.  54
    (1 other version)Theory, practice, and the contingency of Rorty's irony1.Michele M. Moody-Adams - 1994 - Journal of Social Philosophy 25 (s1):209-227.
  25. Model Theory and Contingent Existence.Boris Kment - 2016 - Analysis 76 (2):172-190.
    Contingentism is the view that it is possible for there to be contingent existents. Timothy Williamson has argued that contingentists cannot provide a satisfactory interpretation of the possible-world semantics for modal logic. This paper aims to provide such an interpretation on behalf of contingentists.
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  26.  21
    Contingencies of Value: Alternative Perspectives for Critical Theory (review).William E. Cain - 1989 - Philosophy and Literature 13 (2):376-378.
  27. Contingent identity and counterpart theory.Ralf M. Bader - 2016 - Philosophical Perspectives 30 (1):7-20.
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  28.  77
    Contingency and convergence in the theory of evolution: Stephen Jay Gould vs. Simon Conway Morris.Andrej Jeftić - 2022 - Belgrade Philosophical Annual 35:31-48.
    Debating the interpretation of the Burgess Shale fossil records, Stephen Jay Gould and Simon Conway Morris have formulated two conflicting theses regarding the nature of evolutionary processes. While Gould argued that evolution is essentially a contingent process whose outcomes are unpredictable, Conway Morris claimed that the omnipresence of convergence testifies that it is in fact deterministic, leading to predictable and inevitable outcomes. Their theses have been extensively researched from various perspectives. However, a systematic parallel analysis of the core arguments each (...)
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  29. Constructivism as educational theory: Contingency in learning, and optimally guided instruction.K. S. Taber - forthcoming - Educational Theory.
     
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  30.  30
    Contingency, contiguity, and causality in conditioning: Applying information theory and Weber’s Law to the assignment of credit problem.C. R. Gallistel, Andrew R. Craig & Timothy A. Shahan - 2019 - Psychological Review 126 (5):761-773.
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  31.  46
    Liberal political theory and the contingency of history.Siep Stuurman - 2003 - History and Theory 42 (1):94–105.
  32.  14
    Leibniz's Theories of Contingency.Robert Merrihew Adams - 1994 - In Robert Merrihew Adams, Leibniz: Determinist, Theist, Idealist. New York, US: Oxford University Press USA.
    Many interpreters have supposed that the root of contingency in Leibniz's thought is that it is contingent rather than necessary that God chooses to create the best possible world. It is far from clear, however, that Leibniz believed this. This chapter argues that Leibniz did believe two theories of contingency: one based on the notion of a thing's being possible in itself whether or not a perfectly wise and good God could choose it, and one based on (...)
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  33.  61
    Legal Theory and Dialectically Contingent Justifications for the Principle of Generic Consistency.Deryck Beyleveld - 1996 - Ratio Juris 9 (1):15-41.
    It is argued that accepting that there are human rights, or that there are categorically binding requirements of any kind on action, logically requires accepting the PGC (Principle of Generic Consistency) as the supreme criterion of practical reasonableness.Consequently, all legal systems that recognise human rights (hence, the English legal system), all who view law as a matter of obligation, and all who consider that there are categorically binding requirements on action, must take the PGC to be a necessary criterion of (...)
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  34.  34
    Political theory between philosophy and rhetoric. Politics as transcendence and contingency.Liisi Keedus - 2020 - Contemporary Political Theory 19 (3):217-220.
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  35.  23
    The Metaphysics of Contingency. A Theory of Objects' Abilities and Dispositions.Ferenc Huoranszki - 2022 - London: Bloomsbury.
    Some things happen or exist only contingently: although they do happen or exist, they do not have to. Some other things do not happen or come to exist, although they could. They are contingent possibilities. Philosophers have tried to understand contingent possibilities in two different ways. According to one, possibilities should be understood with reference to worlds. A nonactual event is possible because there is a world in which it does happen. According to another, possibilities should be understood with reference (...)
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  36.  39
    Oakeshott's Theory of Freedom as Recognized Contingency.Efraim Podoksik - 2003 - European Journal of Political Theory 2 (1):57-77.
    This article argues that Oakeshott's theory of freedom possesses a greater degree of coherence than is often perceived. Freedom in Oakeshott's philosophy may be defined as `recognized contingency', combining the notions of a genuine choice of action and of an agent's awareness of having such a choice. Oakeshott employs his notion of freedom in two different contexts. One is the context in which freedom is understood as a concept distinguishing what is conceived as `human' from what is conceived as (...)
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  37.  58
    Using social theory to leap over historical contingencies: A comment on Robinson.Fred Block - 2001 - Theory and Society 30 (2):215-221.
    To be fair to Robinson, it is worth mentioning that he does offer a number of qualifications to his thesis. He tries to avoid excessive determinism and at one point suggests:A satisfactory account should not imply an evolutionary notion and should leave open the possibility of historic discontinuities and of contingencies that generate alternative pathways of development, including alternative futures.In other words, maybe this embryonic TNS will never progress beyond its current stage or perhaps it will continue to grow but (...)
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  38. Leibniz’s Formal Theory of Contingency.Jeffrey McDonough & Zeynep Soysal - 2018 - History of Philosophy & Logical Analysis 21 (1):17-43.
    This essay argues that, with his much-maligned “infinite analysis” theory of contingency, Leibniz is onto something deep and important – a tangle of issues that wouldn’t be sorted out properly for centuries to come, and then only by some of the greatest minds of the twentieth century. The first two sections place Leibniz’s theory in its proper historical context and draw a distinction between Leibniz’s logical and meta-logical discoveries. The third section argues that Leibniz’s logical insights initially make his (...)
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  39.  21
    Mastering Sociocultural Contingencies: On Extending the Sensorimotor Theory to the Domain of Culture.M. Weichold - 2016 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 23 (5-6):203-227.
    The sensorimotor theory promises a fresh explanation of phenomenal consciousness, for instance of the feeling of experiencing redness. But can it also be extended to explaining aspects of phenomenal consciousness which are only possible thanks to culture, thanks to our embeddedness in social practices? In this paper, I argue that the sensorimotor theory is in need of such an extension, and I make a proposal for how this might be accomplished. I concentrate on one example of culturally shaped experiences, namely (...)
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  40.  14
    Disclosing Critique: The Contingency of Understanding in Adorno’s Interpretative Social Theory.Thorsten Bonacker - 2006 - European Journal of Social Theory 9 (3):369-383.
    This article discusses the problem of understanding in Adorno’s critical theory. It is argued that another rationale for the contingency of understanding is provided by Adorno, one that justifies understanding critical theory as disclosing critique. For Adorno, what is responsible for the contingency of understanding is not the local limitation of our knowledge and vocabulary, but the presupposition of understanding itself. In this article, two readings of this contingency of understanding are distinguished: an epistemo-critical one and an (...)
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  41.  27
    Hypothesis theory and nonlearning despite ideal S-R-reinforcement contingencies.Marvin Levine - 1971 - Psychological Review 78 (2):130-140.
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  42.  4
    Overview: Contingency in Nature.Stephen Gaukroger - 2019 - In Rodolfo Garau & Pietro Omodeo, Contingency and Natural Order in Early Modern Science. Springer Verlag. pp. 1-7.
    As far as scientific theories are concerned, contingent events are those that fall outside their explanatory framework, either because the theory doesn’t have the resources to explain them or because the events are unpredictable in principle. In what follows, the focus is on contingency as a problem about how we describe those features of the world that fall outside our best theories, including our best high-level theories. On this understanding of contingency, contingent things are things (...)
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  43. Contingence, ironie et solidarité, coll. « Théories ».Richard Rorty & P. E. Dauzat - 1994 - Revue Philosophique de la France Et de l'Etranger 184 (4):539-539.
     
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  44. The Contingencies of Ontological Commitment.Heidi Savage - manuscript
    Some time ago, Quine asserted that to be is to be value of a variable. This entails that if one wishes to accept any theory as true, we must be committed to the existence of those objects over which we existentially quantify. I suggest instead that we are committed only to the existence of things for which certain intrinsic properties are contingent (those that an object can have independent of the properties that make it a member of a certain kind). (...)
     
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  45.  38
    Foregrounding contingency in caste-based dominance: Ambedkar, hegemony, and the Pariah concept.Dag-Erik Berg - 2018 - Philosophy and Social Criticism 44 (8):843-864.
    This paper focuses on how revolts against caste-based oppression in India have been made invisible due to conceptual legacies in European social and political theory. Weber’s and Arendt’s conceptualization of Pariah agency is a case in point. Arendt’s main understanding of Pariah agency is individualized and inadequate to study freedom struggles among untouchable castes. This article argues that one not only needs to move away from analyzing individual to collective action, but it is also crucial to foreground how collective mobilization (...)
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  46.  40
    Questioning Contingency in Social Life: Roles, Agreement and Agency.Stephen Kemp & John Holmwood - 2012 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 42 (4):403-424.
    Structure/agency theories presuppose that there is a unity to structure that distinguishes it from the (potential) diversity of agents' responses. In doing so they formally divide the robust social processes shaping the social world (structure) from contingent agential variation (agency). In this article we question this division by critically evaluating its application to the concept of role in critical realism and structural functionalism. We argue that Archer, Elder-Vass and Parsons all mistakenly understand a role to have a singular structural (...)
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  47.  15
    The Contingency of Theory: Pragmatism, Expressivism, and Deconstruction.Gary Wihl - 1994 - New Haven: Yale University Press.
    Pragmatists embrace the concept of textuality but do not concede that textuality changes anything about how we interpret literature in specific social contexts.
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  48.  48
    Can the theory of contingent identity between sensation-states and brain-states be made empirical?Norman Swartz - 1974 - Canadian Journal of Philosophy 3 (3):405-17.
    Since its inception, roughly sixteen years ago, the theory of the contingent identity of mental-states and brain-states has been argued on many fronts. I want here to examine and to try to meet one in particular of the objections raised in connection with this theory. The objection has been stated with especial force by Peter Herbst.Let us then investigate a proposition that there is a particular mental entity which is contingently identical with a particular brain state. In order to be (...)
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  49. Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity.Richard Rorty - 1989 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    In this 1989 book Rorty argues that thinkers such as Nietzsche, Freud, and Wittgenstein have enabled societies to see themselves as historical contingencies, rather than as expressions of underlying, ahistorical human nature or as realizations of suprahistorical goals. This ironic perspective on the human condition is valuable on a private level, although it cannot advance the social or political goals of liberalism. In fact Rorty believes that it is literature not philosophy that can do this, by promoting a genuine sense (...)
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  50.  30
    Leibniz's Formal Theory of Contingency Extended.Zeynep Soysal & McDonough Jeffrey - 2016 - In Ute Beckmann, "Für unser Glück oder das Glück anderer": Vorträge des X. Internationalen Leibniz-Kongresses. Georg Olms Verlag. pp. 451–466.
    This essay develops our meta-logical interpretation of Leibniz’s formal theory of contingency by taking up two additional issues not fully addressed in our earlier efforts. The first issue concerns the relationship between Leibniz’s formal theory of contingency and his views on species and essentialism. The second issue concerns the relationship between Leibniz’s formal theory of contingency and the modal status of the actual world.
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