У статті реконструйовано заключний етап українсько-польської війни 1918-1919 рр., зокрема травневий 1919 р. загальний наступ польського війська в Галичині. Визначено геополітичні передумови, перебіг та наслідки Чортківської операції Галицької армії в червні 1919 р., які спричинили тимчасовий перелом у ході українсько-польської війни. І хоча ця операція не закінчилася повним успіхом - визволенням Львова та території ЗУНР, однак засвідчила високий морально-бойовий дух і боєздатність особового складу Галицької армії, змусивши країни Антанти повернутися до серйозного обговорення проблеми державно-політичного статусу ЗУНР, нових східних кордонів Польщі.

The complex of modern sociological and religious studies approaches to the analysis of religious practices in post-sectarian societies makes it possible, among other things, to characterize their biographical aspects. First of all, it is about the ways and means of displaying the "Man of Faith" in the various reference journals, which are traditionally widely represented in secular literature, and have recently become increasingly popular among denominational publications and resources. The latter promotes both the "mature" of the domestic theological centers and (...) the more open intensive work of religious organizations. But the landmark change, which radically changed the state of affairs, setting new trends and putting forward fundamentally different goals, was the emergence of new information technologies and their adaptation and use to accumulate and disseminate information about beliefs and their leaders. The most important feature of these newest electronic resources in comparison with the traditional is their potential ability to objectively integrate the information accumulated previously by society in all its diversity, to organically absorb the inheritance of the manuscript and print culture of the past. (shrink)

In this book, Yaroslav Komarovski argues that the Tibetan Buddhist interpretations of the realization of ultimate reality both contribute to and challenge contemporary interpretations of unmediated mystical experience. The model used by the majority of Tibetan Buddhist thinkers states that the realization of ultimate reality, while unmediated during its actual occurrence, is necessarily filtered and mediated by the conditioning contemplative processes leading to it, and Komarovski argues that therefore, in order to understand this mystical experience, one must focus on (...) these processes, rather than on the experience itself. Komarovski also provides an in-depth comparison of seminal Tibetan Geluk thinker Tsongkhapa and his major Sakya critic Gorampa's accounts of the realization of ultimate reality, demonstrating that the differences between these two interpretations lie primarily in their conflicting descriptions of the compatible conditioning processes that lead to this realization. Komarovski maintains that Tsongkhapa and Gorampa's views are virtually irreconcilable, but demonstrates that the differing processes outlined by these two thinkers are equally effective in terms of actually attaining the realization of ultimate reality. Tibetan Buddhism and Mystical Experience speaks to the plurality of mystical experience, perhaps even suggesting that the diversity of mystical experience is one of its primary features. (shrink)

In Belnap's useful 4-valued logic, the set 2 = {T, F} of classical truth values is generalized to the set 4 = ������(2) = {Ø, {T}, {F}, {T, F}}. In the present paper, we argue in favor of extending this process to the set 16 = ᵍ (4) (and beyond). It turns out that this generalization is well-motivated and leads from the bilattice FOUR₂ with an information and a truth-and-falsity ordering to another algebraic structure, namely the trilattice SIXTEEN₃ with an (...) information ordering together with a truth ordering and a (distinct) falsity ordering. Interestingly, the logics generated separately by the algebraic operations under the truth order and under the falsity order in SIXTEEN₃ coincide with the logic of FOUR₂, namely first degree entailment. This observation may be taken as a further indication of the significance of first degree entailment. In the present setting, however, it becomes rather natural to consider also logical systems in the language obtained by combining the vocabulary of the logic of the truth order and the falsity order. We semantically define the logics of the two orderings in the extended language and in both cases axiomatize a certain fragment comprising three unary operations: a negation, an involution, and their combination. We also suggest two other definitions of logics in the full language, including a bi-consequence system. In other words, in addition to presenting first degree entailment as a useful 16-valued logic, we define further useful 16-valued logics for reasoning about truth and (non-)falsity. We expect these logics to be an interesting and useful instrument in information processing, especially when we deal with a net of hierarchically interconnected computers. We also briefly discuss Arieli's and Avron's notion of a logical bilattice and state a number of open problems for future research. (shrink)

This paper develops a version of Natural Logic – an inference system that works directly on natural language syntactic representations, with no intermediate translation to logical formulae. Following work by Sánchez, we develop a small fragment that computes semantic order relations between derivation trees in Categorial Grammar. The proposed system has the following new characteristics: It uses orderings between derivation trees as purely syntactic units, derivable by a formal calculus. The system is extended for conjunctive phenomena like coordination and relative (...) clauses. This allows a simple account of non-monotonic expressions that are reducible to conjunctions of monotonic ones. A decision procedure for provability is developed for a fragment of Natural Logic. (shrink)

We consider a logic which is semantically dual (in some precise sense of the term) to intuitionistic. This logic can be labeled as “falsification logic”: it embodies the Popperian methodology of scientific discovery. Whereas intuitionistic logic deals with constructive truth and non-constructive falsity, and Nelson's logic takes both truth and falsity as constructive notions, in the falsification logic truth is essentially non-constructive as opposed to falsity that is conceived constructively. We also briefly clarify the relationships of our falsification logic to (...) some other logical systems. (shrink)

The book presents a thoroughly elaborated logical theory of generalized truth-values understood as subsets of some established set of truth values. After elucidating the importance of the very notion of a truth value in logic and philosophy, we examine some possible ways of generalizing this notion. The useful four-valued logic of first-degree entailment by Nuel Belnap and the notion of a bilattice constitute the basis for further generalizations. By doing so we elaborate the idea of a multilattice, and most notably, (...) a trilattice of truth values – a specific algebraic structure with information ordering and two distinct logical orderings, one for truth and another for falsity. Each logical order not only induces its own logical vocabulary, but determines also its own entailment relation. We consider both semantic and syntactic ways of formalizing these relations and construct various logical calculi. (shrink)

To some extent, the current Russian-Ukrainian may be described as a conflict between two visions of nation, respectively, ethnic and civic models. Putin believes that a language defines a nation. In his understanding, since many Ukrainians are Russian speakers, they are Russians. His perception of Ukraine is anachronistic. He has failed to notice Ukraine's radical transformation since it gained independence. The current Ukrainian identity has a strong civic component. Its core is represented by a new urban middle class with a (...) new set of values. Sustainability of this identity largely depends on longevity and results of the war. (shrink)

У добу радикальної цивілізаційної трансформації суспільства та досягнення ним нового рівня складності, загострюється проблема віднаходження ресурсів свободи та свободи вибору людини. Обмеженість природних ресурсів спонукає людину віднаходити внутрішні, рефлексивні, інтелектуально-духовні ресурси виживання та свободи самореалізації, що дає можливість у перспективі перейти, крім іншого, до екологічної рівноваги між природою та суспільством та запобігти кліматичному колапсу людства. Цивілізаційний розвиток розширює горизонт свободи людини і, водночас, ставить її перед проблемою ресурсного забезпечення для реалізації нових можливостей свободи, одним із важливих ресурсів якої є рефлексія. (...) Здатність людини до рефлексії не є чимось, що притаманно виключно ефемерній суб’єктивності, а виявляється продовженням певних глибинних закономірностей буття, що виражаються, зокрема, у рекурсивній функції, а також у самореференції природних і соціальних процесів. Відрефлексовування людиною власного стану в аспекті свободи або несвободи є важливим чинником, що спонукає її як до самовдосконалення, так і до втілення якісно нових суспільних відносин, за яких її власна вільна самореалізація є і умовою і наслідком вільної самореалізації осіб, з якими вона взаємодіє. Напрацювання такого соціального капіталу та формування відповідних соціальних відносин є соціальною й організаційною передумовою прориву до інноваційних технологій та відновлювальної енергетики. Досягнути такого рівня вільного цивілізованого стану суспільство може лише пройшовши через «вузький коридор» (Д. Аджемоглу та Дж. Робінсон) цілеспрямованого створення відповідних соціальних інститутів і формування легітимної держави та відповідального громадянського суспільства, що відкриває можливість свободи самореалізації людини. У результаті триваючої наразі цивілізаційної трансформації має виникнути суспільство з високою синергією (А. Маслоу), важливим ресурсом якого повинно стати рефлексія другого порядку, цілеспрямоване самоуправління рефлексивними процесами, що забезпечують соціальну самоорганізацію на основі загальнолюдських цінностей. (shrink)

The famous “slingshot argument” developed by Church, Gödel, Quine and Davidson is often considered to be a formally strict proof of the Fregean conception that all true sentences, as well as all false ones, have one and the same denotation, namely their corresponding truth value: the true or the false . In this paper we examine the analysis of the slingshot argument by means of a non-Fregean logic undertaken recently by A.Wóitowicz and put to the test her claim that the (...) slingshot argument is in fact circular and presupposes what it intends to prove. We show that this claim is untenable. Nevertheless, the language of non-Fregean logic can serve as a useful tool for representing the slingshot argument, and several versions of the slingshot argument in non-Fregean logics are presented. In particular, a new version of the slingshot argument is presented, which can be circumvented neither by an appeal to a Russellian theory of definite descriptions nor by resorting to an analogous “Russellian” theory of λ–terms. (shrink)

Correspondence analysis is Kooi and Tamminga’s universal approach which generates in one go sound and complete natural deduction systems with independent inference rules for tabular extensions of many-valued functionally incomplete logics. Originally, this method was applied to Asenjo–Priest’s paraconsistent logic of paradox LP. As a result, one has natural deduction systems for all the logics obtainable from the basic three-valued connectives of LP -language) by the addition of unary and binary connectives. Tamminga has also applied this technique to the paracomplete (...) analogue of LP, strong Kleene logic \. In this paper, we generalize these results for the negative fragments of LP and \, respectively. Thus, the method of correspondence analysis works for the logics which have the same negations as LP or \, but either have different conjunctions or disjunctions or even don’t have them as well at all. Besides, we show that correspondence analyses for the negative fragments of \ and LP, respectively, are also suitable without any changes for the negative fragments of Heyting’s logic \ and its dual \ and LP). (shrink)

In this paper we present a solution of the axiomatization problem for the Fmla-Fmla versions of the Pietz and Rivieccio exactly true logic and the non-falsity logic dual to it. To prove the completeness of the corresponding binary consequence systems we introduce a specific proof-theoretic formalism, which allows us to deal simultaneously with two consequence relations within one logical system. These relations are hierarchically organized, so that one of them is treated as the basic for the resulting logic, and the (...) other is introduced as an extension of this basic relation. The proposed bi-consequences systems allow for a standard Henkin-style canonical model used in the completeness proof. The deductive equivalence of these bi-consequence systems to the corresponding binary consequence systems is proved. We also outline a family of the bi-consequence systems generated on the basis of the first-degree entailment logic up to the classic consequence. (shrink)

In this paper, we present sound and complete natural deduction systems for Fitting’s four-valued generalizations of Kleene’s three-valued regular logics.

This article addresses the famous 1910 debate between Vladimir F. Ern and Semyon L. Frank centered around the problem of identifying the distinguishing features of Russian philosophy. The debate was a continuation of Ern’s debates with Russian philosophers associated with the international journal Logos (Sergei I. Hessen, Fyodor A. Stepun, Boris V. Yakovenko, and others). The author shows that Ern’s understanding of an original Russian philosophy is organically related to his overall philosophical doctrine. As for Frank, his views during the (...) 1910s on the distinguishing features of Russian philosophy were different in nature. It is worth noting that in the 1920s articles written during his émigré period, Frank’s views on the distinguishing features of Russian philosophy undergo a decisive change. Frank’s new ideas about Russian philosophy turn out to be extremely close to those of his late opponent, both on the whole and in the details. At the same time, Frank’s overall philosophical views do not undergo as dramatic a change and develop in a fully evolutionary mode. The author attempts to identify the reason for these changes. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Philosophy of Music Education Review 11.2 (2003) 112-129 [Access article in PDF] Musical Aphorisms and Common Aesthetic Quandaries Yaroslav Senyshyn Simon Fraser University, Canada I have written in the style of aphorisms because their form is useful for both the sake of brevity and possible complexity. As well, they are historically significant as they have served many philosophers in the past and in our own time. Some will (...) argue that they do not say enough, but this is unfounded as in saying less there is often scope for more. Who knows perhaps academe will experiment with this mode of writing more frequently?For the sake of a sense of direction, I will borrow Russell Nieli's title to his thoughtful book on Wittgenstein's philosophy, From Mysticism to Ordinary Language, 1 to characterize the procedure of these aphorisms. Thus my initial aphorisms begin with music as a thing-in-itself, a striving toward a Kantian noumenon 2 and move toward the everyday practical concerns of music education. There are no determinate limits to a philosophy of music; unfortunately, this is also true of confusion. The following aphorisms (while hardly exhaustive of any possible gamut of music philosophy) strive to demystify some of the more common aesthetic quandaries and hopefully provide an opportunity for a wider field of discussion in music philosophy and education. [End Page 112] Music: External and Internal Inferences Sound and silence as potentiation of music precedes human existence.If music precedes existence then it can never be defined in absolute terms of thought. It remains thus even if nothingness were an all-pervasive, encompassing silence (that is, the silence of music or music as silence). 3 Silence as music in our culture may be perceived to be music by some and not necessarily by all cultures. As the sound and silence that preceded our being, it is indeed music in everlasting potentiation.In this sense sound can only be philosophically inferred as the "other," outside music, which the pre-Socratic philosophers referred to mystically and metaphorically as "the music of the spheres"; it is that music outside of us and finds its origins in sounds indirectly related to us. 4 It is what I prefer to call the Sound and Silence that define and are defined by each other in their potentiation for music. Thus this sound is music as potential or dynamis if intended to be music and perceived as such. It is also the possible music or sounds of the environment and non-humans such as whales, elephants, and monkeys. But the latter is our perception of their "music" and not necessarily their own appropriation. In the former we can use or intend the sounds of the environment to be music if these are perceived as such by at least one other person.Thus all sound is music in potentiation.The notion of a possible pre-existence of music, as stated in the first aphorism, is then defined by music as both a source and external entity.As an external inference (that is, the possibility of such) music does not communicate with us; rather, we utilize it through our own means and culture to communicate by it indirectly. It becomes our social construct and thus not an absolute notion.This source of music can be verified as it is implicit in our respective societies and world cultures.A music which possibly or inferentially precedes existence is, of necessity, part of that possible catalyst of sound waves identified by modern-day physics by which the universe may have been formed. For this reason, such notions usually appropriated by world mythologies have made it possible to worship music, perceive it as a supernatural force, or even view it is a possible cause in the big bang theory. 5Music is embodied in experience in that it is appropriated by members of extant cultures for its own particular use. We can speak of music from within our personal experiences of it. But this can only be appropriated or understood properly by others when our description of it accords with that cultural... (shrink)

In Luminous Emptiness, Yaroslav Komarovski offers an annotated translation of three seminal works on the nature and relationship of Yogacara and Madhyamaka, by Serdok Penchen Shakya Chokden.

Аналізується специфіка та характер логіки як науки, основні логічні форми й закони, логічні основи наукової методології. Обґрунтовується роль логіки в підготовці до філософського та наукового мислення.

Successful reform of the higher education system in the context of COVID-19, both in a single country and in the world in the context of its development toward democratization, requires updated approaches to assessing the results of socialization of various categories of young people, and especially students. Since student age is a period of active formation of the inner need of a person to correlate his own aspirations with the interests of society, it is sensitive for the assimilation of social (...) experience, socially significant activities, and the formation of an active creative personality. Higher education in the context of COVID-19 faces an important task - to ensure the education of "vital and socially competent person who can make independent choices and make responsible decisions in various life situations" the formation of their own motives and interests. It is important how much the student as a subject of socialization, independent in the information space, what is the level of his social competence, how quickly he chooses the field of activity in which he can achieve high professionalism. The article deals with the problem of socialization of student youth in modern conditions of a higher educational institution, associated with the processes of development and education of the individual. The features, stages and socio-pedagogical conditions of successful socialization of students in the context of COVID-19 are revealed. (shrink)

Важливою характеристикою самоорганізаційної еволюції складних систем, починаючи від неорганічних, продовжуючи до органічних і завершуючи соціальними, є зростання потенціалу свободи. Ця динаміка розвитку, що набирає прискорення, продовжується в еволюції соціальних систем. Найбільш помітною названа динаміка стає у біфуркаційних періодах соціальних трансформацій. Два таких трансформаційних переходів суспільства відбулися у доцивілізаційний час. Це Когнітивна революція та Неолітична (аграрна) революція (Ю. Н. Харарі). Два інші радикальні трансформації соціуму відбулися вже після виникнення цивілізацій, які можна назвати цивілізаційними трансформаціями. Це «осьовий час» та Індустріальна революція. Аграрна (...) революція та Індустріальна революція створили матеріально-технологічні умови суттєвого нарощування свободи людини у зовнішніх її проявах. Аграрна революція сприяла виробленню достатньої кількості харчу для зростаючого населення та створенню цивілізованих форм життя. Індустріальна революція створила матеріальні засоби для достатнього життєзабезпечення та розвитку людини, збільшення ресурсу вільного часу й створення умов для свободи творчості. Індустріальна революція стала можливою у передових країнах світу, які спромоглися забезпечити низку соціально-організаційних інновацій. Н. Фергюсон такими інноваціями вважає конкуренцію, науку, власність, медицину, споживання, працю. Решта світу швидше засвоює технологічні результати та переваги більш прогресивного способу життя, однак дещо повільніше оволодіває людськими якостями та відповідними інноваційними суспільними відносинами, необхідними для створення зазначених людиновимірних досягнень цивілізації. С. Пінкер засвідчує, що решта світу у найважливіших соціальних і економічних показниках наздоганяє високоцивілізовані країни у темпах значно вищих, ніж останні розвивалися у період від початку Індустріальної революції, створюючи умови для подальшої вільної самореалізації людини. Когнітивна революція та, особливо, «осьовий час» створили рефлексивний духовно-культурний інструментарій для розширення горизонтів свободи людини на внутрішньому її плані – у сфері свідомості. Наразі у світі на глобальному рівні відбувається цивілізаційна трансформація, що співвимірна із зазначеними вище. Ця трансформація відбувається як на зовнішньому плані – у сфері технологій, так і у внутрішньому – у сфері свідомості. Останнє полягає у формуванні інституціоналізованої рефлексії другого порядку – цілеспрямованим управлінням рефлексивними процесами, нарощуванням їх ієрархічної складності та підвищенням їх ефективності. (shrink)

Introduction. In the Russian philosophical tradition, domestic philosophical concepts are rather poorly considered at the moment. In fact, there is no coverage of regional specific features: the problems that worried and united Russian philosophers within the boundaries of one or another temporalterritorial locality. The purpose of the article is to consider the views of the Tyumen philosopher-ethicist Yuri Mikhailovich Fedorov in the context of their relevance at present and in the context of a continuous research tradition. Methods. The author proceeds (...) from the methods of hermeneutics, which are obligatory in this case, and also uses L. Laudan’s theory of research traditions, M. Foucault’s optics and the concept of permanent modernity. Scientific novelty of the research. The author clarifies Yu.M. Fedorov’s views through the specified methodology, considering his works in the context of a continuing philosophical tradition, with a special emphasis on the methods of subjectification. Results and conclusions. Taking into consideration the results of analytical reading of Yu.M. Fedorov’s key work “Universe of Morality”, it is concluded that the author’s concept, which combines the features of idealism, cosmism, structuralism, semiotics and existentialism, with some reservations (indicated in the article), suggests an adequate model of subjectification for a person of the XXI century. (shrink)

The goal of this paper is to explain the nature of philosophy as a distinct science with its own subject-matter. This is achieved through a comparative analysis of mathematical and philosophical knowledge that reveals a profound similarity between mathematics and philosophy as mutually complementary sciences exploring the field of abstract entities that can be comprehended only by purely a priori theoretical inquiry. By considering this complementarity, a general definition of philosophy can be obtained by dualizing the traditional Aristotelian definition of (...) mathematics as the “science of quantity”. Philosophy should thus be interpreted as an a priori science of the pure qualitative attributes of being. (shrink)

The article deals with the Aristotelian doctrine of induction and its influence on the theory of induction of Al-Farabi. Inductive syllogisms of antiquity and the Middle Ages are compared with modern inferences by induction.

In this paper I reject the normative interpretation of logic and give reasons for a realistic account based on the ontological treatment of logical values.

According to Suszko’s Thesis, there are but two logical values, true and false. In this paper, R. Suszko’s, G. Malinowski’s, and M. Tsuji’s analyses of logical twovaluedness are critically discussed. Another analysis is presented, which favors a notion of a logical system as encompassing possibly more than one consequence relation. [A] fundamental problem concerning many-valuedness is to know what it really is. [13, p. 281].

The paper is Part III of the large research, dedicated to both the revision of the system of basic logical categories and the generalization of modern predicate logic to functional logic. We determinate and contrapose modern Fregean logistics and proposed by the author ultra-Fregean logistics, next we describe values and arguments of functions, arguments of relations, relations themselves, sets (classes), and subsets (subclasses) as derivative categories (concepts) of ultrafregean logistics. Logistics is a part of metalogic, independent of semantics. Fregean logictics (...) is a metalogical theory, based on the quadruple <particular (individual), predicate, equality, sequence>; it generates predicate logic. Ultrafregean logictics is based on the quadruple <particular, function, representation, sequence>, where the notion of a function is a generalization of the notion of a predicate and the notion of representation is a generalization of the notion of equality; this logictics generates functional logic. For the completely correct denotation of the functional values, we need the Churchian symbolics with parenthesis. Predicates are usually identified with relations. A relation is the derived and even definable category of ultra-Fregean logictics. Namely, relations are representations by functions (of one of their arguments). We show that Frege could really establish this definition and the notion (category) of representation but, unfortunately, rejected this course of thought. Next, we show that every n-ary relation can be resolved for some of its arguments via some (n-1)-ary function. A set, or class, is a derived and not definable category of ultra-Fregean logistics. The universal way to introduce the sets is Frege’s abstraction principle. We formulate this principle for functional logic and show that the notion of a set is quantified, so there is the dual existential notion of a nonempty subset, involved by the same abstraction principle. (shrink)

Structural reasoning is simply reasoning that is governed exclusively by structural rules. In this context a proof system can be said to be structural if all of its inference rules are structural. A logic is considered to be structuralizable if it can be equipped with a sound and complete structural proof system. This paper provides a general formulation of the problem of structuralizability of a given logic, giving specific consideration to a family of logics that are based on the Dunn–Belnap (...) four-valued semantics. It is shown how sound and complete structural proof systems can be constructed for a spectrum of logics within different logical frameworks. (shrink)

Формування рефлексії як схеми мислення та тригера практичної дії у стародавньому світі було важливим чинником виникнення феномена «вісьового часу» (К.Ясперс). У цей період виникли мораль як рефлексія та регулятор вольової діяльності, логіка як рефлексивне відслідковування істинності руху думки, демократія як рефлексивне взаємовизнання громадянами гідності один одного, монотеїстичні релігії (юдаїзм, брахманізм, веданта, християнство, деякі школи будизму), а також класична філософія. Рефлексія як компонент самосвідомості стала важливим механізмом самоорганізації ідентичності, починаючи з вісьового часу. Сократ виявив необхідність рефлексивного усвідомлення відмінності загального від одиничного (...) у процесі мислення та сприяв усвідомленню моралі як форми суспільної свідомості. Платон сформулював ідею мислення як бесіди душі із самою собою та рефлексивного осмисленного переходу від однієї ідеї до іншої у процесі мислення. Аристотель з’ясував, що відчуття, сприйняття, уява супроводжуються своєрідним сприйняттям-мисленням (усвідомленням, рефлексією), але останнє є вищим за природою, ніж перші, та, на противагу цьому, розум мислить божественне, що є однією природою з ним, і є мисленням мислення. (shrink)

Based on the analysis of theoretical and philosophical orientation of philosophical and educational thought at the end of XIX - beginning of the twentieth century, established mechanisms for determining the socio-cultural and specific historical features of the formation of personality in the educational space of Modernity.

У статті проаналізовано визначення поняття транснаціональної корпорації, а також значення цих корпорацій та їхній вплив на процеси світової економіки загалом і на приймаючі країни. Проаналізовано теоретичні концепції розвитку транснаціональних корпорацій в умовах посткризової світової економіки, узагальнено основні способи виходу транснаціональних корпорацій на ринки приймаючих країн, зокрема динаміку угод транскордонних злиттів і поглинань. Виділено загрози зниження ефективності роботи транснаціональних корпорацій у контексті світової економіки під час економічної рецесії. Згруповано основні критерії оцінки реального інвестування при виборі транснаціональними корпораціями країни. Проаналізовано та обґрунтовано (...) ряд макроекономічних показників, таких як динаміка кількості транснаціональних корпорацій; динаміка потоків прямих іноземних інвестицій у світі, а також транскордонних угод, інвестицій у нові проекти по регіонах й основних країнах світу. Висвітлено основні напрямки регуляторної практики розвитку транснаціональних корпорацій в умовах посткризової світової економіки. (shrink)

Created during a certain time period of the world’s art development, fictional history embodies not only a set of individual authorial creative acts, but it is the only "artistic-historical model" conditioned by a number of objective aesthetic and non-aesthetic factors. As such, fictional history represents an integral part of the national worldview. Its exploration requires a combinatorial unity of methods. The article proposes a set of modern methodological principles for studying the processes of artistic modelling of history in the aesthetic (...) consciousness on the synchronous level and their representation in literary works. The methods of academic literary criticism are combined with the advanced methods of modern interdisciplinary humanities that are based on postmodern philosophy. Thus, in the chosen combination of the scientific approaches, the heuristic potential of the structural-semiotic and structural-typological methods, mythopoetics and myth-restoration, imagology, hermeneutics, and receptive aesthetics, correlates with the methods of systematic and descriptive analysis. Such diverse theoretical combinations, the existence of a kind of "methodological sinusoid" within the study, do not contradict but complement each other. (shrink)

In this paper, we introduce a new four-valued logic which may be viewed as a variation on the theme of Kubyshkina and Zaitsev's Logic of Rational Agent textbf{LRA} cite{LRA}. We call our logic $ bf LIRA$. In contrast to textbf{LRA}, it has three designated values instead of one and a different interpretation of truth values, the same as in Zaitsev and Shramko's bi-facial truth logic cite{ZS}. This logic may be useful in a situation when according to an agent's point of (...) view her/his reasoning is rational, while from the external one it might be not the case. One may use textbf{LIRA}, if one wants to reconstruct an agent's way of thinking, compare it with respect to the real state of affairs, and understand why an agent thought in this or that way. Moreover, we discuss Kubyshkina and Zaitsev's necessity and possibility operators for textbf{LRA} definable by means of four-valued Kripke-style semantics and show that, due to two negations of textbf{LRA}, two more possibility operators for textbf{LRA} can be defined. Then we slightly modify all these modalities to be appropriate for $bf LIRA$. Finally, we formalize all the truth-functional $ n $-ary extensions of the negation fragment of $bf LIRA$ as well as their basic modal extension via linear-type natural deduction systems. (shrink)

In the paper a theory of relevant properties is developed. The theory permits us to distinguish between properties that are relevant to an object and the properties that are irrelevant to it. Predication is meaningful only if a property is relevant to an object. On the base of introducing a special negative type of predication as opposed to usual sentential negation, a new notion of generalization for properties is defined. Context-free, as weIl as context-depended relevance of properties are considered.

The problem of relations between the Apostolic Capital and the Soviet state in the interwar period and the interstate Bolshevik authorities and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in 1944-1945 has been widely and comprehensively covered in Ukrainian and foreign historiography. The author, in order to reproduce the two vectors of one problem in a holistic way, synthesized them into a single complex, setting up specific aspects: state – Church – relations. And when, in the 1920s and 1930s, the Soviet authorities (...) carried out a brutal struggle against religion, it is natural that the Apostolic See opposed this lawlessness. (shrink)

An aesthetic distinction between good music and the good in music is crucial for a philosophy of music education. Ultimately, it is not the music's fault, as it were, that someone may view it as being 'not good' in either a social or aesthetic context. Regardless of how music is colored it remains an entity unto itself and thus untouched by our pronouncements. Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations recognized the falseness of such propositions as biased pronouncements taking the form of bad 'x' (...) or good 'x.' Thus we may seek the good within the music if we know how to define what we mean by that. This approach allows music to be conceptualized and framed in a meaningful educational context. In such a way Plato and Aristotle attempted a conceptualization of the 'good' and the 'ungood' in the music of their time, as did Adorno in the preceding century. Although this context still does not allow pronouncements of music as good or bad, it does allow a seeking of its educational utility and unlimited potentiality in the name of an aesthetic and moral understanding. (shrink)

B. Kooi and A. Tamminga present a correspondence analysis for extensions of G. Priest’s logic of paradox. Each unary or binary extension is characterizable by a special operator and analyzable via a sound and complete natural deduction system. The present paper develops a sound and complete proof searching technique for the binary extensions of the logic of paradox.

In Philosophical Logic, the Liar Paradox has been used to motivate the introduction of both truth value gaps and truth value gluts. Moreover, in the light of “revenge Liar” arguments, also higher-order combinations of generalized truth values have been suggested to account for so-called hyper-contradictions. In the present paper, Graham Priest's treatment of generalized truth values is scrutinized and compared with another strategy of generalizing the set of classical truth values and defining an entailment relation on the resulting sets of (...) higher-order values. This method is based on the concept of a multilattice. If the method is applied to the set of truth values of Belnap's “useful four-valued logic”, one obtains a trilattice, and, more generally, structures here called Belnap-trilattices. As in Priest's case, it is shown that the generalized truth values motivated by hyper-contradictions have no effect on the logic. Whereas Priest's construction in terms of designated truth values always results in his Logic of Paradox, the present construction in terms of truth and falsity orderings always results in First Degree Entailment. However, it is observed that applying the multilattice-approach to Priest's initial set of truth values leads to an interesting algebraic structure of a “bi-and-a-half” lattice which determines seven-valued logics different from Priest's Logic of Paradox. (shrink)