Este artigo busca ressoar um percurso de sensibilização vivido por um professor que descobre a força desestabilizadora e inspiradora da infância das crianças durante as aulas de filosofia. Ao investigar a (im)possibilidade das crianças fazerem filosofia, vemos semelhanças com a experiência de tocar violão, o qual transformamos em um personagem conceitual para nos ajudar a (re)pensar o ensino de filosofia para crianças. Ensaiamos, neste texto, formas de explorar os sentidos que se desprendem de experiências vividas entre a infância e a (...) filosofia a partir de encontros vividos em salas de aula, para encontrarmos/criarmos possibilidades de alimentarmos essa investigação ao invés de pôr fim a ela. Um exercício que nos possibilita encontrar/construir formas mais acolhedoras, sensíveis e inventivas de fazer, viver e habitar a educação entre a infância e a filosofia na escola. Deparamo-nos, assim, com ideia (conceito-corpo) de devir-violão, a qual trabalhamos a partir dos encontros com Gilles Deleuze e Jean-Luc Nancy. Vida. É disso que se trata este texto; e pesquisa, pois, no que diz respeito à educação, essas duas coisas se confundem, acontecem juntas, co-partilham percursos, são inseparáveis; do mesmo modo que não podemos separar o som do arrepio que causam em nossa pele. O texto é, antes de tudo, um convite a nos colocarmos à escuta daquilo que nos toca, não para explicar ou fundamentar nossas práticas, mas sim para descobrir e inventar sentidos: ser em-com-outros, entre educação, filosofia, infâncias e escolas. (shrink)

El presente artículo analiza la (re)introducción del 3D en nuestras pantallas de cine. Esta vez, gracias a la tecnología digital y a la polarización de la imagen, la profundidad de campo se hace mas creíble y la interfaz, a pesar de seguir presente, ha ganado en comodidad y efectividad. La espectacularidad de las imágenes es el mayor reclamo que hoy presenta el 3D para atraer al espectador a las salas de cine y fascinarle con el desarrollo tecnológico. Al mismo tiempo, (...) el 3D es una herramienta útil para solucionar los problemas surgidos en la industria cinematográfica a raíz de la evolución de la pirateria y la cada vez más compleja competición con otros medios. La gran duda que plantea el 3D es si se sumará a la larga lista de fracasos de los años 70 y 80 por intentar transformar la forma de ver la imagen o supondrá un paso adelante en la pretensión por acercarnos a la realidad virtual y un cine de inmersión e interacción total. (shrink)

Este trabajo brinda un panorama de la vida y obra del pensador venezolano Julio Cesar Salas, resaltando sus análisis sociológicos, antropológicos e históricos de la realidad venezolana y continental. El liberalismo impregna sus planteamientos económicos y políticos, y le llevó a ser acérrimo opositor al gobierno de Juan Vicente Gómez. Por libre pensador, positivista y evolucionista militante, seguidor de las ideas de Augusto Comte y Herbert Spencer, fue excomulgado de la iglesia católica. Ello hizo de Salas un pensador crítico (...) ante la política, la economía, la sociedad, la historia, y de toda la realidad venezolana y latinoamericana de su tiempo. (shrink)

Con este volumen el fotógrafo Rodrigo Avilés intentó documentar las transformaciones de los recintos de exhibición cinematográfica de la capital chilena a partir del año 2000. Es un registro fotográfico que, con imágenes realizadas por el autor tanto en blanco y negro como en color, da cuenta de las reutilizaciones o desapariciones de las salas capitalinas, proponiendo con ello una lectura de la ciudad, el espacio público y el cine como industria cultural.92 cines es un ensayo fotográfico que..

Cet article propose une synthèse théorique pour mieux appréhender la problématique du présent numéro de la Revue de Philosophie Économique qui, axé sur « Justice, intérêt et judiciarisation », donne une place de choix au droit. Le texte revisite quelques principes fondamentaux de l’utilitarisme, plusieurs théories de la justice et des libertés en vue d’examiner la « judiciarisation » comme processus exprimant justice et intérêt(s). En repartant de Jeremy Bentham, en passant par les options opposées de John Rawls et de (...) Friedrich Hayek notamment, des tensions sont mises au jour au sein de la triade de concepts. En abordant le « réalisme » juridique, notamment chez Richard Posner, il apparaît combien la perspective socio-économique nourrit la judiciarisation, qui influence en retour les interactions sociales. L’enjeu du cadre civilisationnel est souligné sur le cas japonais, qui montre la pertinence de ressaisir ces concepts en contexte. Toile de fond, ce texte sert à aborder les articles subséquents du numéro, focalisés sur des applications pratiques de la philosophie économique. (shrink)

La publicación del cuarto y último volumen de la _Historia de la sexualidad_ viene a llenar una larga espera, pero, sobre todo, ella permite tener por fin una visión de conjunto del último gran proyecto histórico-crítico de Michel Foucault. En el presente trabajo quisiera mostrar que con la publicación de _Les aveux de la chair_ (Paris, 2018) se vuelve posible comprender una serie de dificultades que han sido planteadas por los especialistas relativos al “giro” foucaultiano, a partir de los años (...) 1980, hacia una reintegración de la experiencia en el análisis. En particular, quisiera aquí defender que lo que Foucault llama “la experiencia de sí”, bajo la figura particular de la experiencia moral de la sexualidad, no será concebida ni por referencia a un sujeto, ni por referencia a un objeto (ni tampoco de manera “intersubjetiva”), sino como la formación de un _a priori_ histórico: el de la experiencia de la carne como transformación de sí. (shrink)

This is the introductory chapter to the anthology: Inner Speech: New Voices, to be published in fall 2018 by OUP. It gives an overview of current debates in philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience concerning inner speech, and situates the chapters of the volume with respect to those debates.

Many word forms in natural language are polysemous, but only some of them allow for co-predication, that is, they allow for simultaneous predications selecting for two different meanings or senses of a nominal in a sentence. In this paper, we try to explain (i) why some groups of senses allow co-predication and others do not, and (ii) how we interpret co-predicative sentences. The paper focuses on those groups of senses that allow co-predication in an especially robust and stable way. We (...) argue, using these cases, but focusing particularly on the multiply polysemous word ‘school’, that the senses involved in co-predication form especially robust activation packages, which allow hearers and readers to access all the different senses in interpretation. (shrink)

In this paper we introduce two issues relevantly related to the cognitive phenomenology debate, which, to our minds, have not been yet properly addressed: the relation between access and phenomenal consciousness in cognition and the relation between conscious thought and inner speech. In the first case, we ask for an explanation of how we have access to thought contents, and in the second case, an explanation of why is inner speech so pervasive in our conscious thinking. We discuss the prospects (...) of explanation for both sides of the debate and argue that cognitive phenomenology defenders are in an overall advantageous position. We also propose an account of inner speech that differs from other influential explanations in some interesting respects. (shrink)

BackgroundVulnerability is a key concept in traditional and contemporary bioethics. In the philosophical literature, vulnerability is understood not only to be an ontological condition of humanity, but also to be a consequence of contingent factors. Within bioethics debates, vulnerable populations are defined in relation to compromised capacity to consent, increased susceptibility to harm, and/or exploitation. Although vulnerability has historically been associated with older adults, to date, no comprehensive or systematic work exists on the meaning of their vulnerability. To fill this (...) gap, we analysed the literature on aged care for the meaning, foundations, and uses of vulnerability as an ethical concept.MethodsUsing PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of argument-based ethics literature in four major databases: PubMed, Embase®, Web of Science™, and Philosopher’s Index. These covered biomedical, philosophy, bioethical, and anthropological literature. Titles, abstracts, and full texts of identified papers were screened for relevance. The snowball technique and citation tracking were used to identify relevant publications. Data analysis and synthesis followed the preparatory steps of the coding process detailed in the QUAGOL methodology.ResultsThirty-eight publications met our criteria and were included. Publication dates ranged from 1984 to 2020, with 17 publications appearing between 2015 and 2020. Publications originated from all five major continents, as indicated by the affiliation of the first author. Our analyses revealed that the concept of vulnerability could be distinguished in terms of basic human and situational vulnerability. Six dimensions of older adults’ vulnerability were identified: physical; psychological; relational/interpersonal; moral; sociocultural, political, and economic; and existential/spiritual. This analysis suggested three ways to relate to older adults’ vulnerability: understanding older adults’ vulnerability, taking care of vulnerable older adults, and intervening through socio-political-economic measures.ConclusionsThe way in which vulnerability was conceptualised in the included publications overlaps with distinctions used within contemporary bioethics literature. Dimensions of aged care vulnerability map onto defining features of humans, giving weight to the claim that vulnerability represents an inherent characteristic of humans. Vulnerability is mostly a value-laden concept, endowed with positive and negative connotations. Most publications focused on and promoted aged care, strengthening the idea that care is a defining practice of being human. (shrink)

Despite several criticisms surrounding the DSM classification in psychiatry, a significant bulk of research on mental conditions still operates according to two core assumptions: a) homogeneity, that is the idea that mental conditions are sufficiently homogeneous to justify generalization; b) additive comorbidity, that is the idea that the coexistence of multiple conditions in the same individual can be interpreted as additive. In this paper we take autism research as a case study to show that, despite a plethora of criticism, psychiatric (...) research often continues to operate in accordance with this model. Then we argue that such a model runs into problems once facts about comorbidity are taken into account. Finally, we offer some suggestions on how to tackle the challenge raised by comorbidity and its impact on heterogeneity. To do so, we explore transdiagnostic stratification accounts and network models to show that combining these approaches can move us in the right direction. (shrink)

Todas las organizaciones de los diferentes sectores productivos del país están realizando un esfuerzo importante para confeccionar e implantar su estrategia, marcando los objetivos que les permitan alcanzar una posición de ventaja en el mercado y conseguir, así, la visión que han definido. Para poner en marcha el despliegue de sus objetivos se ayudan de la identificación de una serie de indicadores que les informarán del grado de consecución de los mismos. Es lo que se conoce como el Cuadro de (...) Mandos de una empresa u organización.…. (shrink)

This volume examines modern scepticism in all main philosophical areas: epistemology, science, metaphysics, morals, and religion. It features sixteen essays that explore its importance for modern thought. The contributions present diverse, mutually enriching interpretations of key thinkers, from Montaigne to Nietzsche. The book includes a look both at the relationship between Montaigne and Pascal and at Montaigne’s criticism of religious rationalism. It turns its attention to an investigation into the links between ancient scepticism and Bacon’s Doctrine of the Idols, as (...) well as into the ancient problem of the criterion in Cartesian philosophy. Next, three essays focus on more general topics, like modern sceptical disturbances, clandestine literature and irreligion. Two essays investigate the role of scepticism in Bayle’s moral thinking and his theory of religious toleration. Hume’s sceptical philosophy is the subject of two papers by distinguished scholars. In addition, many contributors address the presence of scepticism in Kant and in the German Idealism, such as the role of Schulze's scepticism in the works of the young Hegel. The book closes with a paper on Nietzsche and scepticism, and an essay on the role of Popkin’s and Schmitt’s works on modern scepticism. This collection continues along a rich, fruitful path opened by Richard H. Popkin and pursued by many important scholars, like Gianni Paganini, John-Christian Laursen, and José Raimundo Maia Neto. It re-establishes that necessary dialogue between researchers of scepticism from all over the Americas, which began with Popkin, Oswaldo Porchat and Ezequiel de Olaso long ago. This insightful reflection on modern European scepticism will also serve as an important resource in the history of modern philosophy. (shrink)

This article is a first assessment of the Italian Code of deontology for nurses (revised in 1999) on the basis of data collected from focus groups with nurses taking part in the Ethical Codes in Nursing (ECN) project. We illustrate the professional context in which the Code was introduced and explain why the 1999 revision was necessary in the light of changes affecting the Italian nursing profession. The most remarkable findings concern professional autonomy and responsibility, and how the Code is (...) thought of as a set of guidelines for nursing practice. We discuss these issues, underlining that the 1999 Code represents a valuable instrument for ethical reflection and examination, a stimulus for putting the moral sense of the nursing profession into action, and that it represents a new era for professional nursing practice in Italy. The results of the analysis also deserve further qualitative study and future consideration. (shrink)

v. 1. Ensaios filosóficos. Exegese da ação. Dialética das consciências. Idéias para um nôvo conceito do homem. Teologia e antihumanismo. Filosofia da mitologia e da religião.

RESUMEN Michel de Montaigne, el reconocido autor de Los ensayos, ha sido interpretado como un escéptico y, más en concreto, como un defensor del fideísmo escéptico; lectura que tiene su origen principal en la interpretación de B. Pascal. El artículo pretende reexaminar tanto la cuestión del fideísmo como la del escepticismo presente en Los ensayos, para concluir que quizá la interpretación de Pascal, que todavía perdura, se basa en un "desvío" involuntario o intencionado, pero en todo caso creativo y fértil. (...) ABSTRACT Michel de Montaigne, the renowned author of The Essays, has been interpreted as a skeptic, and, more specifically, as a defender of skeptical fideism. This reading has its main origin in B. Pascal's interpretation. The article reexamines the questions of both fideism and skepticism in The Essays, and concludes that Pascal's enduring interpretation might be based on an involuntary or deliberate "deviation", which, in any case, has been creative and fruitful. (shrink)

Philosophy & Social Criticism, Volume 48, Issue 9, Page 1226-1246, November 2022. In this study, we claim that political liberalism, despite harsh criticism, is still the best option available for providing a just and stable society. However, we maintain that political liberalism needs to be revised so as to be justifiable from the perspective of not only the “reasonable” in a Rawlsian sense but also the ones whom Rawls labels as “unreasonable.” To support our claim, going beyond Rawls’s original account, (...) we unpack the concept of unreasonableness and identify three different subsets that we label as the “partially reasonable,” the “non-reasonable,” and the “unreasonable.” We argue that both the “fully” reasonable and the “partially reasonable” would be included into the constituency of public justification; more specifically, we claim that the latter would support liberal institutions out of their reasons: we define these reasons as mutually intelligible reasons and claim that they allow to acknowledge the importance of a convergence approach to public justification. As for the “non-reasonable” and “unreasonable,” we claim that they cannot be included in the constituency of public justification, but they nonetheless could be compliant with liberal institutions if political liberalism offers them some reasons to comply: here, we claim that political liberalism should include them through engagement and propose reasoning from conjecture as an effecting way of offering reasons for compliance. In particular, we claim that through reasoning from conjecture, the “non-reasonable” could find conciliatory reasons to comply with liberal institutions on a stable base. With regard to the “unreasonable” in the strict sense, we claim that through reasoning from conjecture, their unreasonableness could be contained and they could find reasons—even if just self-interested—for complying with liberal institutions rather than defying them. In our discussion, we consider the different subsets not as “frozen” but as dynamic and open to change, and we aim to propose a more complex and multilayered approach to inclusion that would be able to include a wider set of people. To strengthen our argument, we show that the need for a wider public justification and for broader inclusion in liberal societies is grounded in respect for persons both as equal persons and as particular individuals. In particular, we claim that individuals’ values, ends, commitments, and affiliations activate demands of respect and can strengthen the commitment to the liberal–democratic order. Through a reformulation of the role of respect in liberal societies, we also show a kind of social and communitarian dimension that, we claim, is fully compatible with political liberalism and opens it up to “civic friendship” and “social solidarity,” which are constitutive elements for the development of a sense of justice and for the realization of a just and stable society. (shrink)

Within the ecological and enactive approaches in cognitive science, a tension exists in how the process of skill learning is understood. Skill learning can be understood in a narrow sense, as a process of bodily change over time, or in an extended sense, as a change in the structure of the animal–environment system. We propose to resolve this tension by rejecting the first understanding in favor of the second. We thus defend an extended approach to skill learning. An extended understanding (...) of skill learning views bodily changes as being embedded in a larger process of interaction between the organism and specific structures in the environment. Such an extended approach is committed to the claims that (1) the appropriate unit of analysis for understanding skill learning is not the body but the activity and (2) learning consists in the establishment and adaptive organization of enabling constraints on that activity. We focus on two example cases: maintaining upright posture and walking. In both cases, environmental structures play a constitutive role in the activity throughout learning, but the specific environmental structures that are involved in the activity change over time. At an early stage, the child makes use of an environmental “support”—for example, holding onto furniture to maintain upright posture. Later, once further constraints have been established, the child is able to let go of the furniture and remain upright. We argue that adopting an extended understanding of skill learning offers a promising strategy for unifying ecological and enactive approaches and can also potentially ground a radically embodied approach to higher cognition. (shrink)

The main goal of this paper is to show that there are many phenomena that pertain to the construction of truth-conditional compounds that follow characteristic patterns, and whose explanation requires appealing to knowledge structures organized in specific ways. We review a number of phenomena, ranging from non-homogenous modification and privative modification to polysemy and co-predication that indicate that knowledge structures do play a role in obtaining truth-conditions. After that, we show that several extant accounts that invoke rich lexical meanings to (...) explain such phenomena face problems related to inflexibility and lack of predictive power. We review different ways in which one might react to such problems as regards lexical meanings: go richer, go moderately richer, go thinner, and go moderately thinner. On the face of it, it looks like moderate positions are unstable, given the apparent lack of a clear cutoff point between the semantic and the conceptual, but also that a very thin view and a very rich view may turn out to be indistinguishable in the long run. As far as we can see, the most pressing open questions concern this last issue: can there be a principled semantic/world knowledge distinction? Where could it be drawn: at some upper level (e.g. enriched qualia structures) or at some basic level (e.g. constraints)? How do parsimony considerations affect these two different approaches? A thin meanings approach postulates intermediate representations whose role is not clear in the interpretive process, while a rich meanings approach to lexical meaning seems to duplicate representations: the same representations that are stored in the lexicon would form part of conceptual representations. Both types of parsimony problems would be solved by assuming a direct relation between word forms and (parts of) conceptual or world knowledge, leading to a view that has been attributed to Chomsky (e.g. by Katz 1980) in which there is just syntax and encyclopedic knowledge. (shrink)

Nurses are responsible for the well-being and quality of life of many people, and therefore must meet high standards of technical and ethical competence. The most common form of ethical guidance is a code of ethics/professional practice; however, little research on how codes are viewed or used in practice has been undertaken. This study, carried out in six European countries, explored nurses’ opinions of the content and function of codes and their use in nursing practice. A total of 49 focus (...) groups involving 311 nurses were held. Purposive sampling ensured a mix of participants from a range of specialisms. Qualitative analysis enabled emerging themes to be identified on both national and comparative bases. Most participants had a poor understanding of their codes. They were unfamiliar with the content and believed they have little practical value because of extensive barriers to their effective use. In many countries nursing codes appear to be ‘paper tigers’ with little or no impact; changes are needed in the way they are developed and written, introduced in nurse education, and reinforced/implemented in clinical practice. (shrink)

La celebración del segundo centenario del nacimiento de Ch. Darwin, no puede por menos de renovar la problemática teológica, asociada a esta revolución científica. Aceptado el hecho de la evolución filogenética, incluso con respecto al cuerpo humano y al origen del hombre sobre la tierra , ello no resuelve todos los problemas, sino que los hace aparecer a partir de esa aceptación, que es, por lo demás, ineludible. Especialmente el del dogma sobre el pecado original. Algunos, para salir del atolladero, (...) se decantan por suprimir sin más tal dogma o dejarlo de lado, olvidarlo. Es como eliminar el problema, pero sin solucionarlo. El autor cree que ese dogma es una parte innegable de la dogmática cristiana, según los cánones del Concilio Trento. Pero lo que allí se define es su existencia, la existencia de “un pecado” de origen. No se define su naturaleza. Partiendo de esto, podemos obtener una nueva visión y comprensión del dogma, incluso más positiva, y que se ajuste mejor tanto a otros dogmas de fe, como a los conocimientos que actualmente tenemos acerca del origen del hombre. (shrink)