Résumé — L’analyse de la condition ouvrière dévoile les conditions sociales de la constitution psychologique et morale de soi. Le système tayloriste est aliénant en ce qu’il anéantit la capacité de s’attribuer réalité et valeur, en forçant l’ouvrier à endosser des mobiles qu’il ne peut pourtant s’approprier car ils lui sont étrangers et humiliants, contraires à ses aspirations. Il dépend de l’extériorité – où il peut certes trouver des grandeurs de conventions mensongères, mais aussi ce qui lui est le plus (...) intérieur – pour comprendre les aspirations qui le constituent et rester en accord avec lui-même. Il ne faut donc pas opposer l’intériorité indépendante et l’extériorité, mais deux types de dépendance : à la force extérieure, qui brise le rapport à soi ; ou à la nécessité, intelligible, qui en permet l’instauration : il y a des conditions à l’autonomie morale, entendue comme capacité d’agir d’après l’intellection de la nécessité, seul mobile que le sujet peut s’approprier et qui l’élève. Cela permet de juger les sociétés, acceptables si leur fonctionnement est intelligible, si elles stimulent l’activité de compréhension, et offrent un milieu où sont exprimées les aspirations, la réalité et la valeur propres à l’individu.— The analysis of the working condition reveals the social conditions of the self psychological and moral constitution. The taylorist system is alienating since it annihilates the capacity to claim any reality and value, by forcing the workman to shoulder mobiles that he cannot afford because they are foreign and humiliating to him, opposites with his aspirations. Depending on the exteriority – where he can certainly find greatnesses of untrue conventions, but also what is most inner to him – he can understand the aspirations which constitute him and though remain in agreement with himself. One thus should not oppose independent interiority and the exteriority, but two types of dependence : on the external force, which breaks the relation with the self ; or on the necessity, intelligible, that allows the setting-up of it : there are conditions to moral autonomy, understood as the capacity to act according to the intellection of the necessity, sole mobile that the subject can take over and that emancipates him. That allows to evaluate the societies, acceptable if their way of processing is intelligible, if they stimulate the understanding activity, and offer a medium where the aspirations, reality and value that are peculiar to the individual are expressed. (shrink)

This article discusses the set of Harsanyi payoff vectors of a cooperative TU-game, also known as the Selectope. We reconsider some results on Harsanyi payoff vectors within a more general framework. First, an intuitive approach is used, showing that the set of Harsanyi payoff vectors is the core of an associated convex game. Next, the set of individual rational Harsanyi payoff vectors, the Harsanyi imputations in short, is considered. Existence conditions are provided, and if non-empty, we provide a description as (...) the core of a well-defined convex game, and show that it is an externally stable set. (shrink)

This article discusses the set of Harsanyi payoff vectors of a cooperative TU-game, also known as the Selectope. We reconsider some results on Harsanyi payoff vectors within a more general framework. First, an intuitive approach is used, showing that the set of Harsanyi payoff vectors is the core of an associated convex game. Next, the set of individual rational Harsanyi payoff vectors, the Harsanyi imputations in short, is considered. Existence conditions are provided, and if non-empty, we provide a description as (...) the core of a well-defined convex game, and show that it is an externally stable set. (shrink)

Walter Benjamins »destruktiver Charakter«, sein alter ego, ist nicht so einsam, wie es scheinen mag, sondern hat im bürgerlichen Lager, in der Person eines eher konservativen Kulturkritikers und Verteidigers der auserlesensten Bildung, einen Doppelgänger – soweit dieser avantgardistische künstlerische Positionen vertritt. Und dieser Doppelgänger hat ebenfalls einen Doppelgänger: »Monsieur Teste«. Daß es zwischen Benjamin und Valéry zu einem solchen Refraktionsspiel kam, ist kein Zufall. Der Dialog mit Valéry geht bei Benjamin auf das Frühjahr 1925 zurück und bildet einen roten Faden, (...) der in der Verstrickung von Avantgardismus und Kulturkritik am deutlichsten zutage tritt. (shrink)

Gérard Genette occupe une « situation » intermédiaire entre les avant-gardes théoriques des années 1960 et l’histoire littéraire de la tradition lansonienne à la Sorbonne, où il avait commencé sa carrière académique, avant d’amorcer un « tournant rhétorique » dans la filiation de Valéry et de Paulhan. Enseignant la poétique à l’EPHE et à l’EHESS, il a contribué à renouveler profondément la théorie littéraire en France dans les années 1960, aux côtés de Barthes, Todorov, Jakobson et Michel Charles.

What is well-being? This is one of humanity's oldest and deepest questions; Valerie Tiberius offers a fresh answer. She argues that our lives go well to the extent that we succeed in what matters to us emotionally, reflectively, and over the long term. So when we want to help others achieve well-being, we should pay attention to their values.

The rise of private standards, including those involving multi-stakeholder processes, raises questions about whose interests are served and the kind of power that is exerted to maintain these interests. This paper critically examines the battle for ideas—the way competing factions assert their own narratives about value chain relations, the role of standards and related multi-stakeholder processes. Drawing on empirical research on the horticulture and floriculture value chains linking Kenya and the United Kingdom, the analysis explores the framing of sustainability issues, (...) especially around labor issues and good agricultural practice, and the choice of response with respect to private standards and multi-stakeholder initiatives since the late 1990s. We identify four competing narratives currently in play: a dominant global sourcing narrative, a pragmatic development narrative, a broader development narrative and a narrative we term potentially transformative. This last narrative is currently emerging through the unpacking of narratives in relation to the framing of sustainability problems and solutions, and in terms of legislative, executive and judicial governance. The paper contributes to emerging understanding of power in value chains, moving beyond material power to a consideration of how ideational power is exerted and resisted. (shrink)

Sugar, pork, beer, corn, cider, scrapple, and hoppin' John all became staples in the diet of colonial America. The ways Americans cultivated and prepared food and the values they attributed to it played an important role in shaping the identity of the newborn nation. In A Revolution in Eating, James E. McWilliams presents a colorful and spirited tour of culinary attitudes, tastes, and techniques throughout colonial America. Confronted by strange new animals, plants, and landscapes, settlers in the colonies and West (...) Indies found new ways to produce food. Integrating their British and European tastes with the demands and bounty of the rugged American environment, early Americans developed a range of regional cuisines. From the kitchen tables of typical Puritan families to Iroquois longhouses in the backcountry and slave kitchens on southern plantations, McWilliams portrays the grand variety and inventiveness that characterized colonial cuisine. As colonial America grew, so did its palate, as interactions among European settlers, Native Americans, and African slaves created new dishes and attitudes about food. McWilliams considers how Indian corn, once thought by the colonists as "fit for swine," became a fixture in the colonial diet. He also examines the ways in which African slaves influenced West Indian and American southern cuisine. While a mania for all things British was a unifying feature of eighteenth-century cuisine, the colonies discovered a national beverage in domestically brewed beer, which came to symbolize solidarity and loyalty to the patriotic cause in the Revolutionary era. The beer and alcohol industry also instigated unprecedented trade among the colonies and further integrated colonial habits and tastes. Victory in the American Revolution initiated a "culinary declaration of independence," prompting the antimonarchical habits of simplicity, frugality, and frontier ruggedness to define American cuisine. McWilliams demonstrates that this was a shift not so much in new ingredients or cooking methods, as in the way Americans imbued food and cuisine with values that continue to shape American attitudes to this day. (shrink)

This paper examines a legal case arising from a workplace grievance that progressed to being heard at the UK’s Supreme Court. The case of Doogan and Wood versus Greater Glasgow and Clyde Health Board concerned two senior midwives in Scotland, both practicing Roman Catholics, who exercised their perceived rights in accordance with section 4 of the Abortion Act not to participate in the treatment of women undergoing abortions. The key question raised by this case was: “Is Greater Glasgow and Clyde (...) Health Board entitled to require the midwives to delegate, supervise and support staff in the treatment of patients undergoing termination of pregnancy?” The ethical issues concerning conscientious objection to abortion have been much debated although the academic literature is mainly concerned with the position of medical practitioners rather than what the World Health Organization terms “mid-level professionals” such as midwives. This paper examines the arguments put forward by the midwives to justify their refusal to carry out tasks they felt contravened their legal right to make a conscientious objection. We then consider professional codes, UK legislation and church legislation. While the former are given strong weighting the latter was been ignored in this case, although cases in other European countries have been prevented from escalating to such a high level by the intervention of prominent church figures. The paper concludes by stating that the question put to the courts remains as yet unanswered but offers some recommendations for future policy making and research. (shrink)

Morain and colleagues (2019) advocate rethinking the rather dogmatic guidance from both regulatory authorities and professional associations cautioning physician-investigators against obtaining inf...

Just war thinking serves a social and psychological role that international law cannot fill. Law is dispassionate and objective, while just war thinking accounts for emotions and the situatedness of individuals. While law works on us externally, making us accountable to certain people and institutions, just war thinking affects us internally, making us accountable to ourselves. Psychologically, an external focus leads to feelings of shame, while an inward focus generates feelings of guilt. Philosophers have long recognized the importance of these (...) two moral emotions. Recently, psychologists have found that feelings of guilt are linked to positive social outcomes, such as the desire for reconciliation and reparation, while shame generates anger and hostility. Just war thinking, as an inward-looking tradition, has a special relationship with guilt. By focusing on moral emotions, just war thinking can move beyond the law in four ways, by developing an ethic of accountability, by providing a foundation for addressing moral injury, by providing a common language for discussing the costs of war, and for identifying ethical problems in radically new contexts. (shrink)

Through the World Health Organization’s definition of midwifery, midwives are frequently heard to describe themselves as autonomous practitioners. In this article this notion is refuted. An overview of individual and collective autonomy is first presented to contextualize the subsequent discussion. Then the notion of autonomy in relation to midwifery practice in Scotland and New Zealand is critiqued through tracing the history of midwives and midwifery in these two countries. Issues relating to midwifery registration, medicalization of birth and consumerism are discussed. (...) Each of these categories is suggested as limiting to autonomous practice within midwifery. (shrink)

Despite existing federal and state law and regulation, new human subjects research scandals involving “vulnerable” populations continue to surface. Although existing oversight mechanisms were enacted to ensure voluntary informed consent for participants and institutional review board oversight of HSR, these laws and regulations do not provide any special oversight mechanisms or protections to ensure the ethical and safe inclusion of cognitively impaired adults. The absence of rules to ensure consistently ethical conduct of research involving adults who lack consent capacity may (...) either lead to exploitation of this vulnerable population or the dearth of important research into the broad range of diseases that impair cognition. In other words, while some institutions and investigators are conducting research with this group without guidance, others are taking an extremely conservative approach and are excluding these individuals from research. Without safeguards that are adequate and robust but not overly burdensome, conducting research involving this population is ethically and legally challenging. (shrink)

This article addresses the question of engagement in French philosophy from the Munich Agreement to the Korean War. It focuses on establishing a little-known fact about the history of the concept of engagement: the role played by the individual and social ethics developed by Husserl in the early 1920s, through its personalist reception, in the genesis of the philosophies of engagement during our reference period. Paul-Louis Landsberg was, with his Reflections on Personal Engagement (1937), the main architect of the renewal (...) through which French personalism, breaking away from the strategy of purity, became a personalism of engagement. In the early 1920s, he had attended Husserl’s lectures in Freiburg, as he explained in the posthumous tribute “Husserl and the Idea of Philosophy” (1939). What did he take from Husserl? What did he choose to abandon? With the failure of transcendental rationalism, had rationalism reached the exhaustion of its meaning and the depletion of its possibilities? The philosophies of engagement that developed in post-war France stemmed largely from a critique of Husserlian rationalism, either by seeking to go beyond rationalism—the strategy of personalism—or by seeking to rebuild it on different grounds, not as transcendental rationalism, but as engaged rationalism. (shrink)

Después de la muerte de Franco el número de filósofos españoles dedicados a la Estética aumentó considerablemente, aunque todavía hoy el grado de internacionalización de la disciplina no sea el adecuado. El artículo pretende describir la escena pluralista de la Estética española. Para ello, el autor diferencia tres áreas de trabajo mayoritarias entre los estetas españoles: en primer lugar la de los problemas clásicos de la estética, como la belleza, la representación o la emoción estética, en segundo lugar, sobre la (...) filosofía del arte en general y el contemporáneo en particular, y en tercer lugar, el análisis teórico y la explicación crítica de las nuevas corrientes del arte actual. (shrink)

In this paper, I argue that Jean-Paul Sartre's theory of the imagination emerges out of a position on perception that is similar to modern naïve realism in that he seeks to add elements of what today is called “relationalism” to his phenomenological description of perceptual and imaginative experience. The problem is that it is not clear that relationalism can be added to the phenomenologist's intentional theory of consciousness in the way Sartre recommends. This paper takes an analytic approach to understanding (...) Sartre's theory of perception, traces his motivation in arguing that perception and imagination are sui generis mental activity and identifies the ways in which Sartre's attempt to add elements of relationalism to the Husserlian account of perception runs into trouble with hallucinatory experience. (shrink)

Le suivi psychologique d’une femme dans la cinquantaine est l’occasion de saisir les effets du corps malade et vieillissant sur la vie psychique. Suite à une atteinte somatique bénigne mais surchargée d’enjeux du féminin et du maternel, Toni apprend une infidélité de son mari et elle s’effondre. Les auteures interrogent comment le psychologue d’orientation psychanalytique peut entendre la souffrance contemporaine du corps et l’actualité du désamour et leurs déterminations inconscientes. Les faits somatiques et de la scène conjugale sont une porte (...) d’entrée pour revisiter des événements passés, leur charge affective et pour dénouer un contrat narcissique conjugal autour de la performance et de la réussite. (shrink)

While our world is characterized by mobility, global interactions, and increasing knowledge, we are facing serious challenges regarding the knowledge of the places around us. We understand and navigate our surroundings by relying on advanced technologies. Yet, a truly knowledgeable relationship to the places where we live and visit is lacking. This book proposes that we are utterly lost and that the loss of a sense of place has contributed to different crises, such as the environmental crisis, the immigration crisis, (...) and poverty. With a rising number of environmental, political, and economic displacements the topic of place becomes more and more relevant and philosophy has to take up this topic in more serious ways than it has done so far. To counteract this problem, the book provides suggestions for how to think differently, both about ourselves, our relationship to other people, and to the places around us. It ends with a suggestion of how to understand ourselves in an eco-political community, one of humans and other living beings as well as inanimate objects. This book will be of great interest to researchers and students of environmental ethics and philosophy as well as those interested in the environmental humanities more generally. (shrink)