O presente artigo objetiva analisar aplicativos de transporte individual de passageiros sob a luz do princípio da livre iniciativa, bem como o desenvolvimento deste trabalho sob a ótica das leis trabalhistas. A Constituição de 1988 resguarda tanto os direitos sociais do trabalho quanto a livre iniciativa como princípio da ordem econômica. Atualmente a prestação desse serviço é apresentada como uma tecnologia disruptiva. Motoristas dos aplicativos de mobilidade fazem uso da tecnologia fomentando a economia e desenvolvendo o mercado de trabalho (...) em meio à crise. A pesquisa será bibliográfica e o método utilizado será o dedutivo, abordando a teoria.Palavras-chave: Jurídico; Econômico; Tecnologia; Startups; Trabalho. ABSTRACT The present article aims to analyze individual passenger transport applications in the light of the principle of free initiative, as well the development of this work under the perspective of labor laws. The 1988 Constitution preserves both the social rights of labor and free enterprise as the principle of the economic order. Currently the provision of this service is presented as disruptive technology. Drivers of mobility applications make use technology by fostering the economy and developing the job market in the midst of the crisis. The research will be bibliographical and the method used will be the deductive, approaching the theory. Keywords: Legal; Economic; Technology; Startups; Job. (shrink)

The introduction of new medical technologies into a developing country is usually greeted with enthusiasm as the possible benefits become an object of great anticipation and provide new hope for therapy or relief. The prompt utilization of new discoveries and inventions by a medical practitioner serves as a positive indicator of high standing in the professional community. But the transfer of medical technology also involves a transfer of concomitant values. There is a danger that, in the process of adopting a (...) particular technology, the user takes for granted the general utility and desirability of the implements and procedures under consideration without recognizing the socio‐cultural peculiarities of the adopting country. A sensitivity to the social conditions and cultural traditions is important so that the emergence of new values can be examined critically and the transfer of necessary technology can be effected smoothly. In the Philippines, efforts to boost patronage of transplant technology appear to have overlooked this need for socio‐cultural sensitivity. Legislative fiat cannot be used to override deep‐seated values. There is a need to be more sensitive to the possible confrontation of values that the transfer of technology brings in order to avoid the erosion of indigenous socio‐cultural values and minimize the intrusiveness of beneficial medical technology. (shrink)

The paper has two goals. The first is presenting the main results of the recent report Ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles: recommendations on road safety, privacy, fairness, explainability and responsibility written by the Horizon 2020 European Commission Expert Group to advise on specific ethical issues raised by driverless mobility, of which the author of this paper has been member and rapporteur. The second is presenting some broader ethical and philosophical implications of these recommendations, and using these to contribute to (...) the establishment of Ethics of Transportation as an independent branch of applied ethics. The recent debate on the ethics of Connected and Automated Vehicles presents a paradox and an opportunity. The paradox is the presence of a flourishing debate on the ethics of one very specific transportation technology without ethics of transportation being in itself a well-established academic discipline. The opportunity is that now that a spotlight has been switched on the ethical dimensions of CAVs it may be easier to establish a broader debate on ethics of transportation. While the 20 recommendations of the EU report are grouped in three macro-areas: road safety, data ethics, and responsibility, in this paper they will be grouped according to eight philosophical themes: Responsible Innovation, road justice, road safety, freedom, human control, privacy, data fairness, responsibility. These are proposed as the first topics for a new ethics of transportation. (shrink)

In this article we will examine, in Sartre, the imminent need for the for-itself has to be based near his conscience. The question by questioning the fundamental design of the for-itself will allow the analysis of human reality as a conscious being, freedom and marked by the anguish of freedom. So how is it possible and how much power it will find a basis for human reality? Sartre's philosophy reveals the human reality as being characterized from the for-itself. Following this (...) proposal, the article will illustrate, first, the discovery of being in-itself, i.e., that being opaque and closed in on itself, the one who possesses the self from itself and that distances itself from the possibilities, being marked by being exactly what it is; the in-itself is what is, or arguably be a quota. On the other hand, is the for-itself, the being who pretends to be in itself, to conduct themselves as a definite being, overcoming the initial contingency in itself, but keeping for itself. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that human reality becomes quite marked by freedom life sentence, since it opened to the latent possibilities as a project to be played in the world, a being who is not content to be what is not and not be what it is, a being who constantly seeks the reasons for its being and resilience of its latent contingency. Thus, it is essential to highlight that, according to Sartre, the for-itself seeks to justify itself and be realized as a conscious thing, that is, a being-in-itself-for-itself. However, when faced with the gratuity of its existence, the for-itself will be transported to an incessant need to live with himself. Thus, the for-itself discovers the trouble, what will make you live in the shadow of their freedom and their choices. (shrink)

A large-scale field experiment in Rotterdam, Netherlands, tested whether nudging could increase public transport use. During one work week, 4000 commuters on six bus lines, received a free travel card holder. On the three bus lines in the experimental condition, the card holders displayed a social label that branded bus passengers as sustainable travelers because of their bus use. On the three bus lines in the control condition, there was no such message on the card holders. Analysis of the number (...) of rides per hour showed that the intervention led to a change from pre-intervention to post-intervention period that was estimated to be 1.18 rides per day greater on experimental lines than on control lines. This experiment shows that public transport operators can increase public transport use by incorporating messages that positively label passengers as sustainable travelers in their communication strategies. (shrink)

El autor realiza un amplio recorrido sobre los estudios del transporte público en Santiago, analizado como un tema de calidad de vida. Para ello ocupa una metodología y estadísticas de elaboración propia a partir de información contenida en dos diarios nacionales. Se concluye que el servicio está por debajo de lo mínimamente aceptable, generando múltiples problemas e incomodidades a los usuarios, llevando esto a una presión por el incremento de la adquisición de vehículos particulares.

Many analytical studies purporting to aid decision-making are produced and yet their contribution to actual decision-making is questioned. This article focuses on how institutional structures influence the way analytical information is actually used. A variation of information criterion for quality of decision-making is developed and used to analyze what types of structures incite actors to both generate and store a variety of ideas and arguments. An international comparison on transport infrastructure planning is used to demonstrate the relevant institutional mechanisms and (...) how different structures lead to different processes of information exchange and to differing product outcomes. (shrink)

Depletion of mitochondrial endo/exonuclease G‐like (EXOG) in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes stimulates mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and induces hypertrophy via reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we show that neurohormonal stress triggers cell death in endo/exonuclease G‐like‐depleted cells, and this is marked by a decrease in mitochondrial reserve capacity. Neurohormonal stimulation with phenylephrine (PE) did not have an additive effect on the hypertrophic response induced by endo/exonuclease G‐like depletion. Interestingly, PE‐induced atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) gene expression was completely abolished in endo/exonuclease (...) G‐like‐depleted cells, suggesting a reverse signaling function of endo/exonuclease G‐like. Endo/exonuclease G‐like depletion initially resulted in increased mitochondrial OCR, but this declined upon PE stimulation. In particular, the reserve capacity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and maximal respiration were the first indicators of perturbations in mitochondrial respiration, and these marked the subsequent decline in mitochondrial function. Although pathological stimulation accelerated these processes, prolonged EXOG depletion also resulted in a decline in mitochondrial function. At early stages of endo/exonuclease G‐like depletion, mitochondrial ROS production was increased, but this did not affect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity. After prolonged depletion, ROS levels returned to control values, despite hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial dysfunction finally resulted in cell death, which appears to be mainly a form of necrosis. In conclusion, endo/exonuclease G‐like plays an essential role in cardiomyocyte physiology. Loss of endo/exonuclease G‐like results in diminished adaptation to pathological stress. The decline in maximal respiration and reserve capacity is the first sign of mitochondrial dysfunction that determines subsequent cell death. (shrink)

RESUMENEl argumento indirecto en favor de la salud y el bienestar de los animales considera la analogía entre derechos humanos y derechos de los no humanos. En tal sentido, los “derechos” de los animales pueden ser considerados “deberes” o responsabilidades de los seres humanos; el artículo defiende entonces una perspectiva antropocéntrica moderada sobre este tema. De hecho, los avances en material de protección de otras especies y del medio ambiente suelen estar relacionados con el interés por proteger la salud de (...) los consumidores. Un análisis de la regulación autonómica, nacional y europea puede mostrar hasta que punto varía la consideración del bienestar animal en áreas como la investigación científica con no humanos, los animales de granja y las normas que regulan el transporte. Por tanto, la situación real de los derechos de los animales demostraría las limitaciones prácticas de actitudes compasivas hacia otras especies que no vayan acompañadas de responsabilidades claras y de deberes de los humanos.PALABRAS CLAVEDERECHOS DE LOS ANIMALES, BIENESTAR ANIMAL, éTICA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN, DERECHOS HUMANOSABSTRACTThe indirect argument in favour of animal health and welfare explores the analogy between human rights and animal rights. In that sense, the “rights” of non-humans could be considered “duties” or responsibilities of human beings; so, the article defends an anthropocentric point of view; a moderate anthropocentric perspective. Indeed, the protection of other species and the environment is usually connected with the interest in health and consumers’ protection. The analysis of the regional, national, and European regulation regarding these issues would prove how different the consideration of animal welfare could be in areas like research on non-humans for scientific purposes, animals for production, and transport norms. Therefore, the present situation of animal rights would demonstrate the practical limitations of compassion towards other species without clear responsibilities and duties on the part of humans.KEYWORDSANIMAL RIGHTS, ANIMAL WELFARE, RESEARCH ETHICS, HUMAN RIGHTS. (shrink)

El autor analiza el concepto ‘calidad de vida’ en su conexión con el de “desarrollo económico”, señalando que refieren a una campo similar, pero que el primero se ha impuesto debido probablemente a la creciente influencia de los medios modernos de comunicación. Analiza luego las múltiples temáticas asociadas a este concepto, y el valor de el concepto como horizonte de logro. Recorre luego el desarrollo teórico de este concepto, y completa su trabajo con las referencias al tema en la prensa (...) de la Región Metropolitana. Concluye con una invitación al diálogo por un mundo mejor. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Eichmann, Empathy, and LolitaLeland de la DurantayeISometime in late 1960 or early 1961 Adolf Eichmann, jailed and awaiting trial in Jerusalem, was given by his guard a copy of Vladimir Nabokov's recently published Lolita, as Hannah Arendt puts it, "for relaxation." After two days Eichmann returned it, visibly indignant: "Quite an unwholesome book"—Das ist aber ein sehr unerfreuliches Buch—he told his guard. 1 Though we are not privy to, (...) and nor does Arendt speculate upon this officer's intentions, it is difficult to imagine that they were limited to procuring Eichmann a little "relaxation." The tale of a homicidal madman writing under observation and awaiting a trial that will consign him either to death or prolonged imprisonment—which fate spares him by felling him with a heart attack—could hardly have been very relaxing for someone at that moment writing his own memoirs and himself awaiting a trial with similar stakes.We might imagine other intentions on the part of Eichmann's guard. Could the gesture have been ironic? Or was it motivated by a dark curiosity—something of the order of an experiment? The sulphurous halo of Nabokov's book was still burning brightly in the popular consciousness of 1960. 2 Might Eichmann's guard have seen Lolita as a sort of litmus test for radical evil, and wanted to see whether the real-life villain—he who impassively organized the transport towards certain death of countless innocents—would coldly, even gleefully, approve the various and vile machinations of Nabokov's creation?This is all only speculation. In Arendt's account, she congratulates Eichmann for his indignation and moves on to other matters. In any event, given Eichmann's radical conventionality one could hardly imagine him liking—or even very well understanding—much of the book. As [End Page 311] Eichmann himself avowed, during his adult life he had read only two books, one of them being Theodor Herzl's The Jewish State. But whatever the motivations of Eichmann's guard, whatever Eichmann's degree of comprehension, and whatever congratulations Eichmann might have deserved for his disgust, the incident raises a question for the study of Nabokov's finest work which has yet to be answered.IIBefore turning to this question, let us remain with Arendt and her notorious reader for a moment. Arendt notes elsewhere that it appeared to her that Eichmann was nearly "aphasic." She comments that, "when he did succeed in constructing a sentence of his own, he repeated it until it became a cliché," and that, "his inability to speak was closely connected with an inability to think, namely, to think from the standpoint of somebody else." Arendt offers here nothing less than a definition of thought itself. "To think" is glossed ("... namely") by Arendt as, "to think from the standpoint of someone else." Though as a definition of thought, it is hardly impressive, it nevertheless expresses something essential about Arendt's conception of thought and thinking. (3) In her view, thought is to be placed under the sign of intellectual empathy, under the sign of living in the strangeness and wonder of another's world. (Though Arendt does not mention the connection, both the language she wrote Eichmann in—English—and her native one—German—make special provision for such a sense, as he or she who is "thoughtless" is not her or she who is incapable of some form of cognition or calculation, as "thoughtless" people can indeed be very clever and very clever people have been capable of great "thoughtlessness.")Thought is thus a communal, not individualistic, thing. 4 This point is important as, though Adolf Eichmann was unlikely to have seen much of himself in the irreverent and urbane genius of Nabokov's Humbert Humbert, nor in the latter's strange eloquence, Eichmann the man and Humbert the character of the first part of the novel (to leave the repenting Humbert of the book's last pages out for the moment), share an essential trait. What Eichmann the man shares with Nabokov's literary creation is the inability or unwillingness "to think from the standpoint of somebody else." The evil they share is the... (shrink)

Science is at present passing through a credibility crisis*. One could almost say a moral crisis. As a matter of fact we are standing at a turning point in the relationship between science and society, a turning point marked by the change from a social evolution characterized by high productivity and growth, into an evolution which might lead humanity to a new balance between individuality and collectivity.At the beginning of the 20th century and during its second half the scientific world (...) had suffered the impact of two significant revolutions: first of physics and then of biology. The basic discoveries in the field of physics led to applications in realms of energy, transportation, communication, electricity, electronics, and data processing. (shrink)

As the sciences of biotechnology, synthetic biology, and nanotechnology develop, questions about liability for harms caused by self-replicating inventions will arise increasingly often. Although negligence, nuisance, and other torts may be relevant in such circumstances, trespass may be the more appropriate cause of action. First, the author explores doctrinal hurdles facing plaintiffs alleging biotrespass. To overcome concerns about the metaphysicality of molecular biotrespass, the author draws analogies to “cybertrespass.” To confront the problem of suing patent licensors for the actions of (...) their licensees, the author makes reference to principles of landlord-tenant law. Well-established laws concerning wandering animals shed light on the policies underlying biotrespass. In the second part, the author examines such policies in further detail and considers the purpose of transporting property metaphors into bio/nanospace. The article concludes that biotrespass can be a viable cause of action, if crafted carefully and understood properly. (shrink)

For over 20 years, the concept of “food deserts” has served as an evocative metaphor, signifying spatialized patterns of injustice associated with low access to nutritious foods through retail and social exclusion. Yet in spite of its pithy appeal, scholars and activists increasingly critique the food desert concept as stigmatizing, inaccurate, and insufficient to characterize entrenched structural inequities. These well-founded critiques demonstrate a convincing need to reframe approaches to spatialized food injustice. We argue that food desert maps, which aim to (...) visually illustrate food inequality, can reproduce problematic assumptions, stigmas, and inaccuracies that form the crux of scholarly critiques. For example, food desert maps typically overlook community assets and also utilize decontextualized and overdetermined indicators, such as proximity to supermarkets and transportation access. Although we acknowledge the contributions of food desert maps, in this paper we propose a reimagining of food access mapping. To illustrate our argument, we present a course-based food justice mapping study in Providence, Rhode Island. Our project draws inspiration from studies that interrogate the deficit-oriented framing of food deserts, as well as several alternative mapping practices: critical cartography and counter-mapping, community asset mapping, participatory geographic information systems, and radical cartography. We suggest these alternative mapping approaches have potential to move practitioners and viewers beyond the desolate “desert” vantage point and toward a more textured understanding of community food access that inspires engaged exploration. (shrink)

Speculative fiction, such as science fiction and fantasy, has a unique epistemic value. We examine similarities and differences between speculative fiction and philosophical thought experiments in terms of how they are cognitively processed. They are similar in their reliance on mental prospection, but dissimilar in that fiction is better able to draw in readers (transportation) and elicit emotional responses. By its use of longer, emotionally poignant narratives and seemingly irrelevant details, speculative fiction allows for a better appraisal of the consequences (...) of philosophical ideas than thought experiments. (shrink)

O artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a implementação das políticas públicas e sua relação com os distintos territórios, evidenciando as particularidades e os constrangimentos que afetam os resultados das políticas em nível local. Tomando como referência empírica o contexto de expansão e difusão da Covid-19 na Região do Alto Jacuí, localizada no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil, buscou-se analisar como as diferentes dinâmicas sociais e econômicas existentes nesse território (porte dos municípios, centralidade regional, atividades econômicas, vias de (...) transporte), bem como a organização e a infraestrutura referente a área da saúde (regionalização dos serviços, oferta de leitos hospitalares e unidades de terapias intensivas, disponibilidade de profissionais especializados), produziram condicionamentos locais às formas de enfrentamento da pandemia da Covid-19 e sua expansão. Os dados que embasaram as análises foram capturados no Portal Coronavírus do RS, disponibilizados pela Secretária Estadual da Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, pelo Ministério da Saúde e pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (shrink)

Defined as the ability to understand and share others' feelings and suffering, empathy seems to come naturally to mind when we consider Simone Weil's life and works. If this concept doesn't explicitly appear in her writings, "pity", "sympathy" and "compassion" are pervasive: the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how these notions converge on the contemporary understanding of "empathy". Since the turn of the century, this concept has known such a development that it has become difficult to clearly identify (...) its object, and to appreciate its ethical value. To study Simone Weil's works from the angle of empathy offers both a new approach of the concept, and a very relevant point of view to put in light the great continuity between all the fields of the philosopher's thought. Our main hypothesis is that the weilian theory of empathy is based on the idea of "transposition", a process that allows someone to transport himself into another person, and from the natural to the supernatural dimension. It is in this last dimension that Simone Weil can found intersubjectivity, and solve the ethical problem of empathy: the right distance between the Self and the Other. (shrink)

BackgroundA patient who fulfils the due diligence requirements for euthanasia, and is medically suitable, is able to donate his organs after euthanasia in Belgium, the Netherlands and Canada. Since 2012, more than 70 patients have undergone this combined procedure in the Netherlands. Even though all patients who undergo euthanasia are suffering hopelessly and unbearably, some of these patients are nevertheless willing to help others in need of an organ. Organ donation after euthanasia is a so-called donation after circulatory death (DCD), (...) Maastricht category III procedure, which takes place following cardiac arrest, comparable to donation after withdrawal of life sustaining therapy in critically ill patients. To minimize the period of organ ischemia, the patient is transported to the operating room immediately after the legally mandated no-touch period of 5 min following circulatory arrest. This means that the organ donation procedure following euthanasia must take place in the hospital, which appears to be insurmountable to many patients who are willing to donate, since they already spent a lot of time in the hospital. Case presentationThis article describes the procedure of organ donation after euthanasia starting at home (ODAEH) following anesthesia in a former health care professional suffering from multiple system atrophy. This case is unique for at least two reasons. He spent his last conscious hours surrounded by his family at home, after which he underwent general anaesthesia and was intubated, before being transported to the hospital for euthanasia and organ donation. In addition, the patient explicitly requested the euthanasia to be performed in the preparation room, next to the operating room, in order to limit the period of organ ischemia due to transport time from the intensive care unit to the operating room. The medical, legal and ethical considerations related to this illustrative case are subsequently discussed.ConclusionsOrgan donation after euthanasia is a pure act of altruism. This combined procedure can also be performed after the patient has been anesthetized at home and during transportation to the hospital. (shrink)

Heterocyst spacing in blue -green bacteria is widely assumed to be due to a diffusible inhibitor. The inhibitor, a nitrogen-rich compound, probably glutamine, is produced via the N2-fixing enzymes of the heterocyst and in turn serves to suppress the induction of these enzymes and of the differentiation of vegetative cells to heterocysts. This simple morphogenetic mechanism operating in growing cellular filaments ofAnabaena species is investigated on the basis of a continuous and a discrete cellular model, as well as by cell-by-cell (...) simulation of the inhibitor transport. The resulting distances between heterocysts and kinetics of their production are compared with observations, and the values of physical parameters are estimated from the models. (shrink)

Quién podría afirmar hoy que el transporte no es parte sustantiva de la calidad de vida de la mayor parte de la población del país?, ¿quién podría dudar que la pregunta por la calidad de vida, es relevante para el mundo académico, político, económico y social? El profesor Leopoldo Montesino se ha planteado este tipo de preocupación desde hace ya mucho tiempo, y por largo tiempo su interés no ha sido suficientemente comprendido. En efecto, en un contexto teórico donde (...) se considera que el desar.. (shrink)

We report a scanning tunnelling microscopy investigation of the emission of dislocations around nanoindentations in the form of dislocation arrangements previously called hillocks , consisting of two pairs of Shockley partial dislocations, each encompassing a stacking fault. The spatial arrangement and size distribution of hillocks around the nanoindentation traces are studied. We show that standard dislocation theory for an isotropic continuum can be used to describe the stability of the hillocks, their size and spatial distribution and the broadening of the (...) corresponding extended dislocations near the surface. A model is proposed in which hillocks originate from the split into dislocations partials of primary perfect dislocation loops punched into the crystal by the scanning tunnelling microscope tip. This model implies the operation of a novel dislocation mechanism involving long-range transport of matter across the surface. (shrink)

This scoping review mapped the academic literature focused on the therapeutic itinerary of children who seek care in health services and proposed an explanatory model to expand the concept and classification of these health itineraries. A total of 789 articles were reviewed, of which 28 were eligible for inclusion. In these 28 it was possible to observe that the child's therapeutic itinerary is more than a physical path, but also encompasses all choices within a specific social and cultural environment in (...) which the child is inserted. Our proposal is to expand the concept beyond the therapeutic, classifying the itinerary also according to the objective, the decision‐making agent, respect for the presence of company, the health subsystem used, according to the physical continuity of the itinerary, the perception of efficacy of the patient, the nature of the illness, the administration of healthcare, the means of transport used, the person providing information about the itinerary, the planning of the itinerary and its completeness. Knowing the child's itineraries toward healthcare allows the development of innovative discourses and practices for future public policies, through which the principles of comprehensiveness and resoluteness in children's health would be strengthened. There is still a need to deepen knowledge about the meanings and feelings regarding their interpretations of the events suffered in childhood. (shrink)

BackgroundTraumatic brachial plexus injury (TBPI) causes a sensorimotor deficit in upper limb (UL) movements.ObjectiveOur aim was to investigate the arm–forearm coordination of both the injured and uninjured UL of TBPI subjects.MethodsTBPI participants (n = 13) and controls (n = 10) matched in age, gender, and anthropometric characteristics were recruited. Kinematics from the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and index finger markers were collected, while upstanding participants transported a cup to their mouth and returned the UL to a starting position. The UL coordination (...) was measured through the relative phase (RP) between arm and forearm phase angles and analyzed as a function of the hand kinematics.ResultsFor all participants, the hand transport had a shorter time to peak velocity (p < 0.01) compared to the return. Also, for the control and the uninjured TBPI UL, the RP showed a coordination pattern that favored forearm movements in the peak velocity of the transport phase (p < 0.001). TBPI participants' injured UL showed a longer movement duration in comparison to controls (p < 0.05), but no differences in peak velocity, time to peak velocity, and trajectory length, indicating preserved hand kinematics. The RP of the injured UL revealed altered coordination in favor of arm movements compared to controls and the uninjured UL (p < 0.001). Finally, TBPI participants' uninjured UL showed altered control of arm and forearm phase angles during the deceleration of hand movements compared to controls (p < 0.05).ConclusionThese results suggest that UL coordination is reorganized after a TBPI so as to preserve hand kinematics. (shrink)

Vehicle type recognition algorithms are broadly used in intelligent transportation, but the accuracy of the algorithms cannot meet the requirements of production application. For the high efficiency of the multilayer perceptive layer of Network in Network, the nonlinear features of local receptive field images can be extracted. Global average pooling can avoid the network from overfitting, and small convolution kernel can decrease the dimensionality of the feature map, as well as downregulate the number of model training parameters. On that basis, (...) the residual error is adopted to build a novel NIN model by altering the size and layout of the original convolution kernel of NIN. The feasibility of the algorithm is verified based on the Stanford Cars dataset. By properly setting weights and learning rates, the accuracy of the NIN model for vehicle type recognition reaches 97.2%. (shrink)

The development of synthetic biology calls for accurate understanding of the critical functions that allow construction and operation of a living cell. Besides coding for ubiquitous structures, minimal genomes encode a wealth of functions that dissipate energy in an unanticipated way. Analysis of these functions shows that they are meant to manage information under conditions when discrimination of substrates in a noisy background is preferred over a simple recognition process. We show here that many of these functions, including transporters and (...) the ribosome construction machinery, behave as would behave a material implementation of the informationmanaging agent theorized by Maxwell almost 150 years ago and commonly known as Maxwell’s demon (MxD). A core gene set encoding these functions belongs to the minimal genome required to allow the construction of an autonomous cell. These MxDs allow the cell to perform computations in an energy-efficient way that is vastly better than our contemporary computers. (shrink)

La métaphore est un instrument indispensable pour les analyses scientifiques. Mais elle nécessite un usage réflexif qui en précise le statut car celui-ci peut être divers et n’est pas sans effet sur la théorie comme sur diverses pratiques. Ainsi, les analystes et acteurs des transports ont usé – et probablement abusé – du recours à la physique des fluides pour leurs métaphores. Aujourd’hui, les développements de la physique, par exemple dans les domaines des fractales ou de la percolation, ouvrent des (...) perspectives nouvelles et prometteuses. Cette évolution montre aussi que les chercheurs en sciences sociales auraient intérêt à renouveler les métaphores qu’ils emploient et qui sont souvent assez archaïques. Ainsi, la référence à des espaces à n dimensions et à l’hypertexte permet de faire rebondir les analyses de Georg Simmel, bridées par le recours à une géométrie plane trop sommaire.Metaphors are indispensable tools for scientific investigation. They should be used in such a way that their status as metaphor is clear, however, for their various uses are not without consequence for theory and practice. In the area of transportation, analysts and practitioners have drawn metaphors from the physics of fluids, but recent developments in the theories of fractals and percolation offer promising perspectives. Generally speaking, as these developments suggest, social scientists stand to benefit from renewing their current metaphors, which are often quite archaic. Thus, Georg Simmel’s analyses – which are constrained by the reference to plan – stand to be revitalized by a reference to N-dimensional spaces and to hypertext. (shrink)

In this paper, we will address anonymity, privacy and trust issues that arise during the research on a communication platform for multi-modal transport. Though most logistic information is currently available in electronic form, it is not widely accessible yet to all the parties concerned with transport. The major goal of a communication platform is to improve the conditions for exchanging information, which should lead to better organisation/collaboration within the transport sector. We need to merit credibility by faithfully modelling all the (...) relevant real world interactions. Therefore, we opted for a connectivity solution in which software agents act as representatives of the parties involved. All agents can be equipped with human-like skills and qualities such as intelligence, autonomy, and the ability to cooperate, coordinate and negotiate. We will demonstrate how cooperation between different transport parties can be achieved without necessarily putting all the sensitive information on the web. (shrink)

Se analiza la evolución del transporte urbano, a través de un siglo, en una de las ciudades que experimentan mayores transformaciones tecnológicas como consecuencia de su condición de puerto muy vinculado al comercio internacional. Tal posicionamiento facilita la incorporación de mayores adelantos tecnológicos los cuales son también parte de la infraestructura que la ciudad requiere para llevar a cabo su quehacer económico en su dimensión externa. Efectivamente, la incorporación de la energía eléctrica en el transporte urbano constituye una (...) expresión de un proceso de modernización impulsado por la incorporación de tal medio energético en la actividad urbana de Valparaíso. Al mismo tiempo se hace notar las diferencias geográficas y sociales que presentan la ciudad y su vinculación al acceso a los medios de transporte y por consiguiente al proceso de modernización. (shrink)

Volontiers pluridisciplinaire, le présent ouvrage multiplie les regards susceptibles d’éclairer l’insidieux changement de paradigme en cours qui affecte le mouvement Droit & Littérature et il prépare ainsi une espérée « théorie narrative du Droit ». L’être social fut naguère un être de Droit. Le voici aujourd’hui cerné de toutes parts - étouffé même - par les normes, les règles et les nudges qui déferlent sur lui en flux continus, issus de mille sources et transportés de mille manières. Pareille avalanche entraîne (...) de nouvelles modalités narratives qui se bousculent les unes les autres, dans un tourbillon où se dissout le Droit tel qu’il nous a longtemps été familier. (shrink)

Le Glossaire du latin philosophique est un fichier d'environ 230.000 à 260.000 fiches consacré au vocabulaire philosophique du moyen âge. Une équipe du CNRS, au départ sous la direction de Pierre Michaud-Quantin, y a travaillé durant de nombreuses années. Récemment, il a été transporté de la Sorbonne à l'Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes, où il est désormais consultable à la Section latine. À l'occasion de l'arrivée du Glossaire du latin philosophique à l'Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes (...) et pour marquer un nouveau départ, une journée d'étude consacrée à ce fi chier a eu lieu à l'IRHT, le jeudi 15 mai 2008, sous le titre "Les innovations du vocabulaire latin à la fin du moyen âge:autour du Glossaire du latin philosophique." -- P. [4} of cover. (shrink)

Les systèmes de transport et de télécommunication procurent des potentiels de vitesse considérables. Largement utilisés, ces potentiels ont consacré un rétrécissement de l’espace et du temps dont les conséquences sociales et spatiales interrogent : les mobilités, de plus en plus réversibles, ont-elles pour effet de rendre les sociétés socialement et spatialement plus fluides ? Partant des débats sur la fluidification sociale, l’article propose d’explorer le système d’intentionnalité qui caractérise les mobilités au moyen du concept de motilité. Cette discussion, suivie d’un (...) examen empirique, laisse apparaître que les mobilités réversibles, loin d’être l’expression unilatérale d’une « liberté » renouvelée, sont des réponses à un nouvel univers de contraintes situationnelles et sont porteuses d’inégalités.Transportation and telecommunications systems provide considerable speed potentials. Widely used, these potentials have had the effect of shrinking time and space – and thus bringing with them social and spatial consequences. Are we to infer that these increasingly reversible forms of mobility are producing societies with greater social and spatial fluidity ? The article, which is based on debates about social fluidification, proposes to use the concept of motility to explore the intentionality system that characterizes forms of mobility. This discussion, which is followed by an empirical examination, reveals that these reversible forms of mobility, far from being the unilateral expression of a renewed « freedom », are answers to a new universe of situation constraints that houses inequalities. (shrink)

Le droit de l’entreprise s’est « environnementalisé ». La protection de l’environnement est désormais partie intégrante de la réglementation économique. Pour comprendre quels ont été les effets du principe de développement durable sur l’entreprise et quelles sont les méthodes de gestion du risque environnemental utilisées par les opérateurs économiques, il est nécessaire de distinguer entre l’approche « produits » et l’approche « holistique ». L’approche « produits », c’est-à-dire l’approche centrée sur la conception et la consommation des marchandises ou des (...) services, a été développée en premier. L’approche « holistique », plus globale, a pour mission d’englober toute l’activité économique, de la production des biens et des services à leur distribution, en passant par le financement de l’activité et le transport des biens. Sans prétendre à l’exhaustivité, sont présentés de nombreux dispositifs relevant de modalités, de natures et de ressorts très divers : la sécurité des produits, la labellisation et la certification, la responsabilité sociale et environnementale, le devoir d’information, le devoir de vigilance, le financement vert (avec les green bonds ). (shrink)

Ή ἱστορία τοῦ ἐμπορίου στήν ἀρχαιότητα πρέπει νά περιλαμβάνει καί τή μελέτη τῶν μέσων μεταφορᾶς. Τό παράδειγμα πού ἐξετάζεται ἐδῶ εἶναι ἡ μεταφορά τοῦ ξύλου. Μέ αὐτή τήν εὐκαιρία συγκεντρώθηκαν τά σχετικά μέ τό πρόβλημα τεκμήρια καί ἐπανεξετάστηκαν ὁρισμένα φιλολογικά καί ἐπιγραφικά κείμενα. Συμπεραίνεται ὅτι, γιά τή μεταφορά, προτιμοῦσαν τή θάλασσα ἀπό τή στεριά, ἄν καί εἶναι δύσκολο νά ξεχωρίσουμε κάποια διαφορά στήν τιμή τῆς μεταφορᾶς, γιατί τά σχετικά κείμενα εἶναι τόσο ἑτερογενῆ πού δέν ἐπιτρέπουν οὐσιαστικές συγκρίσεις.

A causa del transporte de alta velocidad, de las tecnologías de comunicación instantáneas, de la ubicuidad de los teléfonos móviles, del alcance planetario de los programas de televisión transmitidos por satélite, de la inmersión cada vez más acelerada en el ciberespacio, de la globalización del comercio, de la proliferación dé idénticos centros comerciales, cadenas de supermercados, multinacionales, etc., el espacio parece achicarse, los lugares pierden su especificidad, y la naturaleza va desapareciendo de nuestra conciencia. En este ensayo propongo que (...) el caminar por el paisaje, pero atentamente, y de manera poco asistida por ayudas mecánicas, puede someterse a un análisis estético que nos puede ayudar en la recuperación de la profundidad del espacio, en el re-conocimiento de la diversidad real de los lugares, y en la percepción de nuestras vidas humanas en su contexto natural más amplio. Enfoco este tema tomando como guía al Poeta japonés Basho Matsuo. Empiezo el ensayo describiendo su hábito del caminar poético2 Después arguyo qué el caminar poético en ciertos aspectos se parece al viajar chamaluco. A continuación, esbozo el esquema de un análisis estético del caminar y concluyo proponiendo la práctica del caminar como una manera de ofrecer resistencia a los efectos deslocalizantes y an-estéticos plasmados en las tendencias anteriormente mencionadas de nuestras sociedades. (shrink)

Depuis quelque temps déjà, les réseaux ont pris une importance considérable dans notre société. Parallèlement, la science et la littérature les ont partout répandus.¦Un philosophe, ici, examine leurs différents uages, s'interrogeant tout à tout sur le cristal et le vivant, autant que sur lers répliques à grande échelle : formes objectives de la réticulation (réseaux de transports et de télécommunications), formes réfléchies des flux économiques et des échanges culturels, architectures formelles (mathématiques et informatiques) qui les résument.¦Question cruciale : où va (...) la société moderne? Vers un filet enchevêtré (réseau de réseaux) dans lequel on sera pris au piège? Vers quelque catastrophe de grande ampleur (déracinement, déchirure, autoclocage)? Ou vers une maîtrise progressive de cet univers fluide de la communication, dans lequel, pour le meilleur et pour le pire, nous sommes aujourd'hui entrés? (shrink)

I discuss ethical aspects of behavioural policies in domestic energy usage, recycling, food waste and transportation.