In this article, I am using the example of the introduction of osteosynthesis into surgical routine practice to analyze the use of the notions of art and science in medical innovation. The examination of the renegotiations of power and responsibility associated with the introduction of this new technique shows that proponents and critics actively linked their arguments to more fundamental epistemological and social issues. The proponents claimed to manage the uncertainties of innovation through making surgery more scientific, drawing on the (...) ideals of control, rationality, objectivity, and predictability. The critics mobilized another discursive pattern. They considered surgery an art and emphasized the individuality, contingency, and situatedness of medical practice. I investigate the discursive function of these argumentative patterns and how they played out in the concrete example of this surgical technique. (shrink)

Robert Koch based his claim that specific microorganisms cause particular diseases on laboratory studies. This paper examines how Koch set up a plausible line of argument by using special methods of representing bacteria. One kind of representation consisted in making the bacteria visible; the other mode of representation was based on disease phenomena. Using a range of techniques of isolating and controlling microorganisms, Koch combined these different modes of representation in a way that made his claims convincing. Thus, the microorganism (...) as a specific cause of disease emerged through a chain of repeated processes of selection and representation in the laboratory. (shrink)

This paper looks at the entangled histories of animal-human relationship and modem surgery. It starts with the various different roles animals have in surgery - patients, experimental models and organ providers - and analyses where these seemingly contradictory positions of animals come from historically. The analyses is based on the assumption that both the heterogeneous relationships of humans to animals and modern surgery are the results of fundamentally local, contingent and situated developments and not reducible to large-scale social explanations, such (...) as modernization. This change of perspective opens up a new ways of understanding both phenomena as deeply interwoven with the redrawing of the nature-culture divide. (shrink)

Definition of the problem: To a considerable extent the current debate on brain death is dominated by historical arguments. The first crucial question is whether the introduction of the brain death criterion constituted a break with the past or not. The second subject at issue is whether brain death was introduced for the purpose of organ procurement or not.Arguments: However, these historical issues are not being approached with adequate historical tools.Conclusion: The case of the debate on brain death demonstrates the (...) ubiquity of historical arguments in the discussion on ethical problems and the significance of a quality standard concerning such statements about the past. (shrink)