Un ouvrage sur le temps et un ouvrage collectif, deux raisons qui dissuaderaient peut-être de se plonger dans la lecture de Temps de travail, travail du temps qu’éditent Sylvie Monchatre et Bernard Woehl aux Éditions de la Sorbonne. On aurait tort, car on se priverait alors d’une réflexion lentement mûrie au fil d’un séminaire de deux ans qui a réuni des spécialistes confirmés des difficiles questions que posent les rapports du travail aux temps. Spécialistes rarement réunis et qu’une journée..

The objective of the present study was to show that the use of adversative and conclusive connectives to mark off the prototypical schema of argumentative text begins to set in at approximately the age of 10 or 11. Based on Adam's (1992) proposals, we constituted an argumentative text with two blocks of arguments separated by an adversative instruction (the connective but or an equivalent) and followed by a conclusion introduced by a conclusive instruction (the connective thus or an equivalent). Four (...) revising tasks (insertion or substitution with or without five connectives) have been used to asses children's knowledge of the argumentative schema and the use of connectives that punctuate them. The study of good and erroneous locations (concerning the placement of but and thus) showed that there was some regularity in the choices made by the children. The main result of this study shows that argumentative connectives are used differently by children aged 9 and children aged 10 or 11. The argumentative schema is used more consciously by 11-year-olds to guide revising tasks than by 10-year-olds. (shrink)

Dans son inventaire des « lieux théologiques », Melchior Cano ne faisait aucune place à l’expérience spirituelle, les « spirituels » ne paraissant même pas comme théologiens… La frontière qui, relayant une distinction paisible, s’était élevée entre théologie et spiritualité, sur la base d’une évolution de la théologie vers une scientificité et sous l’effet des interrogations du nominalisme, semble être devenue poreuse, sinon avoir disparu. De fait, la théologie contemporaine pense l’expérience croyante. La question pourrait se formuler ainsi : où (...) et comment peut se faire la prise en charge théologique de la vie spirituelle, du capital chrétien d’expérience spirituelle ? Est-ce par une discipline propre, la théologie spirituelle ? Qu’est-ce qui la caractériserait ? Pour réfléchir ainsi au devenir de la théologie spirituelle, on commencera par observer, avec quelques exemples d’élaborations théologiques significatives, comment la théologie contemporaine prend en compte la dimension expérientielle de la foi chrétienne. Mais prendre en compte cette part constitutive d’expérience, est-ce pour autant prendre en charge l’expérience spirituelle ? Si oui, une théologie spirituelle n’aurait plus de raison d’être ; si non, quelle est la vocation d’une telle théologie ?In his inventory of “theological loci”, Melchior Cano did not at all include spiritual experience and “spirituals” do not even appear in his listing as theologians… Following after a period of peaceful distinction, the border that has arisen between theology and spirituality - on the basis of an evolution of theology towards scientificity and under the influence of the questions raised by nominalism – seems now to have become porous, if not to have altogether vanished. In fact, contemporary theology reflects on believing experience. We could put the question this way: where and how can theology take charge of spiritual life, valorizing the Christian capital of spiritual experience ? Is it through a specific discipline, spiritual theology? What would characterize it ? In order to think through the way spiritual theology is developing, we shall begin by observing, thanks to a few examples of significant theological texts, how contemporary theology takes into account the experiential dimension of Christian faith. However, is taking into account this constitutive part of experience the same as taking charge of spiritual experience ? If so, a spiritual theology would no longer have a raison d’être; if not, what then is the task of such a theology ? (shrink)

The main purpose of this article is to bring into relief the difficulties faced by generous interpretations of the Kantian problem of poverty and to propose an alternative interpretation which (a) agrees with some generous interpretations that Kant's juridical treatment of poverty is to be understood by analogy with his juridical treatment of slavery, but which (b) departs from generous interpretations in general by arguing that this analogy is not to be understood in terms of “dependence” as such, but in (...) terms of “depersonification.” More specifically, it argues that what makes slavery and poverty unjust for Kant is not that they entail a human being finding herself (completely) dependent on the choice of another human being, but that they entail a human being being deprived of her juridical personality. The Kantian problem of poverty is ultimately a problem of juridical depersonification, and this problem of juridical depersonification does not arise in all (complete) dependence relations. (shrink)

De Lucien de Samosate à Liu Cixin en passant par H. G. Wells, Ursula K. Le Guin, Octavia Butler, Sylvie Lainé et tant d’autres auteurs et autrices, la littérature, le cinéma et les séries de science-fiction ont inventé une myriade hallucinante d’extraterrestres, amis ou ennemis, humanoïdes ou non. Tous interrogent l’Humanité, son éthique et son devenir.

This paper describes the construction method of a legal application ontology. This method is based on the merging of micro-ontologies built from European community directives. The terminae construction method from texts enhanced by an alignment process with a core legal ontology is used for building micro-ontologies. A merging process allows constructing the legal ontology.

Just like other experts, members of the professions develop their craft thanks to a deep internalisation of both complex cognitive structures and a mix of habits and intuitive understandings. These non-cognitive aspects of expertise can be what distinguishes the merely competent from the truly brilliant. Yet habits can also be what makes us blind to important features of the world we inhabit. In the life of a professional, these features include the vulnerability of those seeking her services, which in turn (...) grounds the professional's particular ethical responsibility. This book develops an in-depth account of habit to understand its impact upon the way moral decisions are made in a professional context. Its central thesis is the following: what most often stands in the way of a professional meeting her ethical responsibility is not so much stupidity (or character defects) but rather the deleterious aspects of habituation. This book calls for renewed attention to be paid to habits and their relationship to ethical agency. Mostly neglected in moral and legal theory, such an inquiry not only conditions an adequate understanding of the risks inherent in a legal system's institutional structure. It is also essential if we are to come to grips with the challenges raised by the professions' growing reliance upon automated systems."--Publisher description. (shrink)

Le présent article s’interroge sur l’action citoyenne et plus particulièrement sur ce qui peut pousser des personnes, qui ont toujours vécu dans un « anonymat politique », à se lancer dans une action publique qui interpelle les gouvernements. L’auteure prend pour point de départ la conception selon laquelle des préoccupations vécues dans la vie quotidienne sont à l’origine d’une prise de conscience quant à un problème qui concerne ce que les acteurs identifient comme des biens communs. Elle illustre sa thèse (...) à partir d’une étude menée auprès d’un comité de citoyens qui s’est formé dans la foulée de la mobilisation contre le gaz de schiste au Québec en 2010. (shrink)

La thématique des questions d’un point de vue diachronique est l’objet de cet article. Dans un premier temps, est proposé un tour d’horizon des questions ouvertes et fermées depuis le vieil anglais avant de nous intéresser à l’apparition et à l’évolution des pronoms relatifs en wh-. L’auxiliaire do est brièvement discuté. Sont ensuite analysés les syntagmes nominaux thématisés et les prédications existentielles, puis les questions tags ainsi que la grammaticalisation des questions fermées.

This paper addresses the issue of the dynamic enforcement of a constraint in an argumentation system. The system consists in (1) an argumentation framework, made up, notably, of a set of arguments...

Recent research suggests that women react to idealized female models in advertising as they would react to real-life sexual rivals. Across four studies, we investigate the negative consequences of this imaginary competition on consumers’ mate-guarding jealousy, indirect aggression, and drive for thinness. A meta-analysis of studies 1–3 shows that women exposed to an idealized model report more mate-guarding jealousy and show increased indirect aggression, but do not report a higher desire for thinness. Study 4 replicates these findings and reveals that (...) the main driver of aggression is the sexually provocative attitude of the model, rather than her thin body size. The ethical implications of these findings for advertising are discussed in light of recent concerns about female bullying, online, and in the workplace. (shrink)

This study seeks to gain knowledge about key conditions in the process of digitalization using a socio-technical systems design as a theoretical framework and a case-study approach. Semi-structured interviews with 15 relevant stakeholders are conducted to learn about barriers to and enablers of the development and implementation process in a manufacturing company. After conducting a thematic analysis, eight higher-ranked themes relevant to the digitalization process are identified. These are grouped to describe the overarching phenomena, resulting in four enablers and four (...) barriers. The study takes a holistic view of digitalization in its investigation of the development and subsequent implementation processes. The findings contribute to the literature via three key takeaways for stakeholders of a digitalization process in manufacturing. First, it is vital to understand and strengthen the role of the key enablers identified in this paper. Second, managers should observe and identify barriers in their own organizations, related both to technical and social aspects. Third, some of the enablers described in this paper can serve managers as helpful tools to approach the expected barriers to digitalization. This paper also challenges the research literature by arguing that research conducted on digitalization that sets new standards and premises for the working life in industry needs to use up-to-date socio-technical design concepts and theories. (shrink)

‘The regulation of gender in menopause theory’ offers a critical commentary on some key theories of menopause experience. It aims to show that the theorisation of menopause keeps to the same epistemic and ideological lines as hegemonic understandings of gender identity. Narratives of menopause has become one of the means by which one can learn to cite women’s gender correctly. In reverse, relating menopause experience against the grain of established narratives is becoming the means by which one may resist epistemic (...) bias and dominant ideology of gender. Moreover, I am proposing that while menopause experience is an important aspect of gender identity formation and its resistance, it is also becoming a new area for identity politics in general, and more particularly the site of dissident narratives. (shrink)

In three experiments, picture quality between test items was manipulated to examine whether subjects’ expectations about the fluency normally associated with these different stimuli might influence the effects of fluency on preference or familiarity-based recognition responses. The results showed that fluency due to pre-exposure influenced responses less when objects were presented with high picture quality, suggesting that attributions of fluency to preference and familiarity are adjusted according to expectations about the different test pictures. However, this expectations influence depended on subjects’ (...) awareness of these different quality levels. Indeed, imperceptible differences seemed not to induce expectations about the test item fluency. In this context, fluency due to both picture quality and pre-exposure influenced direct responses. Conversely, obvious, and noticed, differences in test picture quality did no affect responses, suggesting that expectations moderated attributions of fluency only when fluency normally associated with these different stimuli was perceptible but difficult to assess. (shrink)

The use of airbrushed “thin ideal” models in advertising creates major ethical challenges: This practice deceives consumers and can be harmful to their emotional state. To inform consumers they are being deceived and reduce these negative adverse effects, disclaimers can state that the images have been digitally altered and are unrealistic. However, recent research shows that such disclaimers have very limited impact on viewers. This surprising result needs further investigation to understand how women who detect that images have been airbrushed (...) are still harmed by them. Three studies reported in this article address this question. The authors identify a typology, based on a combination of three emotional reactions experienced by women who are exposed to the airbrushed thin ideal. In further analyses, they investigate how detection of airbrushing—whether spontaneous or with the help of a disclaimer—relates to these emotional reactions and women’s attitudes to altered images. Results show that detection of airbrushing does not systematically protect women from either wanting to look like airbrushed thin models or the negative emotions triggered by exposure to thin ideal images, nor does it always generate defensive reactions toward ads using such images. Women who detect that images have been airbrushed may still process these images as realistic. In addition to discussing this irrational process of self-deception, this article suggests policy interventions to prevent it. (shrink)

This special theme issue of Big Data & Society presents leading-edge, interdisciplinary research that focuses on examining how health-related information is circulating on social media. In particular, we are focusing on how computational and Big Data approaches can help to provide a better understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 infodemic and to develop effective strategies to combat it.

Créer une nouvelle revue est une aventure, stimulante certes, mais risquée aussi, et particulièrement gourmande en temps et en énergie. Il y faut donc de bonnes raisons. Au nombre de celles qui nous ont poussés à créer se trouve le constat que la linguistique de corpus, actuellement très en vogue, ne disposait d'aucun périodique qui lui fût spécifiquement consacré. Les ouvrages collectifs, les manuels de haut niveau, les numéros spéciaux fleurissent, mais de revue régulière, point. L'UMR « B...

L’auteur propose une approche originale de l’ordre public culturel, construit autour de trois piliers : la liberté de création, incluant le droit à la rémunération et à la diffusion de l’œuvre, la protection du vivre-ensemble, et notamment des plus faibles, le droit pour les générations présentes et futures d’accéder aux biens culturels composant le patrimoine artistique d’une nation.

We extend the characterization of extremal valued fields given in [2] to the missing case of valued fields of mixed characteristic with perfect residue field. This leads to a complete characterization of the tame valued fields that are extremal. The key to the proof is a model theoretic result about tame valued fields in mixed characteristic. Further, we prove that in an extremal valued field of finitep-degree, the images of all additive polynomials have the optimal approximation property. This fact can (...) be used to improve the axiom system that is suggested in [8] for the elementary theory of Laurent series fields over finite fields. Finally we give examples that demonstrate the problems we are facing when we try to characterize the extremal valued fields with imperfect residue fields. To this end, we describe several ways of constructing extremal valued fields; in particular, we show that in every ℵ1saturated valued field the valuation is a composition of extremal valuations of rank 1. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to revisit the work of the French philosopher Julia Kristeva and ask what place we might give her conceptual framework today. I will focus on one key aspect of Kristeva’s work, sexual difference, as that which ties most, if not all, aspects of Kristeva’s work. I am hoping to present a concise, yet wide-ranging view on Kristeva’s critical contribution to the fields of politics and ethics. My objective will be threefold. First, I will present (...) the main lines of Kristeva’s theory on sexual difference; this presentation will also outline her political critique of equality and diversity in the domains of gender and sexuality. Kristeva believes that contemporary politics invested in suppressing inequality through the promotion of diversity will in the long term not only prove unsuccessful, but also create more exclusion. Secondly, I will point out the main objections raised against her theories and show how her critics come to their conclusions. Objectors to Kristeva’s sexual difference theory are mostly concerned with the manner in which she associates marginality and unintelligibility. They see little value in her theory, because, on the one hand, it relegates marginal groups to a world beyond social viability, and, on the other, because it effectively disables advancements in equality politics. Finally, I hope to provide the reader with a useful counter-critique to Kristeva’s detractors that will show why their views are partly founded on a misreading of her ethical framework and a desire to translate her work into a more pragmatic and user-friendly tool. I will argue that Kristeva’s work is best apprehended as a variant of psychoanalytic ethics and that to engage with its rhetoric is to capture the full weight of Kristeva’s contribution to politics and intellectual engagement. (shrink)

Some studies report that the sport context increases the risk of exposure to sexual violence for athletes. In contrast, others indicate a protective effect of sport participation against sexual violence, particularly among varsity athletes. Studies of sexual violence towards varsity athletes are limited by their failure to include control groups and various known risk factors such as age, graduate level, gender and sexual identity, disability status, international and Indigenous student status, and childhood sexual abuse. The purpose of the present study (...) is to fill in these gaps to determine whether varsity athletes are at greater risk than non-athletes of sexual violence towards them or whether, on the contrary, involvement in a varsity sport is coherent with the Sport Protection Hypothesis. Data for this article come from the ESSIMU study, a broad survey of students, professors, and other employees at six francophone universities regarding sexual violence on university campuses. A total of 6,485 students with complete data on sexual violence, athlete status, and gender were included in the study. From this total, 267 participants identified themselves as varsity athletes. Data were analyzed using a series of logistic regressions on each form of violence using athlete status as a predictor and characteristics associated with sexual violence victimization or distinguishing between varsity athletes and non-athletes as confounding variables. When considering all confounding variables in the regression analyses on four yearly incidence rates of sexual violence, the results revealed that being a varsity athlete did not significantly increase the risk of exposure to sexual violence at university. All considered other variables were more significant predictors of the past year’s risk of sexual violence victimization than athlete status was. (shrink)

The objective of this study was to explore the participants’ processing strategies on the mere exposure effect, object decision priming and explicit recognition. In Experiments 1, we observed that recognition and the mere exposure effect for unfamiliar three-dimensional objects were not dissociated by plane rotations in the same way as recognition and object decision priming. However, we showed that, under identical conditions, prompting analytic processing at testing produced a large plane rotation effect on recognition and the mere exposure effect similar (...) to that observed for object decision priming. Furthermore, inducing a non-analytic processing strategy at testing produced a reduced plane rotation effect on recognition and object decision, similar to that observed for the mere exposure effect. These findings suggest that participants’ processing strategies influence performance on the three tasks. (shrink)

This Element argues that although Kant's political thought does not tackle issues of global poverty and inequality head on, it nonetheless offers important conceptual and normative resources to think of our global socioeconomic duties. It delves into the Kantian duty to enter a rightful condition beyond the state and shows that a proper understanding of this duty not only leads us to acknowledge a duty of right to assist states that are unable to fulfil the core functions of a state, (...) but also provides valuable hints at what just transnational trade relations and a just regulation of immigration should look like. (shrink)

Loin de constituer une figure nouvelle dans l’histoire de la migration africaine, l’aventurier se pose en figure récurrente et connaît un regain de visibilité, dès lors que les politiques migratoires se durcissent un peu partout sur la planète et que la libre circulation des hommes est rendue de plus en plus problématique. À l’heure où les principes du salariat et de la fonction publique sont sérieusement contestés sur le continent africain, des itinéraires d’accumulation inédits prospèrent, tout comme de nouveaux modèles (...) de réussite fondés sur la ruse, la bravoure et l’exploit sont célébrés. L’aventure migratoire s’identifie totalement aux risques encourus et à l’intensité de la vie vécue ; elle permet à l’homme d’advenir et de s’aguerrir. Si elle a un commencement, elle a aussi une fin : au temps des projets aventureux doit succéder la construction de sa carrière. L’aventure doit être aussi interrogée dans ses déterminations imaginaires. Pour les uns, c’est l’imaginaire de la prédation qui prime, pour d’autres encore c’est celui de la contestation, pour d’autres enfin l’aspiration à l’Ailleurs s’apparente à la geste épique.The adventurer is not a new emblem in the history of African migration. It is rather a recurrent symbol more perceptible today as soon as migratory politics, the world over, take a harder line, and free circulation of men becomes increasingly difficult. As being salaried or State employee is widely contested on the African continent, unprecedented accumulation itineraries are thriving, and new success strategies emerge, based on tricks, ruse, braveness and feat. The migratory adventure is tightly correlated with risk or intensity of life ; it allows men to fulfil themselves, to become harder. The adventure is a well-identified period of life which ends with the elaboration of a professional career. Adventure has to be examined in its imaginary origins. For some people the imaginary of predation prevails, for others it is contestation, and for yet others, the wish for an « Elsewhere » bears a resemblance to an epic journey. (shrink)

Cet article est une étude sur l’apparition et la fortune critique du terme installation dans le vocabulaire de l’art contemporain. À travers la brève histoire de la diffusion de ce mot en art seront analysés les circonstances contextuelles, les modalités de fonctionnement et l’imaginaire de la forme « installation ». Devenue populaire grâce à trois artistes commissaires d’un lieu d’exposition à Londres, le « Museum of Installation » dans les années 1990, la forme « installation » renvoie à des dispositifs (...) antérieurs, amorcés dès les avant-gardes. L’analyse historique permet d’en appréhender les différents paliers : les prémisses, puis les « environnements » issus de l’assemblage et popularisés par Allan Kaprow, et l’« in situ », ces deux dernières formes et leur terminologie dominant jusqu’à la fin des années 1970. Après la transition constituée par les années 1980, le texte se conclut par l’analyse d’un moment inaugural ouvrant l’histoire des installations en France, les « Ateliers du Paradise » de 1991. À travers cette œuvre sont questionnées les différentes valeurs critiques comme les ambiguïtés de ce mode aujourd’hui si répandu internationalement qu’il semble à beaucoup synonyme d’art contemporain. This article studies the emergence and critical reception of the term installation in today’s artistic vocabulary. Through the brief history of the diffusion of the word will be analyzed its contextual circumstances, the functioning procedures and the imaginary conveyed through the different forms of installation. Mediated by three artists who, in the 1990s, curated a place in London they called the “Museum of Installation”, installation as an art form much predates the 1990, and can be found in avant-garde art. The historical analysis allows one to discern different stages: the premises of installation, “environments” issued from assemblage and popularized by Allan Kaprow, “site-specific” installations,—these last two forms and words being prevalent up to the end of the 1970s. After presenting the transitional period of the 1980s, the text concludes with the analysis of an inaugural event opening the history of installations in France, the “Paradise’s Studios”, in 1991. Through this analysis are questioned the critical values as well as the ambiguities of installation, as this very form is so internationally spread today that it seems to mean contemporary art itself. (shrink)