L'évolution de la clinique psychiatrique a mis au centre de ses recherches l'écoute et la parole du patient. Cependant le plus souvent la parole échoit dans les discours et l'écoute se décentre vers la vérification des a priori théo­riques. L'empathie ou les règlements qui incitent le clinicien à mettre le patient au centre de ses préoccupations apportent confort et sécurité mais ratent la rencontre clinique qui échoit dans le relationnel. Une relation n'est pas une rencontre. Le contexte de...

Subjectivism about well-being holds that an object contributes to one's well-being to the extent that one has a pro-attitude toward this object under certain conditions. Most subjectivists have contended that these conditions should be ideal. One reason in favor of this idea is that when people adapt their pro-attitudes to situations of oppression, the levels of well-being they may attain is diminished. Nevertheless, I first argue that appealing to idealized conditions of autonomy or any other condition to erase or replace (...) adaptive pro-attitudes is mistaken. Second, I show that the most natural version of subjectivism that does not appeal to any such idealizing condition can explain why the well-being of people having adaptive pro-attitudes should not be restricted to the fulfillment of these pro-attitudes. In sum, the existence of adaptive preferences does not militate in favor of the introduction of conditions of idealization but against it. (shrink)

Local sustainable food systems have captured the popular imagination as a progressive, if not radical, pillar of a sustainable food future. Yet these grassroots innovations are embedded in a dominant food regime that reflects productivist, industrial, and neoliberal policies and institutions. Understanding the relationship between these emerging grassroots efforts and the dominant food regime is of central importance in any transition to a more sustainable food system. In this study, we examine the encounters of direct farm marketers with food safety (...) regulations and other government policies and the role of this interface in shaping the potential of local food in a wider transition to sustainable agri-food systems. This mixed methods research involved interview and survey data with farmers and ranchers in both the USA and Canada and an in-depth case study in the province of Manitoba. We identified four distinct types of interactions between government and farmers: containing, coopting, contesting, and collaborating. The inconsistent enforcement of food safety regulations is found to contain progressive efforts to change food systems. While government support programs for local food were helpful in some regards, they were often considered to be inadequate or inappropriate and thus served to coopt discourse and practice by primarily supporting initiatives that conform to more mainstream approaches. Farmers and other grassroots actors contested these food safety regulations and inadequate government support programs through both individual and collective action. Finally, farmers found ways to collaborate with governments to work towards mutually defined solutions. While containing and coopting reflect technologies of governmentality that reinforce the status quo, both collaborating and contesting reflect opportunities to affect or even transform the dominant regime by engaging in alternative economic activities as part of the ‘politics of possibility’. Developing a better understanding of the nature of these interactions will help grassroots movements to create effective strategies for achieving more sustainable and just food systems. (shrink)

Jean-Luc Marion’s phenomenology reveals two attitudes regarding the classification of phenomena. On the one hand, they are classified by type. On the other, the “banality of saturation” reduces these types topossibleinterpretations, in which case saturation isn’t a qualitative rupture anymore, but a possible hermeneutic attitude to any phenomenon. Hence, there is, in Marion’s phenomenology, a tension between a metaphysical attitude that maintains categorial discontinuities, and a hermeneutic temptation driven by the recovery of quantitative continuities between all phenomena. Yet, Marion does (...) not push this quantitative temptation to its limits; he steps back in front of a specifically saturated phenomenon: the icon. (shrink)

Why is there a specific problem with biological individuality? Because the living realm contains a wide range of exotic particular concrete entities that do not easily match our ordinary concept of an individual. Slime moulds, dandelions, siphonophores are among the Odd Entities that excite the ontological zeal of the philosophers of biology. Most of these philosophers, however, seem to believe that these Odd Cases oblige us to refine or revise our common concept of an individual. They think, explicitly or tacitly, (...) that to be a living, evolutionary entity is to be a living individual. In this paper, we explore an alternative proposal: the variety and oddity of the forms of the living realm might be ontologically regimented through an increase in the categorial complexity of the living realm, by admitting, beside living individuals, living non-individuals or by acknowledging, more generally, that the evolutionary development of the living forms is not necessarily a process of building individuals, that life is not necessarily individuals-oriented. We claim that, from an ontological point of view, the spectacle of the living realm obliges us to take aggregativity seriously. (shrink)

La question des instincts est une voie d’entrée privilégiée pour le rapport du pragmatisme au naturalisme. Le problème que soulève la théorie des instincts de William James et John Dewey vient du maintien, à première vue surprenant, de l’idée d’une « nature humaine ». Je soutiens que c’est au sein même de la théorie pragmatiste des instincts que l’on trouve des arguments pour montrer que la nature humaine ne détermine pas univoquement la conduite. Bien comprendre la naturalité de l’être humain (...) suffit à défaire toute tentative pour l’ériger en source d’autorité des principes de la conduite. (shrink)

RESUMEN Tal como el siglo XX fue aquel de la fenomenología, el siglo XXI se caracteriza por el auge de los realismos. Se podría pensar que este cambio marca un giro radical en la filosofía. No obstante, es de recordar que en 1943 Jean-Paul Sartre quiso construir, desde la fenomenología, un neorrealismo absoluto que pueda conservar cierto realismo dentro de la fenomenología. Mediante una lectura de El ser y la nada se propone mostrar que el neorrealismo absoluto impone superar la (...) dicotomía entre idealismo y realismo gracias a la transfenomenicidad de dos seres; y, además, desplazar la tarea descriptiva y constitutiva de la fenomenología hacia un trabajo de revelación. ABSTRACT If the twentieth century was that of phenomenology, the twenty-first is characterized by the rise of multiple realisms. Although one might think that this is a radical turn in contemporary philosophy, it should be remembered that, in 1943, Jean-Paul Sartre tried to establish an absolute neorealism which wanted to preserve a certain realism within phenomenology. Through a reading of Being and nothingness, the author shows that absolute neorealism enables the dichotomy between idealism and realism to be surpassed, thanks to the transphenomenality of two beings and, in addition, imposes a displacement of the descriptive and constitutive task of phenomenology towards a work of revelation. (shrink)

La théorie de la perception emprunte, chez Descartes, deux chemins différents. D’un côté, la perception interne se développe selon le paradigme visuel de l’intuitus ; de l’autre, la perception externe est pensée à l’aune d’un modèle discursif. À la présentation s’opposerait donc une signification. Or, contre les commentateurs qui ont fait de Descartes le philosophe ayant ouvert l’ère de la représentation, l’auteur montre que le modèle discursif prime sur le paradigme visuel et que bien que Descartes affirme que les idées (...) sont comme des images et des tableaux, son modèle de la perception est en fait celui de la fable, c’est-à-dire d’un texte. (shrink)

The axiomatic foundations of Bentham and Rawls solutions are discussed within the broader domain of cardinal preferences. It is unveiled that both solution concepts share all four of the following axioms: _Nonemptiness_, _Anonymity_, _Unanimity_, and _Continuity_. In order to fully characterize the Bentham and Rawls solutions, three variations of a _consistency criterion_ are introduced and their compatibility with the other axioms is assessed. Each expression of consistency can be interpreted as a property of decision-making in risky or uncertain environments.

En este artículo se desea mostrar la distinción que Jean-Luc Marion realiza entre fenómenos de derecho común y fenómenos saturados, se refleja de manera paradigmática su concepción de arte al presentar el ídolo como una modalidad saturada de los fenómenos; a su vez se presenta la diferencia entre los objetos construidos o los fenómenos constituidos por un sujeto que son presentados como principio y fundamento. Desde aquí se considera la pintura como una experiencia fenoménica de anamorfosis, donde la mirada del (...) espectador se somete al fenómeno, planteando la posibilidad de recibir aquello que se quiere ver. Además, busca mostrar cómo desde el arte, el proceso de la visibilidad es presentado como construcción del fenómeno que opera desde lo invisible. Se mostrará, entonces, cómo la reflexión artística de Jean-Luc Marion permite entrar en el corazón de su obra, observando cómo se puede modificar los conceptos de donación y de sujeto. (shrink)

Foucault’s Forgotten Marxism. This article tries to point out several methodological issues concerning Foucault’s Surveiller et punir, such as the equivocal status of some of Foucault’s main concepts, or the assumed homogeneity of the various disciplinary institutions analyzed in this book. And it aims at suggesting that such issues might find a solution, should one consider the Marxist background on which, as the Lectures at the Collège de France of the year 1973 clearly show, Foucault’s theories were dependant. In the (...) opinion of the author, only in as much as this heritage is accepted and seriously taken into account, shall Foucault’s concepts and theses regain their political and critical pertinence. (shrink)

Pascal's work is punctuated by a paradox. On the one hand, only a handful of the texts that constitute it are explicitly political; on the other hand, it is haunted by a constant political concern. To resolve this paradox, the paper shows that Pascal incites us to rethink the very definition of politics. Emerging on the basis of a double human nature marked by the Fall, violence is an ontological problem that arises from the need to preserve an infinite object (...) for human love. For this reason, its solution lies in affective self-regulation, which makes politics an exclusively behavioralist field that cannot be a part of the intimacy of individuals who belong to another order. Thus, Pascalian politics does no more than serve the same gesture of the divine creation of the human being that keeps him alive to praise God. Pascalian politics is, then, an indirect way of realizing God’s will: its _différance_. (shrink)

We provide a simple translation of the satisfiability problem for regular grammar logics with converse into GF2, which is the intersection of the guarded fragment and the 2-variable fragment of first-order logic. The translation is theoretically interesting because it translates modal logics with certain frame conditions into first-order logic, without explicitly expressing the frame conditions. It is practically relevant because it makes it possible to use a decision procedure for the guarded fragment in order to decide regular grammar logics with (...) converse. The class of regular grammar logics includes numerous logics from various application domains. A consequence of the translation is that the general satisfiability problem for every regular grammar logics with converse is in EXPTIME. This extends a previous result of the first author for grammar logics without converse. Other logics that can be translated into GF2 include nominal tense logics and intuitionistic logic. In our view, the results in this paper show that the natural first-order fragment corresponding to regular grammar logics is simply GF2 without extra machinery such as fixed-point operators. (shrink)

This article renders a close reading of those passages in Walter Benjamin's work where he uses the term “unscheinbar.” Arguing that this concept cannot be reduced to its privative prefix “un-,” the article explores how moments in time, objects or images that are not meaningful in themselves can nevertheless trigger an experience that is to be called such. The article analyzes Benjamin's ideas on friendliness, commemoration, melancholy, mémoire involontaire and photography with the purpose of understanding how a detail or fragment (...) strikes us as significant, despite the fact that it cannot become visible as a unity or whole in its own right. (shrink)

La fenomenología de la donación de Jean-Luc Marion ocupa hoy un lugar central, tanto en filosofía como en teología, desde que el anuncio del fin de la metafísica hizo posible la cuestión de Dios desde un punto de vista fenomenológico. Sin embargo, su pensamiento sobre la fenomenalidad presenta un reto formidable. Puesto que Dios ya no es el Dios de la metafísica, su fenomenalidad ya no puede basarse en una de las modalidades de la presencia, lo que nos lleva a (...) pensar en una fenomenalidad de la ausencia o del repliegue. A través de un análisis de las tres modalidades de lo invisible, el autor muestra que lejos de lo invisible y de lo que no se ve, la fenomenalidad de Dios debe ser pensada como la manifestación de una ausencia, y no a través de la negatividad de la no existencia, menos aún a través de la del no ser, sino la de la positividad paradójica de la no existencia. (shrink)

Our contribution concerns the continuous training of teachers that will be forming future teachers during their traineeship. It aims to describe how the professional development of the trainees’ coaches, both the training supervisors as well as the supervisors form the trainees’ schools, was used during a course proposed by a university and during meetings where practices were shared by the participants. In this manner, we identified the ideal moments for development of the trainees, as well as the most important levers (...) for the transformation of the coaches. We paid particular attention to the reflexive contract co-defined by the group, as well as to the principle of social moderation at the heart of the collaborative group’s dynamic. (shrink)

La filosofía de Sartre presenta una paradoja en cuanto al sujeto. Por un lado, el sujeto está anclado en las raíces metafísicas del sujeto cartesiano, por otro lado, está abierto al surgimiento del otro mediante el entrecruzamiento de las miradas. Esta paradoja se manifiesta de la manera más fuerte en la experiencia del amor. Si bien el amor abre el sujeto a la posibilidad de un encuentro con el otro, el amor está pensado desde el sujeto que quiere, al amar, (...) reapropiarse de la fuente de su ser que yace en la libertad del otro. Incluso en el amor, el sujeto no puede abandonar completamente la problemática de su fundamento y la obsesión metafísica de llegar a ser su propia causa. Encontramos entonces en Sartre un verdadero puente entre el momento metafísico del sujeto y su momento postmetafísico. Se muestra aquí que Sartre no logra arrancarse totalmente de la concepción metafísica del sujeto por no poder pensar la estructura del llamado y por permanecer prisionero de la dicotomía entre actividad y pasividad. (shrink)

Many collective decision making problems have a combinatorial structure: the agents involved must decide on multiple issues and their preferences over one issue may depend on the choices adopted for some of the others. Voting is an attractive method for making collective decisions, but conducting a multi-issue election is challenging. On the one hand, requiring agents to vote by expressing their preferences over all combinations of issues is computationally infeasible; on the other, decomposing the problem into several elections on smaller (...) sets of issues can lead to paradoxical outcomes. Any pragmatic method for running a multi-issue election will have to balance these two concerns. We identify and analyse the problem of generating an agenda for a given election, specifying which issues to vote on together in local elections and in which order to schedule those local elections. (shrink)

ABSTRACT: This paper aims at providing a general assessment of Habermas’s recent positions on the place of religion in the public sphere. After reviewing and contrasting Rawls’s and Habermas’s respective positions on the issue, it argues that Habermas’s contribution raises some difficulties both theoretical and practical. At the theoretical level, it is shown that Habermas’s contribution poses a problem of coherence with respect to his more general conception of deliberative democracy. At the practical level, the soundness of Habermas’s view of (...) the respective roles expected of religious and secular citizens in the public sphere is brought into question. (shrink)

Entre todos los campos que abarca la fenomenología de la donación de Jean-Luc Marion, es notable que la política ocupe un lugar exiguo, por no decir inexistente. Esta cuasi ausencia se puede explicar por motivos conceptuales, dado que la filosofía política se encerró dentro de la metafísica a través del uso recurrente de conceptos tales como el sujeto, el poder o el interés. Sin embargo, es posible pensar, a partir de la filosofía de Marion, una política que no se limite (...) a su figura metafísica. Esta posibilidad supone el pensamiento de una verdadera política de la comunión que una al colectivo a partir de un punto que le permanece externo y que no le sirva como su fundamento. (shrink)

Smallholder farmers in Rattanakmondol District, Battambang Province, Cambodia face challenges related to soil erosion, declining yields, climate change, and unsustainable tillage-based farming practices in their efforts to increase food production within maize-based systems. In 2010, research for development programs began introducing agricultural production systems based on conservation agriculture to smallholder farmers located in four communities within Rattanakmondol District as a pathway for addressing these issues. Understanding gendered practices and perspectives is integral to adapting CA technologies to the needs of local (...) communities. This research identifies how gender differences regarding farmers’ access to assets, practices, and engagement in intra-household negotiations could constrain or facilitate the dissemination of CA. Our mixed-methods approach includes focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, famer field visits, and a household survey. Gender differences in access to key productive assets may affect men’s and women’s individual ability to adapt CA. Farmers perceive the practices and technologies of CA as labor-saving, with the potential to reduce men’s and women’s labor burden in land-preparation activities. However, when considered in relation to the full array of productive and reproductive livelihood activities, CA can disproportionately affect men’s and women’s labor. Decisions about agricultural livelihoods were not always made jointly, with socio-cultural norms and responsibilities structuring an individual’s ability to participate in intra-household negotiations. While gender differences in power relations affect intra-household decision-making, men and women household members collectively negotiate the transition to CA-based production systems. (shrink)

We provide a simple translation of the satisfiability problem for regular grammar logics with converse into GF2, which is the intersection of the guarded fragment and the 2-variable fragment of first-order logic. The translation is theoretically interesting because it translates modal logics with certain frame conditions into first-order logic, without explicitly expressing the frame conditions. It is practically relevant because it makes it possible to use a decision procedure for the guarded fragment in order to decide regular grammar logics with (...) converse. The class of regular grammar logics includes numerous logics from various application domains. A consequence of the translation is that the general satisfiability problem for every regular grammar logics with converse is in EXPTIME. This extends a previous result of the first author for grammar logics without converse. Other logics that can be translated into GF2 include nominal tense logics and intuitionistic logic. In our view, the results in this paper show that the natural first-order fragment corresponding to regular grammar logics is simply GF2 without extra machinery such as fixed-point operators. (shrink)

One of the effects of the so-called ontological turn has been to take the other so seriously that radical difference has been conceptualized ontologically. This stance has given rise, in some authors, as Descola, to a typological classification. However, we would suggest the possibility of a non-onto-typological anthropology based on Marion’s phenomenology of givenness. With the phenomenology of givenness, from which phenomena are given to a gifted – and therefore secondary – subject, this new understanding of subject allows us to (...) think of phenomena as significations much more than as representations and to replace the discontinuity of ontological categories with the continuity of hermeneutics. (shrink)

En la construcción de la teoría del deseo mimético, Girard comenta en diversas ocasiones la obra de Freud. De hecho, casi la totalidad de los temas tratados por Girard tienen resonancia en el psicoanálisis; deseo, mimetismo, violencia, homicidio colectivo, el surgimiento de la cultura: cada uno de estos temas existe en la obra de Freud. Sin embargo, la lectura girardiana siempre opera un desplazamiento de estos conceptos para pensarlos a la luz de un mecanismo único que no introduce ninguna ruptura (...) ni discontinuidad. En este texto muestro cómo, para Girard, los conceptos freudianos padecen de una dificultad originaria que yace en el hecho que Freud nunca pudo salir de una concepción objetual del deseo. (shrink)

We show the completeness of a Hilbert-style system LK defined by M. Valiev involving the knowledge operator K dedicated to the reasoning with incomplete information. The completeness proof uses a variant of Makinson's canonical model construction. Furthermore we prove that the theoremhood problem for LK is co-NP-complete, using techniques similar to those used to prove that the satisfiability problem for propositional S5 is NP-complete.

A discussão sobre a relação entre capitalismo e democracia constitui uma das mais complexas e polêmicas no interior das ciências sociais e políticas: não há dúvida de que aí se encontra engajada a compreensão dos valores mais fundamentais das sociedades ocidentais contemporâneas, quer seja a liberdade, a igualdade, o progresso, o mérito, a responsabilidade, enfim, as concepções substanciais maiores que definem a identidade subjetiva ao mesmo tempo em que a vinculam a uma forma desejável de vida coletiva. Assim, se as (...) divergências normativas se exprimem amplamente no centro de todos os debates, é necessário retornar aos pressupostos descritivos e históricos que sustentam a exploração da modernidade, e às ligações entre regime político e campo econômico. Para isso, serão apresentadas brevemente algumas teses de Cornelius Castoriadis que, ao propor uma radical disjunção principiológica dos imaginários sociais de autonomia democrática e do sistema capitalista, pretende refletir sobre as razões de seu entrelaçamento, bem como de sua complexa articulação em uma eventual superação do impasse político-econômico atual. (shrink)

L’enseignement de la méthodologie scientifique en Psychologie confère un rôle paradigmatique à l’opérationnalisation des « hypothèses générales » : une idée sans rapport précis à l’observation concrète se traduit par la tentative de rejeter une hypothèse statistique nulle au profit d’une hypothèse alternative, dite de recherche, qui opérationnalise l’idée générale. Cette démarche s’avère particulièrement inadaptée à la découverte de lois empiriques. Une loi empirique est définie comme un trou nomothétique émergeant d’un référentiel de la forme Ω x M(X) x M(Y), (...) où Ω est un ensemble d’événements ou d’objets datés dont certains états dans l’ensemble M(Y) sont par hypothèse impossibles étant données certaines conditions initiales décrites dans l’ensemble M(X). Cette approche permet de préciser le regard que l’historien des connaissances peut porter sur les avancées descriptives et nomothétiques de la Psychologie empirique contemporaine. (shrink)

Se suele decir que la fenomenología de la donación de Jean-Luc Marion se fundamenta de manera paradigmática en la obra de René Descartes. Esta afirmación se basa en el gran número de textos que Marion dedicó al pensador francés, renovando su interpretación a mediados de los años 1970, así como en el papel central que ocupa en su obra. Sin embargo, el autor muestra que, paradójicamente, lo que le interesa a Marion en Descartes, son los problemas que éste no pudo (...) resolver, así como los fracasos de su voluntad de cuantificar la totalidad de los campos como lo evidencian tanto el problema de la carne como el de la idea del infinito. Así, se abre la posibilidad de otro fundamento de la fenomenología de la donación ya no en Descartes sino en Pascal, quien asumió la necesidad, para la filosofía, de liberarse de la metafísica y de pensar desde un orden superior al del espíritu: el orden de la caridad. (shrink)

La experiencia común presenta los sueños como una sucesión de imágenes. Incluso quienes lo teorizaron vinculan lo onírico con lo visual: soñar es ver algo. No obstante, dado que los sueños están habitados por negatidades que se presentan bajo la forma de la ausencia, de la falta, de la frustración o, de manera más general, del deseo, el autor muestra que la ontología paradójica de éstas obliga a alejarnos del paradigma visual de la representación para pensarlo mediante el modelo discursivo (...) de la significación. Así, lejos de ser una imagen, los sueños son siempre ya un texto. (shrink)

Jean-Paul Sartre is not an influential author in the work of Jean-Luc Marion. Yet, as is the case for the phenomenology of givenness, Sartre thinks love in terms of God. However, for Marion, Sartre is exemplary of those authors who have remained prisoner to metaphysics and to thinking God as the causa sui. By comparing the Sartrean and Marionian conceptions of love, the author shows that both are based on radically different conceptions of divinity, demonstrating at the same time how (...) the link between God and being determines human love. (shrink)

Pour la phénoménologie de Jean-Luc Marion, Descartes est le philosophe ayant achevé la métaphysique. Mais il faut entendre toute la polyphonie de ce terme. D’un côté, il l’a achevée au sens où il l’a parachevée, la portant à son sommet en fixant ses concepts et ses enjeux pour la modernité à venir. De l’autre, il l’a achevée en montrant ses brisures, la rendant caduque par la mise au jour de son dépassement possible selon deux concepts qui déterminent aussi deux moments (...) cartésiens : l’infini puis la chair. Cette ambivalence eu égard à la métaphysique (fixation puis dépassement), résonne dans la phénoménologie de la donation puisqu’elle détermine la mise en place de la distinction entre les phénomènes saturés et les phénomènes de droit commun. Ainsi, Descartes est utilisé comme le philosophe qui fixe les frontières, non seulement entre philosophie et métaphysique, mais aussi celles qui passent au cœur même de la phénoménologie. Pourtant, à de nombreuses reprises, Marion montre que cette fixation des frontières n’est pas aussi aisée à opérer qu’il n’y paraît, et qu’il y a un brouillage essentiel et originaire de celles-là. Pour la phénoménologie de la donation, Descartes est donc à la fois un repoussoir et un aimant, ce qu’il faut dépasser et ce à partir de quoi on le dépasse, ce qui disparaît dans la mort de la métaphysique, mais aussi ce qui s’attarde dans ce qui lui survit. (shrink)

Les pensées contemporaines de l’événement, tout comme la langue de tous, déterminent l’événement comme étant une exception sur l’ordre normal du monde. À la différence des faits, les événements ont un caractère exceptionnel qui provient pour l’essentiel de leur caractère assigné, adressé. Alors que les faits intramondains sont ouverts à tous, l’événement est toujours vécu à la première personne, de façon unique et non-itérable. Grâce à une lecture comparée des théories de l’événement de Claude Romano, Alain Badiou et Jean-Luc Marion, (...) nous questionnons ce problème de l’adresse et posons une adestination essentielle de l’événement, nous obligeant par là à penser non pas une exceptionnalité de l’événement mais au contraire sa grande banalité. (shrink)

La filosofía de Sartre es en gran parte heredera de la ontología de Heidegger. De hecho, es para salir de una lectura idealista de la obra de Husserl que Sartre se orientó hacía la ontología heideggeriana con el fin de establecer una ontología fenomenológica. Sin embargo, el autor muestra que, sobre los conceptos fundamentales que marcan el cruce entre ambos autores, Sartre resignifica constantemente los aportes heideggerianos, lo que permite entender la ruptura fundamental entre ambos autores, ruptura según la cual, (...) cuando la filosofía de Heidegger es una filosofía de la finitud y de la muerte, aquella de Sartre es una filosofía del infinito y de la vida. (shrink)