In der Auseinandersetzung mit der Semantik Alteuropas hat Niklas Luhmann darauf verwiesen, dass der Begriff der menschlichen Lebensform in der antiken Semantik jenen Platz besetzt hält, an dem eigentlich ein Gesellschaftsbegriff zu entwickeln wäre (I). Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob der zeitgenössische Begriff der menschlichen Lebensform, der eine tragende Bedeutung in der post-wittgensteinianischen Philosophie besitzt, dadurch erhellt werden kann, dass man ihn als funktionales Äquivalent des Gesellschaftsbegriffs versteht. Anhand von Wittgensteins Philosophischen Untersuchungen wird nachgezeichnet, dass der Begriff sich (...) in der Tat als ein begriffliches Angebot für die Frage nach der »Realität des Sozialen schlechthin« auffassen lässt (II, III). Die heutigen Verwendungen des Begriffs weisen dabei allerdings noch immer jene Gefahren auf, die Luhmanns Vorbehalte gegenüber der antiken Semantik begründeten: die Gefahr, die unerreichbare Einheit des Sozialen zu reifizieren und die in einem solchen Begriff zu entfaltenden Probleme vorschnell zu verdecken (IV). Diesen Gefahren steht zugleich ein spezifisches Problematisierungspotential gegenüber, das den Begriff der Lebensform gegenüber dem Gesellschaftsbegriff auszeichnet. Dieser Begriff erlaubt die besondere Akzentuierung eines zentralen Problems des Sozialen: des Problems der Einheit der Differenz von Individuum und Gesellschaft, das immer schon gelöst ist, wenn soziale Operationen geschehen, und das zugleich darin als unlösbares insistiert (V). (shrink)

Government action has advantages, which explains the central role of states in political theory. However, taking states for granted limits the ability to critique the status quo and consider alternatives. The rejection of domination by anarchists and their vision of a society free of domination can be a productive starting point for critical reflection on statehood. Drawing on works by the philosophical anarchists Robert Paul Wolff and A. John Simmons, as well as Joseph Raz, this study presents a compelling (...) anarchist challenge to the state. This demonstrates that state action can only be legitimised if it enables us to lead a self-determined and emancipated life. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung Der Artikel setzt sich mit dem Thema Trendsport aus der Perspektive der Soziologie des Körpers auseinander und entwickelt die These, dass das entscheidende Merkmal im Trendsport ein spätmodernes Verhältnis von Körper, Selbst und Gesellschaft ist: Trendsportarten unterscheiden sich von traditionellen Sportarten zuallererst durch ihre spätmodernen körper- und bewegungskulturellen Praktiken sowie durch die damit verbundenen Erlebnisweisen und Formen zeitgemäßer Selbstthematdsierung. Der Beitrag verdeutlicht mit Hilfe der analytischen Unterscheidung zwischen ‘Körper’ und ‘Leib’ die wesentliche Rolle, die gerade leibliche Erfahrungen für (...) die Faszination von Trendsportarten spielen. Er plädiert deshalb für eine stärkere Berücksichtigung der Kategorie ‘Leib’ in der sport- und körpersoziologischen Forschung. (shrink)

Inhalt: I. AUSEINANDERSETZUNG MIT GRUNDPOSITIONEN DER KRITISCHEN GESELLSCHAFTSTHEORIE DER FRANKFURTER SCHULE. Hans ALBERT: Dialektische Denkwege. Jürgen Habermas und der Kritische Rationalismus. William D. FUSFIELD: Some Pseudoscientific Features of Transcendental-Pragmatic Grounding Projects. Evelyn GRÖBL-STEINBACH: Reflektierte versus naive Aufklärung? Kritische Theorie und Kritischer Rationalismus - Versuch einer Bestandsaufnahme. Kurt SALAMUN: Befriedetes Dasein und offene Gesellschaft. Gesellschaftliche Zielvorstellungen in Kritischer Theorie und Kritischem Rationalismus. II. DAS LEIB-SEELE-PROBLEM UND DIE KONZEPTION DER OFFENEN GESELLSCHAFT. Volker GADENNE: Ist der Leib-Seele-Dualismus widerlegt? Arpad SÖLTER: Der (...) europäische Sonderweg zur offenen Gesellschaft. Miroslav PROKOPIJEVIC: Justice in the "Open Society". Wojciech DOMALEWSKI: Zwei Toleranzbegriffe. III. VON DER TOTALITÄREN DER OFFENEN GESELLSCHAFT IN DER EHEMALIGEN SOZIALISTISCHEN LÄNDERN. Dieter WITTRICH: Alltagserfahrung als Politikum. Dariusz ALEKSANDROWICZ: Die sich öffnende Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde. Andreas PICKEL: Schocktherapie als rationale Reformstrategie? Eine Kritik der theoretischen Grundlagen radikaler Marktkonzepte und ein Plädoyer für Reformgradualismus. IV. METHODISCHE PROBLEME DER GESELLSCHAFTSWISSENSCHAFTEN. Herbert KEUTH: Sozialwissenschaften, Werturteile und Verantwortung. Michael SCHMID: Die Logik institutioneller Analyse aus der Sicht des Kritischen Rationalismus. Peter V. ZIMA: Framework ist kein Mythos. Zu Karl R. Poppers Thesen über wissenschaftliche Kommunikation. (shrink)

Das Buch präsentiert zwei sehr unterschiedliche Textformate: eine Forschungsarbeit von 1974 zur «Patriotischen Gesellschaft in Bern», die jetzt erstmalig gedruckt vorliegt, und eine vorläufige Dokumentation zum Anteil des Basler Ratsherrn Isaak Iselin (1728-1782) an der europäischen Geschichtsphilosophie. Iselin war Gründungsmitglied der Berner Gesellschaft und Autor der ersten deutschsprachigen Geschichtsphilosophie. Die gegenseitige Bezugnahme der beiden Studien zum «Ursprung» des geschichtsphilosophischen Denkens und dem simultanen Beginn der Patriotischen Gesellschaften am Beispiel der Berner zeigt vor allem eins: Sie macht den Anspruch (...) jener Aufklärer plausibel, die theoretische Entwürfe mit der sozioökonomischen Praxis im Bestreben um politische Reformen verbunden wissen wollten. (shrink)

In this article I consider the uses of the concepts ‘society’ and ‘culture’ in various sociological and anthropological traditions, arguing that sociology needs to learn from the division between social anthropology and cultural anthropology. First I distinguish the social and the cultural sciences: the former use ‘society’ as leading concept and ‘culture’ as a subordinate concept; the latter do the contrary. I discuss the origins of the terms société and Kultur in the classical French and German traditions respectively, (...) and their subsequent uptake in Anglo-American sociology and anthropology, ‘society’ becoming the leading concept for sociology and social anthropology, ‘culture’ the leading concept for cultural anthropology. I contrast the sociology of culture with the cultural anthropological consideration of society. I next examine the terms for ‘society’ in the classical German tradition, especially Weber, pointing to interpretivism as a cultural theory of society. I then consider Weber’s Kultursoziologie, arguing that it is culture (Kultur) not society (Gesellschaft) that is the ultimate object of Weber’s sociology. I conclude that sociology needs to identify classical German sociology and its derivatives as cultural science not social science, and to make comprehensive adjustments to its methodological debates accordingly. The implications of this for the problem of sociology’s encounter with the natural world are noted. (shrink)

Many social philosophers and ethicists contend that a modern society cannot remain stable merely by its citizens obeying all of its rules. Such prominent theoreticians as J. Habermas, J. Rawls, D. Gauthier or R. Rorty hold the view that the citizens of a modern society must exhibit additional anthropological qualities which are termed moral surpluses here. Christoph Lütge argues, however, that no moral surplus is immune to erosion by systematic counter-incentives and that anthropological qualities in general cannot serve (...) as a basis for ethics in the globalized world. An order ethics, which is based on weaker prerequisites, namely the characteristics of situations and their basic conditions (orders), is more likely to count on cross-cultural approval in the era of globalization. (shrink)

On the occasion of the 1 001h birthday of Heinz-Dietrich Wendland, it's timetoset one of the key thoughts of his social ethics on the public agenda. He developed the term »responsible society« as »imaginal goal of a future society«. He justified it theologically and made it concrete in social ethics. Theseconnections were brought together and tested in regard to their relevance today in Theodor Strohm's paper.

Religionen unterbreiten Sinnstiftungsangebote und beeinflussen nicht unwesentlich den Umgang der Menschen miteinander. SIe konnen zu Fortschritt und Freiheit der Menschen beitragen, aber auch zu Fanatismus und Intoleranz fuhren. DEshalb ist ihr Stellenwert in einer sakularen Gesellschaft umstritten. WElcher Umgang mit Religionen empfiehlt sich? Ist es fur eine soziomoralische Fundierung der Gesellschaft nicht besser, allein auf eine vernunftbasierte Ethik zu setzen? Und lassen sich Glauben und Wissen uberhaupt miteinander versohnen? Mit Beitragen von Konrad Paul Liessmann, Volker Gerhardt, Nadia Baghdadi (...) und Jan Assmann. (shrink)

Neo-Kantianism emerged over the course of the 1860s and it occupied a leading position in the German universities from the 1870s until the First World War. Demands for getting "back to Kant" had become common since the early 1860s, and these demands were discussed in the meetings of the Philosophical Society of Berlin (Philosophische Gesellschaft zu Berlin; PGB), which was the international organization of Hegelians. In this paper I address some reactions among the PGB members to the 1860s (...) Kant revival. The journal "Der Gedanke", the organ of the PGB, reported closely how Kant returned to the spotlight of German philosophy. The reactions of the PGB members to the Kant revival was not only critical. Over the course of the 1860s the interest on Kant among the members grew little by little. (shrink)

The Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications (GTA) is celebrating its 40th anniversary this year. The task of this article was to give a selection of gestalt theoretical research, which was created within the framework of the GTA. After a brief introduction to the theory, recent developments that have emerged since the founding of the Society and have found expression in the journal Gestalt Theory, as well as in many other publications, have been discussed. A number of (...) contributions to the fundamental area could be cited: consciousness research, multifield approach, synergetics, language, development, and so on. The transfer of basic knowledge to a number of application-oriented disciplines, namely, psychotherapy, education, arts, culture, nation and society, organizations, and so on, has been presented. The article has shown that Gestalt theory has great relevance in both basic and application-related areas and can cover a wide range of issues. (shrink)

English summary: A liberal market society is often critized as being a society in which morality and virtues are crowded out by increasing egoism and utility-maximization. Michael Baurmann develops quite a different picture. He shows that anonymous market-relations and competition are by no means the only traits of a liberal society. Freedom of cooperation and association is one of its main characteristics as well. This freedom lays the fundament for the emergence of moral commitment and civil virtues (...) which are needed to provide the public goods a free society is based on - in particular the limitation of state power by the rule of law. Close German description: Es ist der beste deutsche Beitrag zur theoretischen Soziologie, den ich seit langer Zeit gelesen habe.Erich Weede in Kolner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 1996, S. 762Der Gedankengang des Buches ist klar und uberzeugend. Insbesondere die Passagen daruber, was universalistische Normen auszeichnet, und uber die Bedingungen, unter denen die Orientierung an universalistischen Normen gelernt werden kann, verdienen es, sozialwissenschaftliches Gemeingut zu werden.Reinhard Zintl in Associations 1998, S. 294 f.Das Buch von Baurmann entwickelt mit Bedacht und auf hohem Niveau einen rechts- und staatstheoretischen, soziologisch fundierten Losungsvorschlag fur eine aktuelle, viel diskutierte Problematik.... Gegenuber manchen modischen Verfallszenarien wirkt der Ansatz Baurmanns... erfrischend und ermutigend...Gerhard Dilcher in Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1998, S. 3692Dem, der die okonomische Theorie der sozialen Ordnung auf der Hohe ihrer Leistungsfahigkeit erleben mochte,... wird mit diesem ausgeklugelten Festival des Kontrafaktischen viel geboten.Wolfgang Kersting in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung vom 29.4.1997, S. 12. (shrink)

The Naturforschende Gesellschaft (NFG) of Jena, founded in 1793, became instrumental for the development of the sciences in Jena in this period. New experimental facilities, new organizational structures and new scientific topics such as antiphlogistic chemistry and galvanism were introduced into Jena via the NFG. An investigation of the letters that were sent to the NFG shows, 1., how important the NFG was for the reception of these new results and for transmitting them to a wider audience; 2., how (...) scientists, both in Germany and abroad, tried to establish a network for scientific communication via the NFG, and 3., how personal contacts between scientists and how various forms of written exchange interrelate in the activities of the NFG. The letters to the NFG, therefore, show how, in the period around 1800; smaller scientific organizations such as the NFG managed to form a focus for scientific research and scientific exchange, with these societies being particularly important for the reception of the, by the time, latest developments in science. (shrink)

The ‚Naturforschende Gesellschaft’︁, founded in 1793, proved instrumental for the development of science at the University of Jena around 1800. Its library can be considered as one of its most important facilities provided for research and for the education of students. Since this library has been preserved almost without losses, we can ask whether this library served the purpose of a research library in the newly established field of ‚science’︁. In consequence, the role of scientific societies and the genesis (...) of specialised libraries in the area of science can be investigated in an exemplary case, with implications for the concept of scientific research around 1800. (shrink)

The hypothesis of a new geological era, the »Anthropocene«, is discussed intensively since its presentation by the chemist and Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen in 2000. The beginning of the Anthropocene is usually dated to 1800 and put into the context of the industrialization. Since then, according to Crutzen, mankind has become a quasi-geological force and human infrastructures have developed into a primary influence on the biological, geological and atmospheric processes on Earth. In their contribution, Christian Schwägerl and Reinhold Leinfelder (...) present examples of the long-term changes and arguments for the »reorganization of the entire Earth system«, supporting the thesis of the Anthropocene and the »man-made« Earth. In their article they contradict the premature impression that the Anthropocene is nothing but a new umbrella term for everything that is considered an environmental problem. Rather, the authors emphasize the potential of man and his technologies for the positive design of his habitat and the transformation of the earth. They understand the Anthropocene not only as a description of a purely physical state, but also as a social and scientific challenge. Niels Werber puts in his contribution the notorious epoch threshold 1800 in question. Furthermore, he criticizes that the discourse of the Anthropocene relies solely on the supposed evidence of science, especially of geological data and figures, and thus neglects in its effort to describe a »geological age of mankind« precisely the emerging knowledge of man, social order and culture. Instead, Werber understands the »Anthropocene« as a contribution to the »self-description of society,« i.e. to a possible integration of mankind and society into the world. German Die Hypothese eines neuen Erdzeitalters, des »Anthropozän«, wird seit ihrer Postulierung durch den Chemiker und Nobelpreisträger Paul Crutzen im Jahr 2000 intensiv diskutiert. Der Beginn des Anthropozän wird zumeist um 1800 datiert und in einen Zusammenhang mit der Industrialisierung gestellt. Seither, so die These, ist die Menschheit zu einer quasi geologischen Kraft und sind menschliche Infrastrukturen zum wichtigsten Einflussfaktor auf die biologischen, geologischen und atmosphärischen Prozesse auf der Erde geworden. Christian Schwägerl und Reinhold Leinfelder führen in ihrem Beitrag Argumente und Beispiele für die langfristigen Veränderungen und für die »Reorganisation des gesamten Erdsystems« an, welche die These vom Anthropozän und der »menschgemachten« Erde stützen. In ihrem Beitrag widersprechen sie dem vorschnellen Eindruck, es handle sich bei der Idee einer neuen geologischen Erdepoche nur um einen neuen Sammelbegriff für all das, was als Umweltproblem gilt. Vielmehr betonen die Autoren auch das Potential des Menschen und seiner Technologien zur positiven Gestaltung seines Lebensraums und zur Transformation der Erde. Sie verstehen das Anthropozän nicht nur als rein physische Zustandsbeschreibung, sondern auch als gesellschaftliche Herausforderung und als Forschungsauftrag. Niels Werber setzt in seinem Beitrag an der Frage der notorischen Epochenbildung um 1800 an und kritisiert, dass der Anthropozän-Diskurs sich allein auf die vermeintliche Evidenz naturwissenschaftlicher, vor allem geologischer Daten und Zahlen verlassen würde und ausgerechnet für die Plausibilisierung des Zeitalters des Menschen Kenntnisse über den Menschen, seine Sozialordnung und Kultur offenbar nicht nötig seien. Stattdessen fordert Werber im Anschluss an Niklas Luhmann dazu auf, die Anthropozän-Hypothese als einen Beitrag zur »Selbstbeschreibung der Gesellschaft«, das heißt zur Beschreibung der Einfügung des Menschen und seiner Gesellschaft in die Welt zu verstehen. (shrink)

Geschlecht und Gewalt, das Thema dieses Bandes, betrifft nicht nur die Frage nach den Charakteristika und Ursachen sexueller Aggression, sondern auch die Frage nach angeblichen geschlechtsspezifischen Formen der Aggression. Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit beidem und diskutiert sie als Teil von begrifflichen Ausweitungen der Kampfzone, d.h. der Erweiterungen des Aggressionsbegriffs im Verlauf der wissenschaftlichen Aggressionsforschung der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Der Beitrag zeigt unter Anderem: was als Aggression wahrgenommen wird und in der Wissenschaft als solche gezählt wird, verändert (...) sich mit der Gesellschaft. Dabei wird aus epistemologischer bzw. wissenschaftsphilosophischer Perspektive gezeigt, wie sich rassistische, Status-, und Geschlechtsstereotype auf begriffliche Entscheidungen in wissenschaftlicher Forschung auswirken und somit die wissenschaftliche Arbeit am Begriff beeinflussen können. (shrink)

As the world faces increasingly disparate challenges, science is being subjected to vehement demands from society calling for transparency, openness and public participation in science policy. This book provides a framework and a vision on how to conceive, discuss and evaluate the changes that occur in the relationship between science and society.

Segundo o presente artigo, a crise ecológica tornou dramaticamente claw que a evolução social não deve ser apenas entendida como uma emancipação das limitações derivadas da natureza e das amarras da sociabilidade humana e ainda menos deve ser aferida pela capacidade de transformar a natureza num mew repositório de recursos naturais capazes de garantir a sobrevivência do género humano. O artigo pretende assim mostrar até que ponto o progresso social está intimamente associado com a capacidade de se manter o metabolismo (...) social com a natureza a um nível regenerativo. Precisamente neste contexto é que deve ser entendida a exigência de se associar intimamente os sistemas funcionais da economia e da técnica na rede natural que os suporta e dessa forma condicionar a direcção estàvel da evolugdo social á capacidade de resistencia, sempre em mudança, dos sistemas ecológicos. Nesse sentido, o autor define a tarefa de uma "ética social ecológica" como sendo a de contribuir para a clarificação da necessária e, diante da razão prática, responsdvel articulagdo mutua dos factores económicos, sócio-culturais e ecológicos. Essa "ética social ecólogica", diz ainda o autor, parte da constatação de que com a modernidade se alcançou um estádio da história da cultura em que a dependência do ser humano em relação a natureza está ligada com uma dependência de muitos ecosistemas, até então deixados em seu estado natural, em relação ao ser humano, de cuja integridade, por sua vez, também o ser humano depende. Porfim, o artigo interroga-se sobre até que ponto numa natureza de tal maneira "socializada" ainda se podem encontrar pressupostos para uma praxis social capaz de apontar um caminho racionalmente induzido em que se garanta ofuturo dos sistemas sociais, e mostra como esta questão conduz ao problema ético-ecológico fundamental relativo á existência de aspectos normativos no relacionamento com a natureza nas sociedades modernas. /// In the view of the present article, the ecological crisis has dramatically demonstrated that social evolution ought not be understood merely in terms of an emancipation of natural and social limitations. Even less, ought it be thought that such an emancipation implies the transformation of nature into just a reserve of natural resources for the survival of humankind. The article hopes to show the degree to which social progress is intimately associated with the capacity of maintaining the social metabolism with nature at the level at which regeneration is possible. One must come to understand the exigency of bringing functional systems of economy and technology within the natural network nature that supports them such that an equilibrium in social evolution may be established in relation to the ecological systems. In this sense, the author sees the task of an "ecological social ethics" as contributing to the clarification of the necessary articulation between economic, socio-cultural, and ecological factors. Such an ethics is conceived against the background of a modernity that reflects a stage in the history of culture in which human beings were seen as depending on many ecosystems left in their natural state. Finally, the question is raised concerning the degree to which it is still possible to find principles for a social praxis capable of opening a rational path for the social systems of the future and how this question raises a further one about the normative aspects of the relationship with nature in modern societies. (shrink)

Max Weber's magnum opus Economy and Society was for the most part published only after his premature death in June 1920. Only the chapters on basic sociological terms, the categories of social action, and the Three Times of Legitimate Domination were sent to the publishers by Weber himself; the other manuscripts were found in a pile on his desk. The editions by Marianne Weber and Melchior Palyi and by Johannes F. Winckelmann are in many ways unsatisfactory, and the controversy (...) about the correct composition of Economy and Society persists. This article reconstructs the origins of the various texts of Economy and Society on the basis of the available source material, notably the correspondence between Weber, Marianne Weber, and the publishers. It shows that in many ways the editions available at present do not live up to Max Weber's own intentions. Both the arrangement and the precise wording of the texts are unreliable, and the time sequence of the texts written from 1909 to 1914 and then in part rewritten and reorganized in 1919–1920 is uncertain. A segment of an earlier draft of parts of the chapter on Communities found among Weber's papers allows the conclusion that as early as 1905–1906, Weber had outlined a universal historical scheme of all known civilizations. This is to say that Economy and Society is not as closely linked to Weber's work on the Outline of Social Economics as has been previously assumed. This article offers a precise reconstruction of the complicated history of Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Soziologie-the exact title agreed upon by Weber and his publisher Paul Siebeck shortly before his death. It shows the development of Weber's theoretical conceptions and the corresponding changes of his terminology much more clearly, and paves the way to a better understanding of his magnum opus. (shrink)

When Thomas Luckmann, a pioneer of the “linguistic turn” in sociology, regarded Émile Durkheim as a source for the sociology of language, he had lifeworldly community–building in mind. However, the French sociologist himself understood language in the context ofcivil society–building. To Durkheim, language was a “social thing in the highest degree” that enabled general ideas and intermediated them to people. Abstract human ideals like the civil religion since the French Revolution could be shared through (a common) language. Thus, Durkheim (...) took the exclusive use of French in the Third Republic’s laic public education for granted, ignoring the patois in the country: This “child of the Enlightenment” considered French to be a universal language ofGesellschaftand, beyond ethno-communal elements, to work as a basis for the organic solidarity of French national civil society where the social division of labor was progressing. Durkheim’s theory was predicated on civil-linguistic, not ethnolinguistic, nationalism. (shrink)

In wertpluralen Gesellschaften begegnen uns in der medizinischen Versorgung zahlreiche Konflikte, bei denen die kulturellen und religiösen Wertvorstellungen und Einstellungen des Patienten eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Besonders komplex wird es, wenn die betroffene Person nicht mehr in der Lage ist, selbst über die medizinischen Maßnahmen zu entscheiden. Ob eine Patientenverfügung in solchen Konfliktsituationen einen entscheidenden Beitrag zu einer ethisch angemessenen Lösung leisten kann, bleibt eine berechtigte Frage. Im Folgenden werden die ethischen Aspekte im Umgang mit muslimischen Patienten und die Nutzung (...) einer kultursensiblen und kultursensitiven Patientenverfügung bei diesen Patienten differenziert behandelt.Die Vielfalt an Haltungen zu Entscheidungen am Lebensende innerhalb der islamischen Welt, der Einfluss der Familie und traditioneller sittlicher Einstellungen, heterogene Formen der Religiosität und das Gesundheitssystem des jeweiligen Landes erweisen sich als wichtige normative Anhaltspunkte für die Anwendung einer Patientenverfügung bei muslimischen Patienten. Trotz zahlreicher Schwierigkeiten kann eine kultursensible und kultursensitive Patientenverfügung einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Berücksichtigung und Umsetzung der Entscheidungen eines entscheidungsunfähig gewordenen muslimischen Patienten leisten. (shrink)

The Deutsche Hegel-Gesellschaft, which preceded the Internationale Hegel-Gesellschaft, was founded at Nürnberg in 1953. The decision to work on an international scale and to express this also in the name of the society was made at the second congress in Frankfurt am Main in 1958. Wilhelm Raimund Beyer was the founder and chairman of the Hegel-Gesellschaft from the very beginning until 1982, when he was elected chairman of honor. The general line of the Internationale Hegel-Gesellschaft (...) has all the time been to be open to all serious scientific work upon Hegel. The discussions of the meetings have not only always been broad and open but also controversial and to the point. Hegel has been studied historically and as a philosopher who is relevant to actual problems. That his relevancy is mediated with regard to essential points by Karl Marx has been a common opinion from the beginning. (shrink)

The fundamental concept of classical liberalism is the notion of negative freedom: freedom as the absence of coercion. But what is coercion? Why is coercion considered an evil from a libertarian perspective? The liberal economist and social philosopher Friedrich August von Hayek develops a definition of the concepts of freedom and coercion in his "Constitution of Liberty," which, however, remains incomplete and raises some fundamental questions about his moral philosophy and theory of cultural evolution. In this study, I undertake the (...) task of providing an immanent definition of Hayek's concept of coercion and a justification for the reprehensibility of coercion as a fundamental evil in society. By including essential parts of Hayek's unpublished legacy, I delve into Hayek's entire body of work with a focus on his underlying conception of freedom and coercion. (shrink)

How is it possible to develop an identity that lives from the meaningful relationship to a concrete tradition without falling into fundamentalist self-closure when trying to maintain this relationship? The present study addresses this question by interpreting Alasdair MacIntyre's traditional concept in response to the lack of orientation in contemporary society. The American philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre assumes that modern societies can only convey identity through the traditions they contain. He defines "tradition" as a discussion about the correct interpretation of (...) the traditional content. MacIntyre sees coexistence in plural societies as a permanent encounter of different, traditional identities that struggle to convince each other of the truthfulness of their own worldview. The consequence is not blind conflict, but rather the acquisition of cultural language skills: Real encounters occur when a tradition learns to understand its counterpart from its genuine perspective. In this way, MacIntyre makes communicative competence the guiding factor of its model. In conversation with Karl Barth's theology, the study further develops this model from a Protestant perspective. Barth is received as the 20th century theologian who most consistently thought of Christian identity in particular terms. Even more than for Barth, the self-assurance of Christian tradition is being put to the test today. The study develops a model of Christian orientation in pluralism, which is based on the interplay of cultural competence and trust in the sustainability of one's own religious identity. (shrink)

The Physikalische Gesellschaft zu Berlin , founded in 1845 as a local association, became a centre of interdisciplinarity. Until about 1880 the Physical Society contributed to the development of interdisciplinary sciences like bio(medical)physics, astrophysics and Physics of the earth (physical meteorology). In the same way the emergence of well-founded electrotechnics and scientific device construction was promoted by physics.

A Text from Jan Patočka's Archive in Vienna on "The function of the literature in society", translated from Czech into German by Ludger Hagedorn.

Selected papers from the sections of the eighth international conference organized by the Society for Analytic Philosophy (GAP), Constance, Germany, September 17-20, 2012. The overall theme of the conference was "What may we believe? What ought we to do?", but the papers published here address a wide variety of questions from many fields of philosophy.

Nella voce dello Handwörterbuch der Soziologie del 1931 Tönnies riprende in forma sintetica i temi di Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. Definisce innanzitutto le modalità elementari di relazioni tra volontà: la conoscenza, la simpatia, la fi­ducia, fino al legame sociale e allo scambio; poi indica come oggetto proprio del­la sociologia le entità sociali che hanno un modo di esistenza simile a quell­lo degli dei. Torna la nota distinzione tra una volontà essenziale, immediata ma non irrazionale, e una volontà arbitraria, riflessiva e (...) calcolatrice, e tra due cor­rispondenti modi di azione. I rapporti sociali basati sui due generi di vo­lontà vengono riportati alle categorie di comunità e società. Il deperimento del­la vita sociale comunitaria coincide con il graduale avanzamento dell’in­di­vidualismo tipico della società civile.Tönnies resumes concisely the topics already discussed in Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft in an entry of the Handwörterbuch der Soziologie . Firstly, he defines the elementary modes of relationship among wills: knowledge, sympathy, trust, up to social bond and exchange. He then indicates social entities, which have a way of being analogous to gods’ one, as the proper object of sociology. The well-known distinction between an essential will and an arbitrary will , and the two corresponding types of action, is also brought back. Social ties based on the two kinds of will are traced back to the categories of community and society. The decline of communitarian social life is seen as coincident with the gradual growth of individualism, which is characteristic of civil society. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialtheorie und Philosophie Jahrgang: 4 Heft: 1-2 Seiten: 135-151.

This is a report on the II Symposium Platonicum, which took place in Perugia, Italy, September 1-6, 1989, and on the founding of the International Plato Society, which took place in Bevagna, Province of Perugia, Umbria, Italy, September 3, 1989.

Although modern society emancipated itself from its Christian roots, Christian motivs continue to be effective even in the realm oflaw. Thus, in the 16. cent., the idea oftoleration had Christian, though not ecclesiastic origins. In a Christian perspective, however, toleration does not entail complete neutrality in all religious matters and on the part of society and legal order such complete neutrality is to be considered delusive. The positive attitude of Christians toward the German constitution is largely bound up (...) with its emphasis on human dignity, which is rooted in the biblical idea of the human person being created in the image of God. In the reality of modern society, on the other hand, personal selfrealization tends to become the fundamental human right, and on certain points issues in conflicts with the priority of human dignity. Here, the idea of freedom degenerates into licence, which in a Christian perspective is sin. Another area of particular concern for Christians in the legal system is marriage and family. Here, the author pleads for the Christian emphasis on marriage as basis of the family and indicates its legal consequences. (shrink)

We are witnessing a dramatic increase of the percentage of old people in our population- this is what we call the aging of society. The basic question involved in this matter concerns the relationship of the different age groups to each other. What kind of solidarity is demanded from the younger generation and to what extent are they willing to provide it? Many old people, especially the very old ones, have to rely upon help from others for Ionger periods (...) of time. To give them support may be a tough job with only little reward. The people involved are often unable to cope with the situation and it is not uncommon that mutual violence occurs. A prerequisite for real help and support is human attention and a conscious affirmation of life even if it is a dependent one in its last phase. In Switzerland -like in other countries- we only have homes and therapeutical institutions for long-term patients, but not enough people who are really willing to provide true care and counsel. It is necessary to accept that others are individuals and to be aware of alle the facets of life. (shrink)