This paper argues that despite recent tendencies to minimize the differences between Posidonius and the Early Stoics, there are some important aspects of Stoic ethics in which Posidonius deviated from the orthodox doctrine. According to two passages in Diogenes Laertius, Posidonius counted health and wealth among the goods and held that virtue alone is insufficient for happiness. While Kidd in his commentary dismissed this report as spurious, there are good reasons to take Diogenes’ remarks seriously. Through a careful analysis of (...) the sources, in particular of Galen's De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis, this article offers a new interpretation of Posidonius’ ethics. It sheds light on Posidonius’ theory of virtues and shows that Posidonius must have granted a special status to things like health and wealth even if he did not regard them as genuine goods. (shrink)

English summary: Although the idea of a Euro-Asian Axis Age can be traced back to the pioneer of Iranian studies, Anquetil Duperron, ancient Iran usually plays only a minor role in the 20th century Axis Age theory founded by Karl Jaspers, which revolves around the recording and explanation of rationality. In this investigation of the history of Ancient Iranian rationality, Gotz Konig first points out which theory-immanent moments in Jasper's basic text The Origin and Goal of History (1949) may (...) have favored this omission. Examplary analyses show how minimal changes in the ritual, a change in the configuration of intellectual capacity, or the replacement of a metaphysical concept of order by a legal one open up paths that are oriented towards certain central axial categories. A concluding study of the dialectic of the Axis Age shows how the Achaemenid period (6th-4th century BC) can be regarded in various respects as the true Axis Age of Iran, but ultimately misses and reverses its own rational measures. German description: Obgleich sich der Gedanke einer euro-asiatischen Achsenzeit bis auf den Pionier der Iranistik Anquetil Duperron zuruckfuhren lasst, so spielt der antike Iran in der von Karl Jaspers begrundeten Achsenzeittheorie des 20. Jahrhunderts, die um die Erfassung und Erklarung von 'Rationalitat' kreist, in der Regel nur eine Nebenrolle. Gotz Konig stellt in seinen Untersuchungen zur altiranischen Rationalitatsgeschichte zunachst heraus, welche theorieimmanenten Momente in Jaspers Basistext Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (1949) dieses Vergessen begunstigt haben konnen. In Beispielanalysen wird gezeigt, wie durch minimale Veranderungen des Rituals, durch einen Wandel in der Konstellation geistiger Vermogen oder durch die Ersetzung eines metaphysischen durch einen rechtlichen Ordnungsbegriff Wege (im antiken Ost- wie sodann West-Iran) eroffnet werden, die sich auf bestimmte axiale Zentralkategorien hin ausrichten. Eine abschliessende Studie zur Dialektik der Achsenzeit zeigt, wie die Periode der Achameniden (6.-4. Jahrhundert v.Chr.) zwar in verschiedener Hinsicht als die eigentliche Achsenzeit Irans betrachtet werden kann, letztlich aber die eigenen, von ihr aufgestellten rationalen Massstabe verfehlt und verkehrt. (shrink)

The article revisits the originality of Hobbes's concept of happiness on the basis of Hobbes's two accounts found respectively in Thomas White's De Mundo Examined and Leviathan. It is argued that Hobbes's claim that happiness consists in the unhindered advance from one acquired good to another ought to be understood against the background of Hobbes's theory of sensation and the imagination, on the one hand, and Hobbes's doctrine of conatus, on the other. It is further claimed that the account of (...) happiness in White's De Mundo differs from that in Leviathan. In the former work, happiness is defined not as the mere progression from one good to another but as the joy/mental pleasure derived from the awareness of one's unhindered advance. The traditional claim that Hobbes is an ethical subjectivist is examined in connection with Hobbes's view of the subjectivity of happiness and the rejection of the summum bonum. Lastly, Hobbes's distinction between worldly and everlasting happiness is discussed. (shrink)

Excerpt from Kants Begriff der Erkenntnis: Verglichen mit dem des Aristoteles Im ganzen Erkenntnisprozess. Die Einbildungskraft trotzdem sinnlich. Einbildungskraft und Verstand. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as (...) a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

The importance of the spiritual dimension in the lives of people living in conditions of poverty and social exclusion and the often-critical role of faith-based organisations has gained increasing relevance in development research and practice. A growing line of research focuses on how to integrate the faith dimension into the evaluation of social programmes and on quantifying the effects of faith. The objective of this article is to propose a framework for integrating a spiritual dimension into the design and practice (...) of impact evaluation by using the concept of integral human development. Integral human development emerged within the Catholic social tradition, but is not specific to it. It is a perspective on human development that integrates the material and spiritual, recognises the interdependence between humans and their environment or territory and demands change at both the individual and collective levels. This framework is then applied to the design of an impact evaluation of a faith-based programme that accompanies people with drug and alcohol addictions in Argentina. The article highlights the following characteristics of an integral impact evaluation: the interaction between multiple well-being dimensions; the use of knowledge and methods of analysis from multiple disciplines; the importance of understanding the diverse pathways to improvements in well-being; the assessment of the spiritual dimension through changes in one's relationships with oneself, others and the environment; and the importance of assessing personal change within the context of social and community transformation. (shrink)

Beatific Enjoyment in Medieval Scholastic Debates traces the reception of Saint Augustine’s concept of beatific enjoyment in Peter Lombard’s Sentences. It identifies the main themes and problems which shaped the discussion of the concept in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century scholastic commentaries. Bringing together theological and scientific approaches to the idea of enjoyment, Severin Kitanov exposes the intricacy of the discourse and develops a new perspective for students and scholars.

The growing interest and major advances of the last decades in evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo) have led to the recognition of the incompleteness of the Modern Synthesis of evolutionary theory. Here we discuss how paleontology makes significant contributions to integrate evolution and development. First, extinct organisms often inform us about developmental processes by showing a combination of features unrecorded in living species. We illustrate this point using the vertebrate fossil record and studies relating bone ossification to life history traits. Second, (...) we discuss exceptionally preserved fossils that document rare ontogenetic sequences and illustrate this case with the patterns of heterochrony observed in Cambrian crustacean larvae preserved three-dimensionally. Third, most fossils potentially document the evolutionary patterns of allometry and modularity, as well as some of the (paleo)ecological factors that had influenced them. The temporal persistence of adaptive patterns in rodent evolution serves to address the importance of ecological constraints in evolution. Fourth, we discuss how the macroevolutionary patterns observed in the tetrapod limb, in the mammal molar proportions, and in the molluscan shell provide independent tests of the validity of morphogenetic models proposed on living species. Reciprocally, these macroevolutionary patterns often act as a source of inspiration to investigate the underlying rules of development, because, at the end, they are the patterns that the neo-Darwinian theory was unable to account for. (shrink)

Wittgenstein and Contemporary Philosophy of Mind aims to reassess the work of Wittgenstein in terms of its importance to contemporary debates surrounding the philosophy of mind.The first part of this study examines Wittgenstein in the context of current views on the human mind in relation to the body and behavior. The arguments confront the views of Quine and Dennett, as well as functionalism, eliminative materialism, and the current debate about consciousness. The essays that make up the second part focus on (...) a particular psychological concept, thinking, imagining, sensation, knowledge, and reason. This study takes a fresh look at this established thinker and demonstrates both the relevance and power of his arguments in the 21st century. (shrink)

How do teachers' practices contribute to students well-being in the classroom? Do teachers' views of student well-being match students' views? We seek to apprehend the subjective well-being of students in the classroom, and to compare it with the views of teachers. We show that teachers' practices associated with students' well-being are mainly linked to the following dimensions: allowing students to participate in the lesson, making the lesson explicit, and developing a positive relationship with students. Student success and reduced pressure to (...) work are also mentioned. (shrink)

The present experiment investigates the involvement of awareness in functional dissociations between explicit and implicit tests. In the explicit condition, participants attempted to recall lexically or semantically studied words using word stems. In the implicit condition, they were instructed to complete each stem with the first word which came to mind. Subjective awareness was subsequently measured on an item-by-item basis. As voluntary retrieval strategies are known to be time consuming, the time taken to complete each stem was recorded. In the (...) explicit task, semantically studied words were associated with higher levels of recall and faster response times than lexically studied words. By contrast, in the implicit task, these effects failed to reach significance, although deep encoding made the contents of memory more accessible to awareness. As expected, performance was slower in the explicit than in the implicit task, but in the latter condition, times to produce old words with and without awareness were comparable, and both of these responses were produced more quickly than control words. This finding suggests that although participants may become aware in implicit paradigms, they do not adopt voluntary retrieval strategies. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:I. The Concept of Beatific EnjoymentThe locus classicus for the medieval scholastic discussion of beatific enjoyment is the first distinction of Book I of Peter Lombard's Sentences. Lombard extracts three distinct formulations of the term "enjoyment" from Augustine's writings. The first formulation is borrowed from the first book of Augustine's treatise On Christian Learning . The formulation states that "to enjoy is to inhere with love in something for (...) its own sake." The other two formulations are taken from Book X of Augustine's work On the Trinity . The first reads as follows: "we enjoy the things that we know, when the will rests, by delighting in them for their own sake." The second says that "to enjoy is to use with gladness , not merely through hope, but already in reality." These truncated statements served as technical definitions of the concept of enjoyment in scholastic Sentences commentaries. It was thought that the definitions call attention to the various psychological factors required for enjoyment to occur. For instance, the theologian Alexander of Hales explains that the definitions reveal distinct aspects of enjoyment with respect to the subject experiencing it and with respect to the object motivating the enjoyment. The expression "to inhere with love" refers to the soul on the part of the subject and to God on the part of the object. The saying "to use with gladness" relates to the power of the soul on the side of the subject and to created beatitude on the side of the object. Finally, the phrase "we enjoy the things that we know" corresponds to the faculty of the will as well as to the uncreated divine persons. Alexander would thus say that an adequate treatment of Augustine's concept of enjoyment must take into account the subject involved in the activity of enjoyment – e.g., the human soul, the faculty of the will, the faculty of cognition, etc. – and the object or objects of an act of enjoyment – created beatitude, the persons of the Trinity, or simply God.A slightly different reading of Augustine's definitions of enjoyment is found in Thomas Aquinas's Sentences commentary. In his literal exposition of the first distinction of Lombard's Sentences, Thomas notes that a perfect definition of a thing must disclose all of its proper causes. He then offers an explanation of the way in which Augustine's three definitions aim to clarify the concept of enjoyment. According to Thomas, the statement "to inhere in something with love for its own sake" portrays the act of enjoyment in relation to the object as a thing worthy for its own sake and the habit of love causing the enjoyment. The second formulation – "we enjoy the things that we know, etc." – links the act of enjoyment with the faculty of cognition required for the activation of the will. The third formulation – "to enjoy is to use with gladness" – refers primarily to the property of delight , which accompanies the obtainment of the desired object and perfects the act of enjoyment. Thomas, thus, identifies three factors contributing to the occurrence of an act of enjoyment – habit, cognition, and delight . In the first article of the first question of his commentary on Book I of the Sentences, Thomas states that enjoyment is the ultimate happiness of a human being. Enjoyment requires the clear intellectual vision of God, it involves an union as well as a sort of a mutual penetration through love between the one who sees and the thing that is seen, and it culminates in supreme delight . Thomas also says that enjoyment is an act of the will manifesting the habit of charity. In his Summa theologiae Ia IIae, Thomas defines enjoyment as an act of the appetitive faculty , and.. (shrink)

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Jean Pauls Ästhetik und Naturphilosophie" verfügbar.

The starting-point of this article is an phenomenological analysis in relation to forms of labour in the present world of media and information realities. The priority is given to analysis in view of modern consciousness of labour in so far as it is important for the modern understanding of human praxis. In a retrospective view on Kant and Locke the philosophical definitions and reasons of labour are reconstructed, which characterize the philosophy of modern times in the whole and on its (...) route. Owing to there is the possibility to have a eye for the problems and breaches of present world of labour, which can be identified as fundamental experiences of loss. It is the philosophical work of remembering, which clarifies the negative aspects of modern world of labour concerning the conception of human self and world completely. (shrink)

Historienne de l’art à University College à Londres, Mechthild Fend est spécialiste de la culture visuelle de la France des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Au cours des années 1990, elle a consacré une thèse de doctorat à la question de la représentation du masculin dans les beaux-arts de cette époque. C’est cette recherche qui est au fondement des Limites de la masculinité, paru pour la première fois en allemand en 2003. L’ouvrage présente donc les avantages et les inconvénients d’une recherche (...) « da... (shrink)

This article challenges E.P. Thompson's definition of ‘moral economy’ as a traditional consensus of crowd rights that were swept away by market forces. Instead, it suggests that the concept has the potential of improving the understanding of modern civil society. Moral economy was a term invented in the eighteenth century to describe many things. Thompson's approach reflects only a minor part of this conceptual history. His understanding of moral economy is conditioned by a dichotomous view of history and by the (...) acceptance of a model according to which modern economy is not subject to moral concerns. It is on principle problematic to confine a term conjoining two concepts as general as ‘moral’ and ‘economy’ to a specific historical and social setting. Recent approaches that frame moral economy as an emotively defined order of morals are also misleading since they do not address economic issues in the way they are commonly understood. The most promising current approaches appear to be those that consider t.. (shrink)

Les internautes chinois investissent avec enthousiasme tous les outils de présentation de soi proposés sur Internet. Ils racontent par exemple leur histoire personnelle sur leur blog, se présentent au travers d'un avatar sur la messagerie instantanée QQ, et commentent sur les forums les embûches qu'ils rencontrent dans la vie quotidienne. Ils ont donc la possibilité d'affirmer leur identité et leurs goûts de manière extrêmement personnalisée. Sur la base de ces goûts, ils s'insèrent dans des réseaux sociaux choisis, beaucoup plus souples (...) que leurs attaches familiales ou professionnelles, et dans lesquels l'individu est central. Cela fait d'Internet un support privilégié pour l'irruption de l'individu, dépouillé de certaines allégeances traditionnelles, mais également assujetti à de nouvelles normes sociales. En effet les internautes chinois se donnent comme référence un mode de vie ' moderne ', sur le modèle duquel ils peuvent affirmer une certaine ' distinction '. Je rends compte de cette ambivalence sur la base d'entretiens approfondis effectués en 2006 et 2007 avec cinquante internautes pékinois ' ordinaires '. (shrink)

In this contribution, it is the question of religious norms regarding reproductive rights that is addressed, and more broadly about sexual and family morality. It is based on two qualitative field surveys. The first one is a sociological ethnographic survey conducted during the debates about opening Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to lesbian couples and single women (2018-2020), during which the Catholic Church has been very active. The second is a qualitative survey and focuses on French evangelical Protestants' representations of the (...) family among members of Association des familles protestantes (AFP). It was conducted during the spring of 2021, just as the revision of the law was about to be adopted.The two surveys offer two levels of perception of these debates. How do Catholic mobilizations and Evangelical representations reveal tensions between religious and secular norms when it comes to reproductive rights? This allows us to think how the civic and religious dimensions of people can be articulated in a democratic context. (shrink)

In response to Felix Mühlhölzer’s critical discussion of my book Wittgenstein on Mathematics (2021), I argue against his main objections, in particular his view that one shouldn’t even look for coherence in Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics, and his claim that Wittgenstein’s insistence on the empirical applicability of mathematical concepts need not be taken seriously because in one passage it is prefaced by the words ‘I want to say’. I also correct a number of irksome misunderstandings in Mühlhölzer’s review. Repeatedly he (...) ascribes to me a position that I merely present for discussion – and reject or qualify in the end. In particular, he wrongly ascribes to me the empiricist view that mathematical propositions are derived from experience. Some of Wittgenstein’s remarks seem to express such a view, so I discuss it but conclude that, some exceptions apart, it is untenable and also inconsistent with Wittgenstein’s key ideas about mathematical proof. (shrink)

The objective of the article is to understand how a happiness engineering device centered on knowledge-relationship allows for « transformational training ». The methodology is based on a survey of semi-structured interviews and on a thematic content analysis of the dissertations. It was conducted with CPE trainees and teacher trainees in the Prevention-Health-Environment course. The results analyze the types of knowledge-relations in the realization of the experimental device by the trainees and the formative dimensions associated with learning in such an (...) engineering. (shrink)

For the last 25 years, human development has become part of official development discourses. It takes the normative position that the success of policies depends on whether they have expanded human flourishing, or expanded the 'freedoms' or 'capabilities' people have 'reason to value', as Amartya Sen would put it. It emphasises the importance of institutions to facilitate such expansion, and the agency of people to create such institutions. The ability of institutions to be conducive to human flourishing depends on the (...) nature of human interaction. When human interaction no longer has the flourishing of other persons as its aim, it can create structures which then constrain human agency. The article argues that the human development perspective could be enriched by theological insights such as structural sin and the contribution of religious narratives to public reasoning. It concentrates on the idea of justice of one biblical parable, and illustrates its argument with examples from the Argentine labour context. (shrink)