Following the formation of disciplines/sciences in different fields of Islamic thought, the specific concepts and terminologies of these disciplines/sciences began to emerge. Then the special meaning and the area of utilization for every concept in each discipline/science were further clarified by compiling specific epistles of definition (ḥudūd), which would contribute to this process of conceptualization. For the terminological meaning of the used concept to be determined primarily and thus for the followed theological/sectarian affiliation to be supported, works belonging to this (...) genre have been written specifically for the field of theology. Especially, the Muʿtazilī theologians undoubtedly made the greatest contribution. Thusly, specific treatises containing theological concepts were compiled by names such as al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār (d. 415/1025), and his students Abū Rashīd al-Nīsābūrī (d. after 420/1029) and Ibn Sharwīn (fl. first half of the Vth/XIth century). Zaydī theologian and jurist Abū’l-Qāsim al-Bustī’s (d. 420/1029) Tahdhīb al-ḥudūd, which has no available copy, is also contemporary to the mentioned works. This tradition found its reflection in the Imāmī-Muʿtazilī line in Abū Jaʿfar al-Ṭūsī’s (d. 460/1067) al-Muqaddimah fī l-madkhal ilá ṣināʿat ʿilm al-kalām, which could be seen as a concise theological work in terms of its construct and the explanations which it comprises, and in the work called al-Ḥudūd wa-l-ḥaqāʾiq, which is attributed to al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍá (d. 436/1044). Abū Jaʿfar al-Muqrī al-Nīsābūrī’s (d. mid-VIth/XIIth century [?]) al-Ḥudūd stands out as the most voluminous example in this tradition. The most important work belonging to this genre in the Muʿtazilī tradition, as it is the first among the available works, is the Ḥudūd al-alfāẓ of al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, which is found together with some other important Zaydī-Muʿtazilī works in a compilation discovered by us and thought to be lost until recently. In this treatise, which generally includes theological concepts and partially includes the concepts of Islamic law and the history of sects, al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār has put forward a language-based definition theory. His approach here is in line with the views he put forward on definition in his al-Mughnī. Accordingly, instead of definition (ḥadd) and description (rasm) carried out over five universals in classical logic, he adopted a method of lexical definition based on wording that agrees with the meaning of the concept in question and is clearer than it, and consequently gave a brief definition and explanation of the concept he deals with. This clearly shows that the previous Muʿtazilī theologians’ approach of language-based definition, which was used as an alternative to the conception of Aristotelian definition due to their distanced stance to philosophy was also inherited by al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār. The approach seen in some sources in the period following al-Qāḍī, such as Abū Rashīd al-Nīsābūrī’s al-Ḥudūd, also indicates his influence. (shrink)

This study aimed to examine the thoughts and expectations of patients receiving healthcare from their physicians and evaluate the ethical aspects of these thoughts and expectations. To determine the ethical aspects of the thoughts and expectations of patients, an open-ended question was asked on the web page of the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) Health Care Command, which is accessible to the users of the TAF intranet system (the internet system used within TAF institutions). The participants were asked to express their (...) thoughts in their own words. A total of 804 participants answered the question by providing their input. The statements of the participants were classified separately by two public health specialists. The classification was made in accordance with the basic principles of patient rights, and they were collected under various headings including expectations about respect and care, good communication, informed consent, and fair and non-privileged distribution of healthcare services. The results show that patients tend to consider the physicians they see as solely responsible for all the negative issues that they encounter during their healthcare. This indicates that there is a need for extensive research on the underlying factors involved in the negative thoughts and feelings toward healthcare professionals in both TAF and Turkey in general. (shrink)

Bu makale, kelâm söyleminde modern argümantasyon teorilerinin kullanılması gerektiğini savun- maktadır. İslam geleneği kendi istidlâl teorilerine sahip olsa da modern terminoloji ve teoriler, yorumlayıcı anlayış ve eleştirel analize yardımcı olabilir. Bu makale, Kâdî Abdülcebbâr’ın (ö. 415/1025) Hıristiyanlığa karşı kelâm ve reddiye geleneklerindeki aklî yöntemleri kullandığı Tesbît’ine odaklanmaktadır. Yine, Kâdî Abdülcebbâr’ın Hıristiyanlıktaki “İsa’nın ilahî doğası” iddiasına karşı delillerini örneklerle tahlil etmekte- dir. Makale, tarihî kelâm metinlerinin istidlâlî açıdan incelenmesi gerektiğini; ayrıca delile dayalı kelâmın tarihini ve gelişimini anlamada hem analitik teorilerin hem (...) de argümantasyon teorilerinin ne kadar önemli olduğunu tartışmaktadır. (shrink)

Bu çalışma, 2015 yılında Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından kabul edilen Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri (SKH) ile neoliberal politikalar arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Odak noktası, "tam ve üretken istihdam ile insan onuruna uygun işlerin sağlanması" hedefidir. Araştırma, serbest piyasa güçlerinin ekonomik ve sosyal sorunları çözmedeki etkinliği inancının, bu hedefle olan uyumunu tartışmaya açmaktadır. İstihdamın iş güvencesi, sözleşmeler, ücretler, çalışma saatleri ve sendikal yapılarına dair makroekonomik analizler, neoliberal politikaların SKH'lerle çeliştiğini göstermektedir. Bu eksende, SKH'lerin mevcut politik yapıyla uyumlu olup olmadığı ve neoliberal politikaların sürdürülebilir kalkınma (...) hedeflerine ulaşma üzerindeki etkisini tartışmaktadır. Veriler Dünya Bankası, ILO ve OECD'den alınmış, veri madenciliği yöntemleri kullanılarak Türkiye, OECD ülkeleri ve Dünya düzeyinde karşılaştırmalı analizler yapılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, çalışma sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine, özellikle iş yaşamına ilişkin boyutlarında, neoliberal politikaların etkilerini değerlendirerek özdüşünümselliğimizi geliştirmeye katkıda bulunmaktadır. (shrink)

This paper focuses specifically on how religions shape attitudes towards ethics of tax evasion. Firstly, the paper begins with an overview of the four views on the ethics of tax evasion that have emerged over the centuries, then goes on to review some of the theoretical and empirical literature on the subject. The empirical part of the study examines attitudes toward tax evasion in 57 countries from the perspectives of six religions using the data from Wave 6 of the World (...) Values Survey. The sample population is more than 52,000. More than a dozen demographic variables were examined. The results study found that attitude toward cheating on taxes does differ by religion. (shrink)

Die Liebe ist auf der einen Seite die erste Stufe des menschlichen Handelns, auf der anderen Seite ist sie die Letzte. Die Liebe ist bei jeder Periode der Emanzipation des Individuums dabei und führt ihre Existenz parallel zum Entwicklungsgrad des Bewusstsein fort. Die Emanzipation findet da statt, wo das Individuum und der Andere zusammen sind. Waehrend das "Ich" seine Emanzipation verwirklicht, traegt es auch die Emanzipation des Anderen in sich. Das kritische Bewusstsein des Individuums über Fakten, Begriffe und Phaenomene startet (...) beim Individuum seine Emanzipation, weil das kritische Bewusstsein eine dem Daseienden gegenüber unterschiedliche autonome und originelle individuelle Haltung verschafft und über sich und andere Bewusstsein bildet. Das zeigt, dass das philosophische Bewusstsein, das mit der Hoffnung begonnen hatte, sich im Emanzipationsabenteuer des Menschen zu einem höheren Niveau entfaltet. Die dritte Phase der Emanzipation est die Phase der Selbstverwirklichung des Individuums. Diese Phase bedeutet, dass das Individuum in Situationen, die ihn betreffen, nach freien Willen entscheiden kann und sich nicht der Macht eines anderen Willens beugt, dass es seine eigenen Begabungen, Fertigkeiten oder Faehigkeiten nach eigenen Willen verwirklicht. (shrink)

Bu araştırmanın amacı ortaokul müdürlerinin öğretmen teftişlerindeki denetim görevlerini yerine getirme düzeylerinin yeterliliğine ilişkin din kültürü ve ahlak bilgisi öğretmenlerinin görüşlerini tespit etmektir. Bu araştırmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden durum çalışması kullanılmıştır. Görüşme formları ile toplanan veriler betimsel analiz yöntemine göre analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, temalar ve alt temalar şeklinde organize edilerek sunulmuştur. Amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden benzeşik örneklem tekniği ile araştırmanın çalışma grubu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, 2023-2024 eğitim-öğretim yılında Mersin merkez ilçelerindeki ortaokullarda çalışan 32 din kültürü ve (...) ahlak bilgisi (DKAB) öğretmeninden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre katılımcıların büyük çoğunluğu (%66’sı) okul müdürlerinin öğretmen teftişine ilişkin denetim görevlerini yerine getirme düzeyinin yetersiz olduğunu düşünmektedir. Katılımcıların okul müdürlerinin öğretmen teftişine ilişkin denetim görevlerini yerine getirme düzeylerini yetersiz bulma nedenleri okul müdürlerinden kaynaklanan nedenler ve okul müdürleri haricindeki nedenler olarak ikiye ayrıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların okul müdürleri öğretmen teftişine ilişkin denetim görevlerini yerine getirirken DKAB öğretmenlerinin yaşadıkları sorunları teftiş öncesi yaşanan sorunlar, teftiş sırasında yaşanan sorunlar ve teftiş sonrasında yaşanan sorunlar olarak nitelendirdiği bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların okul müdürlerinin öğretmen teftişine ilişkin denetim görevlerini yüksek düzeyde yerine getirmesini engelleyen etkenleri okul müdürlerinden kaynaklanan etkenler, öğretmenlerden kaynaklanan etkenler ve mevzuattan kaynaklanan etkenler olarak nitelendirdiği tespit edilmiştir. Okul müdürlerinin öğretmen teftişine ilişkin denetim görevlerini yüksek düzeyde yerine getirmesine yönelik çözüm önerilerinin okul müdürlerine ilişkin çözüm önerileri, öğretmenlere ilişkin çözüm önerileri ve öğretmen teftişinin yapılış şekline ilişkin çözüm önerileri olmak üzere 3 grupta toplandığı görülmektedir. (shrink)

Robots that can communicate with people are one of the goals reached by the technology developed for automation in work life. Experts aim to improve the communication skills of these robots further in the near future. Besides, various studies emphasize that people may interact with robots in a similar way as they interact with other people. In line of this idea, this study examines the possible causal chain in which the social anxiety affects the robot anxiety which in turn affects (...) the attitude toward interacting with robots. Data obtained from university students were analyzed in a simple and parallel mediation model. The results showed that robot anxiety and in particular two of its sub-dimensions mediate the relationship between social anxiety and negative attitudes toward interaction with robots. Researchers should carry out new studies about the common structural characteristics of the anxiety felt by people due to interacting with humans and robots. (shrink)

Dünya genelinde yaşanan çatışmalarda dinî inanç ve değerlerin araçsal kullanımı, din ve şiddet konularının merkeze alındığı birçok tartışmaya kaynaklık etmektedir. Yapılan tartışmalar dinî inanç ve değerlerin şiddet içeren davranışlara neden olduğu varsayımı etrafında şekillense de din ve şiddet arasında var olan ilişki oldukça karmaşık bir yapıya sahiptir. Zira, dinsel geleneklerin merkezinde yer alan kutsal metinler, savaş ve şiddet içeren örnek ve sembollerin yanı sıra barış ve uzlaşı içeren taleplere de sahiptir. Başka bir ifade ile dinî gelenekler, tarihî süreç içerisinde hem (...) temel ahlaki değerlerin hayata geçirilmesi hem de barışçıl tutumların benimsenmesinde ilham verici bir kaynak olarak hizmet etmişlerdir. Diğer taraftan insanlık tarihinin en kötü örnekleri de dinî inanç ve değerler ile bağlantılıdır. Tarihî kayıtlar, din adına yapılan savaşlarda binlerce insanın hayatını kaybettiğine ve bir o kadarının da doğrudan ya da dolaylı şiddete maruz kaldığına işaret etmektedir. Öyleyse kutsal metinlerde yer alan herhangi bir pasajdan ya da geçmişte yaşanmış olumlu ya da olumsuz herhangi bir örnekten hareketle dinî inanç ve değerlerin bütünüyle savaşa veya barışa hizmet ettiğini söylemek gerçekçi bir tutum olmayacaktır. Bununla beraber Amerika’da gerçekleşen 11 Eylül saldırıları dinsel şiddet konusunda farklı görüşlerin öne sürülmesine neden olmuştur. İronik bir şekilde 2001’de dinî terörizm ile mücadele kararı alan Amerika’nın dinî inanç ve değerleri şiddetin meşrulaştırılmasında bir araç olarak kullanması, 11 Eylül’ün benzer saldırılar için bir arketip olarak kullanılmasına zemin oluşturmuştur. Zira Müslüman olduğu iddia edilen on dokuz kişinin kaçırdığı dört uçağın Dünya Ticaret Merkezi’ne yapılan saldırı için kullanılması sadece dinsel şiddet tartışmalarının İslâm ve Müslümanlar üzerinden yapılmasına neden olmamış aynı zamanda İslâm coğrafyasının yeniden şekillenmesine neden olacak askeri ve siyasi kararların alınmasına da zemin oluşturmuştur. Bu saldırı neticesinde dinsel terör örgütlerine karşı harekete geçtiğini iddia eden George W. Bush, verilen mücadeleyi şeytani güçlere karşı Haçlı Seferi olarak yorumlayarak Afganistan ve Irak’ta on binlerce insanın ölmesi ile sonuçlanan askerî operasyonları başlatmıştır. Benzer şekilde 7 Ekim 2023 tarihinde gerçekleşen saldırıları Yeşaya kehaneti üzerinden temellendiren Binyamin Netanyahu, 7 Ekim olaylarını İsrail’in 11 Eylül’ü olarak niteleyerek kadın-erkek, genç-yaşlı ayrımı yapılmaksızın binlerce sivilin ölmesine neden olmuştur. Yaşanan çatışmalar her ne kadar teopolitik, ekonomik ya da kültürel nedenlere dayansa da şiddetin meşrulaştırılmasında din dilinin kullanılması kanaatimizce din ve şiddet konusu ile ilgili tartışmaların araştırılmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu nedenle dinsel şiddet tartışmaları bağlamında ele alınan bu çalışmada genel bir değerlendirme yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Konu incelenirken önce 11 Eylül saldırılarından günümüze dinsel şiddet tartışmaları ile ilgili farklı bakış açıları üzerinde durulmuş daha sonra monoteist geleneğe ait kutsal metinlerde yer alan şiddet ifadelerinin tarihî süreç içerisinde farklı şekillerde yorumlandığına dikkat çekilerek dinsel olarak nitelenen şiddet eylemlerinin çok sayıda ve karmaşık nedenlere dayandığı gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Konu Yahudi, Hıristiyan ve İslâm gelenekleri üzerinden ele alınmış ve monoteist geleneğe ait dinî inanç ve değerlerin şiddete referans olarak gösterildiği örnekler ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Fenomenolojik bakış açısı ile ele alınan araştırmada dinsel olarak ifade edilen şiddet eylemlerinin belli amaçlar doğrultusunda kutsal metinlerin yeniden yorumlanması ve yeni yorumun idealleştirilmesi ile ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. (shrink)

İyi bir yaşamın nasıl mümkün olabileceğinin erdemle açıklanması, erdemin insan yaşamındaki önemini göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla insan fenomenlerini konu alan felsefede geniş bir yer tutan erdem kavramı özellikle etik alanında önemli bir araştırma konusudur. Etiğin tarihi geçmişinde, etik sorunlara kararmayan bir ışık tutmuş olan Kant’ın etik görüşüne genel olarak bakıldığında, erdem kavramının pek ön planda olmadığı görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, Kant’ın erdem ile ilgili söyledikleri, erdemin ahlak yasasından daha az önemli olmadığını göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kant’ın erdem temelli bir etik kurmadığı için klasik (...) bir erdem etikçisi olmadığı veya etiğinde erdemin yerini ve önemini göstererek bir erdem etikçisi olduğu tartışmasının pek de anlamlı olmadığını göstermektir. Çünkü bu tartışma, Kant etiğini bir yere taşımaz. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Kant’ı, bir erdem etikçisi olduğu ya da olmadığı tartışmasına sokarak kategorize etmeden, Kant etiğinde erdemin yeri ve önemini ortaya koymak amacıyla, Ahlak Metafiziği adlı eserinin _Erdem Öğretisi_ bölümünde yapılan erdem tanımlamaları ve açıklamaları ile “en yüksek iyi” (_summum bonum_) kavramı ve erdem ödevleri ele alınacaktır. (shrink)

This article is based on the premise that the constructed image of the national self is a fundamental criterion shaping the conceptions of history teaching in the Turkish educational system. In this regard, I argue that examining how particular ethno-religious groups are discursively positioned in relation to the idealised self-image can reveal whether and how history textbooks can be revised. Having described the historical and political context for the only curriculum revision occurred in 2013 concerning a non-Muslim community, the Assyrians, (...) the article demonstrates that specific discursive strategies are used to position the Assyrian community in relation to the favourable national self-image, rather than a fixed categorization for non-Muslim communities. Adopting the methodological framework of critical discourse analysis, the author examines the portrayal of the Assyrian community in the secondary school Turkish history textbooks taught over the last three decades and identifies how the topoi of justice and tolerance, as well as allegiance and betrayal allow a particular group to be a member of the larger body of ‘acceptable citizens.’. (shrink)

Cuma namazı Müslümanların haftada bir defa olmak üzere Cuma günleri sadece camilerde ve cemaat halinde kılabildikleri farz bir namazdır. Bu namaz İslâm dünyasında Müslümanlarca önemsenmekle ve büyük cemaatler halinde kılınmakla beraber hakkında yanlış bir inanış da bulunmaktadır. Buna göre üç kere üst üste Cuma namazına gitmemesi kişiyi münafık yapmakta veya onu dinden çıkarmaktadır. Dolayısıyla iki hafta gidilmese bile üçüncü hafta mutlaka gidilmeli ve söz konusu duruma düşmekten kurtulmalıdır. Esasen üç kere Cuma namazına gitmemenin bu olumsuz sonucu ile ilgili sahih rivayetler (...) mevcuttur. Ancak bu rivayetlerin, Cuma namazının önemini gösterdikleri açık olduğu gibi onu hafife almanın bir gerekçesi olarak sunulamayacakları da izaha muhtaç değildir. Yine Ehl-i sünnet inancının genel ilkeleri açısından da bu rivayetlerin yanlış anlaşıldığı görülmektedir. Buna göre namazın veya herhangi bir farzın terki, bireyin Müslümanlığının kalitesini ve değerini düşürmekle beraber onu dinin dışına çıkarmamaktadır. (shrink)

4-6 yaş grubu çocukların gelişimsel özellikleri, onların yaparak/yaşayarak öğrenmelerini gerekli kıldığından bu dönemde somut yaşantılar oldukça önemlidir. Okul öncesinde çocuklar için; sevecekleri, kendilerini iyi ve güvende hissedecekleri eğitim ortamları hazırlanmalıdır. Bu sebeple 4-6 yaş grubu Kur’an kursu binalarının çocukların gelişim özelliklerine, ilgi ve ihtiyaçlarına uygun olarak tasarlanmış ve düzenlenmiş olması gerekmektedir. Araştırmanın amacı, 4-6 yaş grubu Kur’an kurslarının sahip olduğu fiziki imkânların eğitime elverişlilik durumunun belirlenmesidir. Çalışmada nicel veri toplama araçlarından anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini, Gaziantep il merkezi ve ilçelerinde (...) bulunan 4-6 yaş grubu Kur’an kurslarında görev yapmakta olan 175 öğretici oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemi ise evren içerisinden basit seçkisiz örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 143 öğreticiden oluşmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenler dikkate alınarak, bilgisayar ortamında SPSS 22.0 paket programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda kursların önemli bir kısmının yeterli büyüklükte bir oyun bahçesine sahip olmadığı, var olan oyun alanları düzenlenirken çocukların gelişim dönemi özelliklerinin, ilgi ve ihtiyaçlarının yeterince dikkate alınmadığı, kurs binalarının temizliği noktasında birtakım eksikliklerin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kursların birçoğunda öğreticilerin dinlenmesi ve veliler ile görüşme yapması için uygun mekânlar bulunmadığı, kurs binalarının iç ve dış cephe boya renklerinin okul öncesi dönem çocukları için uygun olmadığı, ses yalıtımı ve kısmen güvenlik sorunu bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. (shrink)

People think that making quick decisions is important for leadership in the digital age. Business ethics experts, on the other hand, say that smart managers take their time, stay calm, and think things through before making choices. There is a long history of moral study in business ethics that both approaches can draw on. This piece uses real numbers to show how much leaders in the information age trust the skills and drive of the people they work with. Dual process (...) theories of cognition have added to the field of research on making good decisions by combining moral traditions from business ethics research. On a conceptual level, though, both intuitive and deliberate thought have been linked to more moral behavior. To find out how different types of cognitive processes affect differences, 5578 people filled out the Decision-Making Profiles, the Big Five Personality Questionnaire, and a survey about how much they trust others. Because personality plays a part, the data showed that the different ways people make decisions depend on how much they trust others. People who are more "extroverted," "open," or "agreeable" are more likely to trust others. Personality type doesn't have a big effect on trusting people in the wise decision-making description. People with the deliberative profile trust people the least, people with the smarter profile trust people about the same amount, and people with the intuitive profile trust people the most. For the most part, the smarter profiles believe people, no matter what kind of person they are. These results add to what is known about how dual process models of cognition relate to personality differences, trusting others, and personality differences. It looks like the leadership skill of phronesis is very important for building trust in groups and nations. (shrink)

There are a number of well-established concepts explaining decision-making. The sociology of wise practice suggests that thinking preferences like the use of intuition form a cornerstone of administrators’ virtuous practice and phronesis is a likely candidate to explain this behaviour. This contribution uses conceptual and theoretical resources from the behavioural sciences, management science as well as philosophy to account for individual level differences of employees regarding thinking preferences in administrative professions. The analysis empirically investigates the behavioural dimension of the preference (...) for intuition vs the preference for deliberation to cast light on three different intuitive markers present among individuals who also prefer to use deliberation. We explore possible explanations for the differences and similarities of our global sample of 2227 workplace respondents who conceptually represent phronetic practitioners. The results show that many phronetic practitioners prefer the intuitive marker of unconscious thought, besides using deliberation. (shrink)

In the process that followed the evolution of ancient Greek thought from mythology to a systematic philosophy, Parmenides, the founder of the Elea school, built up his thoughts with theses that were the exact opposite of his time and perhaps common sense in general. His famous poem On Nature, in the light of the logical principles, inferences, and analyses it contains, has profoundly influenced both epistemologies in terms of structure and possibility, and ontologies within the framework of time, space, and (...) movement. In the mentioned period, the logical internal consistency of Parmenides and his followers, and the rational level in their arguments shaped the ancient period. The role he played especially in natural philosophy and metaphysics is undeniable. However, the ambiguities in the context of the theses and their interpretations of his poem, the only work that has been quoted, have not been resolved until today. The dimensions of this mystery are not only related to classical thought. Ontologies related to physics approaches, theoretical and institutional beliefs about them, and various cosmogony and language understandings can be related to Parmenides in some way. It is also possible to find in Parmenides's early forms some of the contents that form the basis of the philosophy of logic and has metaphysical roots constructed by Aristotle in the ancient period and for which he gained a well-deserved reputation. In addition to the deductive approach, especially the law of contradiction, the principle of identity, the law of excluded third, and the principles of sufficient reason are the most important concepts among those mentioned. These principles, which are not directly formulated, have been used in the context of Parmenides’ arguments about knowledge, existence, and related concepts. In our study, by touching on the significant points of the poem written by Parmenides, we will try to examine the conceptual uses and logical structures of the principles we have expressed and follow the traces of the process in question, and examine its effects. The main reason for this effort is that the content presented by Parmenides continues to be discussed today, maintained its influence in many areas mentioned above, and is an important cornerstone in the development of philosophy. (shrink)

The sūrat al-Takāthur is one of the early Makki surahs and takes its name from the word meaning passion for multiplicity and consists of 8 verses. There are rumors that the surah descended from two tribes in Mecca, the Ansar, or the Jews, who tried to indicate their superiority by using numerical and commercial power. While doing the study, the words that serve as the key concept in the surah were scanned from competent dictionaries and possible meanings were revealed. Afterwards, (...) the main subjects of the surah were determined, and these subjects were processed in the context of the culture of tafsir, associating them with today's world. It is seen that the types of Takāthur, the sources of true knowledge, the torment in the grave and being taken into account from blessings are discussed in the Surah. The surah, which emphasizes that children, rank, property and wealth, which the Qur'an generally refers to as the ornament or livelihood of worldly life, should not be made the main target, draws attention to man's passion for multiplicity. According to the Surah, man's passion for numerical and economic multiplicity distracted him from his main task and eventually caused him to perish. Considering that the numerical and economic growth passion of individuals and societies is the cause of many wars, it is seen how appropriate this warning and result is. The surah uses the degrees of "ilme'l-yakin" and "ayne'l-yakin", which are accepted as the sources of precise and correct information, in order to comprehend the strong message given. Another issue that the commentators dwell on in the surah is “No; You will know later!” are phrases. While some commentators accept these statements as evidence for torment in the grave, others do not. Finally, the surah states that he will be questioned about all the blessings that cause a person to fall in love with numerical and economic reproduction, and that the blessings he enjoys now will cause him to go to Hell in the hereafter, and asks him to act by taking this matter into account. (shrink)

In some works of Fahr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 1210), there is a discourse related to the claim that textual evidence produces uncertainty. This claim was put forward as a theory based on approximately eleven premises although this number varies in some of his works. According to this theory, textual evidences are not convenient for drawing definite conclusions about the meanings indicated by these evidences due to the situations which is caused by (ⅰ) the language itself and (ⅱ) the use of (...) the speaker of the language and (ⅲ) understanding of listener respectively. There is an additional phrase “This claim is not valid absolutely” in some of the works that mention this theory. Even though that is the case, this addition is not enough -at first glance- to solve the problem. If the problem of the uncertanity of textual evidence, which was put forward systematically for the first time by Fahr al-Dīn al-Rāzī as far as is known, is accepted in the borad sense it might cause some critical problems concerning the science of Kalām. The most important one among these problems can be presented in this way: In the science of Kalām, it is claimed that the certain (yakīnī) propositios and certain evidences are used in the issues that Kalām deals with and substantiates. On the other hand, the true narrative (al-khabar al-sādiq) is counted as one of the sources of knowledge in this science. The true narrative has subsections in the form of narratives transmitted from so many groups of people that are almost impossible to agree on a lie. Because all of these have reached us by way of words and narration, the issue of the uncertanity of textual evidence renders these subsections problematic. Consequently, one of the sources of knowledge in the science of Kalām happens to lose its reliability. In the present work, the following problem is analyzed: The problem of the uncertanity of textual evidence in that it causes one fundamental source of knowledge to be eliminated in the science of Kalām. [In the present paper] Two solutions will be offered to solve the problem: (a) Questioning how the issue was discussed after Rāzī and how Rāzī was understood, then showing which understanding is in accordance with Rāzī's statements. For, in order to reach the most accurate conclusion about a problem, how the issue is understood and explained in the historical process has a very important position. To solve a problem regarding a scholar like Rāzī, who left many works that must be examined from a holistic point of view, it is extremely important to consider first-hand his students, close followers and critics. (b) Showing the field and issues in which the textual evidence can be used epistemologically" through "the tripartite division of the issues whose knowledge is sought to be attained, as known only by reason, known only by transplantation, and known by both" in Kalām. Because the division of the issues according to the ways and sources of knowledge will reveal which information sources can be used in what kind of issues and where they will pose a problem when used. Accordingly, the power or consistency of an information source should be examined through issues that are not objectionable in their epistemological use. The aim of this study is to solve the problem in two ways to have been mentioned. (shrink)

The need for renewal felt in various fields with the Tanẓīmat, and the changes and modernization activities realized in accordance with it, and the nature and boundaries of these activities are important issues that determine the period's intellectual agenda. Some of the proposals for a solution to save the state are related to the renewal of religious thought. The bad situation in the Ottoman Empire stems from the way religion is understood, not from religion itself, and one of the names (...) that produce ideas about the necessity of changing this way of thinking is Ḥüseyin Kāẓım Kadri. He believes that Fiqh and Exegeticsshould be based on the work of updating the content of Islamic Sciences within the framework of contemporary needs. Claiming that the basic need of society is not Science of Kalām but Catechism, Kadri claims that the attempt of the science of Kalām, regulated to respond to the needs of the age will not result in even will cause religious conflict among people. In this article, Ḥüseyin Kāẓım Kadri'sintellectual background, his suggestions for the renewal of religious thought and his objection to the new Science of Kalām are discussed.Summary: What defines the history of late Ottoman period is the concept called change. There have been reform attempts in order to canalise the military, economic, socio-cultural change and transformation due to political turmoil starting from the end of the 16th century and beginning of the 17th century. Basic argument regarding these reforms finds its base on Qanūn al-Qadīm and the idea of returning to Sharia. Along with the Declaration of the Imperial Edict of Reorganization (Edict of Gulhane) the previous reforms which were made earlier changed dimension and westernization became a government policy. During the ongoing process, the change in terms of Westernization became a current issue within every segment of Ottoman society. Need for innovation in various areas, and therefore the change and modernization movements and accordingly these movements’ nature and boundries set the intellectual agenda of the era. Some of the suggestions are associated with renewal of the religious thought which are to keep the State from difficult situation it is in. Solutions proposed in this context creates a rich intellectual discussion environment within Western, Islamist, and Turkist intellectuals. Islamists in general terms are of the opinion that the difficult situation Ottoman is in does not stem from the religion itself but the way of understanding religion; and they are of the opinion that this way of thinking should be altered; when they bring about their suggestions, it is seen that the way of thinking is their starting point. What causes the Islamists fall apart within themselves is the nature of renawal. Islamist intellectuals, supporting the idea which is the content of islamic knowledge should be updated according the needs of era, suggest various ideas in terms of which dicipline should be in charge for the needs in question. While some intellectuals are of the opinion Kalām should be prioritised, some are of the opinion Fiqh and Exegetics should be prioritised. Ḥüseyin Kāẓım Kadri, who wrote under the pseudonym of Shaykh Muḥsin-i Fānῑ ez-Ẓāhirῑ, is one of these intellectuals coming up with an idea. Kadri suggests a renawal in thinking based upon Fiqh and ExegeticsḤüseyin Kāẓım Kadriis one of the most prominent intellectuals of Constitutional Period. Working as a governor of an Ottoman province, deputy, and minister and engaging in journalism, Kadri compiles a series of work in religion, language and agriculture. All of his efforts are to find ways of saving Ottoman from its difficult situations. Thus, Kadri questions the quality of the knowledge which was brought about in religious thinking and proposes solutions. What lies under his solution is the need for a dicipline for society’ s practical problems. He bases his opinion on opposition to new theology movement. According to Kadri, ever since Kalām was codified, it has never been useful to Muslims, on the contrary it has impaired the Muslims. Renowation of Kalām creates nothing but problem. In his opinion, due to using Greek philosophy content and method, Kalām is not a dicipline authentic to Muslims, besides it is a harmful dicipline which aims to damage the essence of Islam.One of the reasons why Kalām is out of Islamic thinking tradition is because of the Mu'tazila wises are the founders of this dicipline. Kadri is of the opinion that the wises/intellectuals belonging to this school and their theories regarding to understand the existence do not contribute to the field of faith. Admitting the function of Ahl-al Sunnah school generated after the Mihna Period, Kadri states the insufficient side of that function. To him, hence the subjects such as substance (cevher) –accident (araz), hudûth-eternality, wujud (vücûd)-nothingness (adem) etc have been discussed but at that time the subject in question could not be renovated in regard to needs. Another criticism of Kadri raised against Kalām is he considers this field the reason why Muslims are divided. Especially during the times when Muslims need to be in unity and solidarity, Kadri is worried about new discursion which will occur due to the renovation of Kalām attempts. This concern of Kadri causes him to object Kalām with a pragmatic motive.Kalām which is called Usulu'd-Din is another reason why Ḥüseyin Kāẓım Kadriis against Kalām. In his opinion, theologians complicates the subjects such as amalgation and adjectives of Allah instead of making it clear with ijtihad. Kadri who considers offering proof in terms of faith as faithlessness is of the opinion that faith is not a matter of reason but a matter of sense which has no doubt among people. Criticising the struggle for the enquiry of faith, Kadri puts an emphasis on the significance of the reinterpretation of the principles, for example in the field of Fiqh which deals with the practical area and says it is the most prominent religious duty. He also criticises the imitation of the past and remarks the importance of reason in Fiqh. As an alternative to Ilm-i Kalām, he claims a new Catechism and adds, it is going to provide the religious knowledge people need. It is an ideological contrast of Ḥüseyin Kāẓım Kadrito think Kalām is the reason for all the misfortune Muslims encountered. This opposition causes him to ignore all the accumulation in Kalām field. Moreover, it is the reason why he makes emotional deductions conflicting with historical facts. Kalām plays a role just like the other fields who could not contribute to Islamic Thinking and its renovation process in accordance with the needs of time. However, it is not realistic and reasonable to think Kalām is the only one responsible. (shrink)

From the past to the present, it is an undeniable fact that there are many psychological problems in human life because of variety of stressors. There are many methods and ways of coping to face this reality and overcome the obstacles. Recently, pandemic is a huge topic which people have to be struggled. It is possible to say that preventing individuals from leaving the house by social isolation during the pandemic period causes depressive states by triggering feelings of loneliness, and (...) it is possible to say that the feelings of being blocked by deprivation of freedom brings along many psychological problems. In this period, anxiety and uncertainty of pandemic that eliminate the functionality of the person have great psychological effects. Because of the reasons which were aligned above, coping mechanisms are most needed to get over stressful effects of pandemic. The pandemic period is a difficult period in which many individual experience social, economic and especially psychological problems. During this period, people use various coping methods to eliminate their psychological problems. Especially, studies show that religious coping has an important role in coping with psychological problems. To start with explaining the variables in the present study, in its most basic sense, religious coping is explained with the tendency to cope with the difficulties that we encounter in life through religious values. Similarly, religious coping is a form of thought or behavior that helps individuals avoid stress and the negative emotions that it causes. Religious coping is defined as constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to combat certain external and/or internal urges that exceed or strain one's resources. To continue with psychological disorders, in order to understand psychological disorders, first of all, we need to understand psychological health. Psychological health can be defined as emotional and psychological well-being of people. (shrink)